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ADAM

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Le mot Adam (hébreu Adam) se rattache probablement au terme assyrien adamou-- créer, produire. Il désigne donc l'être créé, la créature, l'homme dans le sens de genre humain.

Il ne peut avoir pour racine adâmâh =le sol (mot dérivé de dam =rouge), adâmâh étant féminin. Le rapprochement de ces deux termes dans Ge 2:7 n'est qu'un jeu de mots conforme aux habitudes constantes de la littérature hébraïque.

Sur les 31 fois où le mot Adam se trouve dans les cinq premiers chapitres de la Genèse, il n'a le caractère de nom propre qu'une fois (Ge 5:3-5), dans la généalogie sacerdotale introduite par le raccord du rédacteur qui mit ensemble J et P. Partout ailleurs, dans le récit qui est de J, il sert pour raconter les débuts du genre humain (homo) et non la biographie d'un homme (vir)

Tout le récit Ge 2:7-5:5 doit être envisagé comme la description, non d'événements qui se sont passés au cours de la vie de quatre personnages, mais comme une narration où, dans un style figuré et dans une image ramassée, sont racontés les commencements de l'humanité dans ses rapports avec Dieu (voir Chute).

La mention d'Adam premier homme ne se retrouve nulle part dans l'A.T., sauf dans les chronologies composées très postérieurement par les milieux sacerdotaux (Ge 5:3-5 et 1Ch 1:1). La Vers. Syn. a eu le tort de rétablir en français le mot Adam dans Job 31:33 que Segond, Reuss et l'ensemble des critiques avaient judicieusement remplacé par « comme les hommes » ou « à la manière des hommes ». Cacher ses fautes est représenté dans Job comme un fait humain.

La littérature hébraïque antérieure à l'exil ne revient pas sur le récit de la chute comme sur un fait historique individuel, mais on y retrouve partout l'enseignement qui se dégage de cette parabole où sont caractérisées les circonstances qui séparèrent de Dieu l'humanité primitive et la constituèrent dans le péché (Jer 13:23, Ps 51:7 etc.).

Des chronologies juives, Adam, considéré comme le premier homme, a passé dans la chronologie de Lu 3:23, laquelle, d'ailleurs, établie pour prouver que le peuple juif est fils d'Adam par ordre de primogéniture, appelle Adam « fils de Dieu ». Dans ce parallélisme entre les deux fils de Dieu (cf. Lu 1:35 avec Lu 3:38) on reconnaît en Luc le disciple de Paul. Jésus, qui connaissait bien le récit Ge 2-4 (Mt 19:4-6, Mr 10:6-8 = Ge 2:24), ne fait aucune allusion à Adam.

Paul, élevé à l'école des rabbins, voit en Adam un personnage et fonde sur le parallélisme entre Adam et le Christ des parties essentielles de son système théologique : péché d'Adam, oeuvre de Christ ; nature psychique par Adam, nature spirituelle par Christ ; mort par Adam, résurrection par Christ ; premier Adam, second Adam fils de Dieu resté obéissant (Ro 5:12-21,1Co 15:12-49). Dans Php 2:6-11, Paul met les sentiments du Christ et sa destinée en contraste avec les sentiments et la destinée du premier couple humain (cf. Php 2:3 et Ge 35:5-22). Dans 1Ti 2:9-15, Paul revient une dernière fois au récit de la chute. Dans ce passage où l'apôtre laisse voir combien il est encore influencé par la théologie rabbinique et la philosophie sociale de l'Orient, Paul montre--et ce témoignage est précieux à recueillir--que pour lui le premier couple doit être envisagé avant tout comme le type primitif de l'homme et de la femme symbolisant les débuts du genre humain (voir Eve). Alex. W.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 2

      1 The heavens and the earth were finished, and all their vast array.
      2 On the seventh day God finished his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
      3 God blessed the seventh day, and made it holy, because he rested in it from all his work which he had created and made.
      4 This is the history of the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that Yahweh God made the earth and the heavens.
      5 No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
      6 but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
      7 Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
      8 Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.
      9 Out of the ground Yahweh God made every tree to grow that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the middle of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
      10 A river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it was parted, and became four heads.
      11 The name of the first is Pishon: this is the one which flows through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
      12 and the gold of that land is good. There is aromatic resin and the onyx stone.
      13 The name of the second river is Gihon: the same river that flows through the whole land of Cush.
      14 The name of the third river is Hiddekel: this is the one which flows in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
      15 Yahweh God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
      16 Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat;
      17 but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it; for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
      18 Yahweh God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
      19 Out of the ground Yahweh God formed every animal of the field, and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. Whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
      20 The man gave names to all livestock, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper suitable for him.
      21 Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall on the man, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
      22 He made the rib, which Yahweh God had taken from the man, into a woman, and brought her to the man.
      23 The man said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. She will be called 'woman,' because she was taken out of Man."
      24 Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
      25 They were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.

      Genèse 3

      1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Has God really said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
      2 The woman said to the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
      3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
      4 The serpent said to the woman, "You won't surely die,
      5 for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
      6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
      7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
      8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.
      9 Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
      10 The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
      11 God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
      12 The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate."
      13 Yahweh God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate."
      14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
      15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
      16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
      17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
      18 It will yield thorns and thistles to you; and you will eat the herb of the field.
      19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
      20 The man called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.
      21 Yahweh God made coats of skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
      22 Yahweh God said, "Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever..."
      23 Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.
      24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

      Genèse 4

      1 The man knew Eve his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Cain, and said, "I have gotten a man with Yahweh's help."
      2 Again she gave birth, to Cain's brother Abel. Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.
      3 As time passed, it happened that Cain brought an offering to Yahweh from the fruit of the ground.
      4 Abel also brought some of the firstborn of his flock and of its fat. Yahweh respected Abel and his offering,
      5 but he didn't respect Cain and his offering. Cain was very angry, and the expression on his face fell.
      6 Yahweh said to Cain, "Why are you angry? Why has the expression of your face fallen?
      7 If you do well, will it not be lifted up? If you don't do well, sin crouches at the door. Its desire is for you, but you are to rule over it."
      8 Cain said to Abel, his brother, "Let's go into the field." It happened when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel, his brother, and killed him.
      9 Yahweh said to Cain, "Where is Abel, your brother?" He said, "I don't know. Am I my brother's keeper?"
      10 Yahweh said, "What have you done? The voice of your brother's blood cries to me from the ground.
      11 Now you are cursed because of the ground, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother's blood from your hand.
      12 From now on, when you till the ground, it won't yield its strength to you. You shall be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth."
      13 Cain said to Yahweh, "My punishment is greater than I can bear.
      14 Behold, you have driven me out this day from the surface of the ground. I will be hidden from your face, and I will be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth. It will happen that whoever finds me will kill me."
      15 Yahweh said to him, "Therefore whoever slays Cain, vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold." Yahweh appointed a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should strike him.
      16 Cain went out from Yahweh's presence, and lived in the land of Nod, east of Eden.
      17 Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
      18 To Enoch was born Irad. Irad became the father of Mehujael. Mehujael became the father of Methushael. Methushael became the father of Lamech.
      19 Lamech took two wives: the name of the one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah.
      20 Adah gave birth to Jabal, who was the father of those who dwell in tents and have livestock.
      21 His brother's name was Jubal, who was the father of all who handle the harp and pipe.
      22 Zillah also gave birth to Tubal Cain, the forger of every cutting instrument of brass and iron. Tubal Cain's sister was Naamah.
      23 Lamech said to his wives, "Adah and Zillah, hear my voice. You wives of Lamech, listen to my speech, for I have slain a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me.
      24 If Cain will be avenged seven times, truly Lamech seventy-seven times."
      25 Adam knew his wife again. She gave birth to a son, and named him Seth, "for God has appointed me another child instead of Abel, for Cain killed him."
      26 There was also born a son to Seth, and he named him Enosh. Then men began to call on Yahweh's name.

      Genèse 5

      1 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, he made him in God's likeness.
      2 He created them male and female, and blessed them, and called their name "Adam," in the day when they were created.
      3 Adam lived one hundred thirty years, and became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth.
      4 The days of Adam after he became the father of Seth were eight hundred years, and he became the father of sons and daughters.
      5 All the days that Adam lived were nine hundred thirty years, then he died.

      Genèse 35

      5 They traveled, and a terror of God was on the cities that were around them, and they didn't pursue the sons of Jacob.
      6 So Jacob came to Luz (that is, Bethel), which is in the land of Canaan, he and all the people who were with him.
      7 He built an altar there, and called the place El Beth El; because there God was revealed to him, when he fled from the face of his brother.
      8 Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, died, and she was buried below Bethel under the oak; and its name was called Allon Bacuth.
      9 God appeared to Jacob again, when he came from Paddan Aram, and blessed him.
      10 God said to him, "Your name is Jacob. Your name shall not be Jacob any more, but your name will be Israel." He named him Israel.
      11 God said to him, "I am God Almighty. Be fruitful and multiply. A nation and a company of nations will be from you, and kings will come out of your body.
      12 The land which I gave to Abraham and Isaac, I will give it to you, and to your seed after you will I give the land."
      13 God went up from him in the place where he spoke with him.
      14 Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he spoke with him, a pillar of stone. He poured out a drink offering on it, and poured oil on it.
      15 Jacob called the name of the place where God spoke with him "Bethel."
      16 They traveled from Bethel. There was still some distance to come to Ephrath, and Rachel travailed. She had hard labor.
      17 When she was in hard labor, the midwife said to her, "Don't be afraid, for now you will have another son."
      18 It happened, as her soul was departing (for she died), that she named him Benoni, but his father named him Benjamin.
      19 Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath (the same is Bethlehem).
      20 Jacob set up a pillar on her grave. The same is the Pillar of Rachel's grave to this day.
      21 Israel traveled, and spread his tent beyond the tower of Eder.
      22 It happened, while Israel lived in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah, his father's concubine, and Israel heard of it. Now the sons of Jacob were twelve.

      1 Chroniques 1

      1 Adam, Seth, Enosh,

      Job 31

      33 if like Adam I have covered my transgressions, by hiding my iniquity in my heart,

      Psaumes 51

      7 Purify me with hyssop, and I will be clean. Wash me, and I will be whiter than snow.

      Jérémie 13

      23 Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may you also do good, who are accustomed to do evil.

      Matthieu 19

      4 He answered, "Haven't you read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female,
      5 and said, 'For this cause a man shall leave his father and mother, and shall join to his wife; and the two shall become one flesh?'
      6 So that they are no more two, but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, don't let man tear apart."

      Marc 10

      6 But from the beginning of the creation, God made them male and female.
      7 For this cause a man will leave his father and mother, and will join to his wife,
      8 and the two will become one flesh, so that they are no longer two, but one flesh.

      Luc 1

      35 The angel answered her, "The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore also the holy one who is born from you will be called the Son of God.

      Luc 3

      23 Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years old, being the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli,
      38 the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.

      Romains 5

      12 Therefore as sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin; and so death passed to all men, because all sinned.
      13 For until the law, sin was in the world; but sin is not charged when there is no law.
      14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those whose sins weren't like Adam's disobedience, who is a foreshadowing of him who was to come.
      15 But the free gift isn't like the trespass. For if by the trespass of the one the many died, much more did the grace of God, and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abound to the many.
      16 The gift is not as through one who sinned: for the judgment came by one to condemnation, but the free gift came of many trespasses to justification.
      17 For if by the trespass of the one, death reigned through the one; so much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ.
      18 So then as through one trespass, all men were condemned; even so through one act of righteousness, all men were justified to life.
      19 For as through the one man's disobedience many were made sinners, even so through the obedience of the one, many will be made righteous.
      20 The law came in besides, that the trespass might abound; but where sin abounded, grace abounded more exceedingly;
      21 that as sin reigned in death, even so grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

      1 Corinthiens 15

      12 Now if Christ is preached, that he has been raised from the dead, how do some among you say that there is no resurrection of the dead?
      13 But if there is no resurrection of the dead, neither has Christ been raised.
      14 If Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain, and your faith also is in vain.
      15 Yes, we are found false witnesses of God, because we testified about God that he raised up Christ, whom he didn't raise up, if it is so that the dead are not raised.
      16 For if the dead aren't raised, neither has Christ been raised.
      17 If Christ has not been raised, your faith is vain; you are still in your sins.
      18 Then they also who are fallen asleep in Christ have perished.
      19 If we have only hoped in Christ in this life, we are of all men most pitiable.
      20 But now Christ has been raised from the dead. He became the first fruits of those who are asleep.
      21 For since death came by man, the resurrection of the dead also came by man.
      22 For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive.
      23 But each in his own order: Christ the first fruits, then those who are Christ's, at his coming.
      24 Then the end comes, when he will deliver up the Kingdom to God, even the Father; when he will have abolished all rule and all authority and power.
      25 For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet.
      26 The last enemy that will be abolished is death.
      27 For, "He put all things in subjection under his feet." But when he says, "All things are put in subjection," it is evident that he is excepted who subjected all things to him.
      28 When all things have been subjected to him, then the Son will also himself be subjected to him who subjected all things to him, that God may be all in all.
      29 Or else what will they do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead aren't raised at all, why then are they baptized for the dead?
      30 Why do we also stand in jeopardy every hour?
      31 I affirm, by the boasting in you which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily.
      32 If I fought with animals at Ephesus for human purposes, what does it profit me? If the dead are not raised, then "let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die."
      33 Don't be deceived! "Evil companionships corrupt good morals."
      34 Wake up righteously, and don't sin, for some have no knowledge of God. I say this to your shame.
      35 But someone will say, "How are the dead raised?" and, "With what kind of body do they come?"
      36 You foolish one, that which you yourself sow is not made alive unless it dies.
      37 That which you sow, you don't sow the body that will be, but a bare grain, maybe of wheat, or of some other kind.
      38 But God gives it a body even as it pleased him, and to each seed a body of its own.
      39 All flesh is not the same flesh, but there is one flesh of men, another flesh of animals, another of fish, and another of birds.
      40 There are also celestial bodies, and terrestrial bodies; but the glory of the celestial differs from that of the terrestrial.
      41 There is one glory of the sun, another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars; for one star differs from another star in glory.
      42 So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption.
      43 It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power.
      44 It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body and there is also a spiritual body.
      45 So also it is written, "The first man, Adam, became a living soul." The last Adam became a life-giving spirit.
      46 However that which is spiritual isn't first, but that which is natural, then that which is spiritual.
      47 The first man is of the earth, made of dust. The second man is the Lord from heaven.
      48 As is the one made of dust, such are those who are also made of dust; and as is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.
      49 As we have borne the image of those made of dust, let's also bear the image of the heavenly.

      1 Timothée 2

      9 In the same way, that women also adorn themselves in decent clothing, with modesty and propriety; not just with braided hair, gold, pearls, or expensive clothing;
      10 but (which becomes women professing godliness) with good works.
      11 Let a woman learn in quietness with all subjection.
      12 But I don't permit a woman to teach, nor to exercise authority over a man, but to be in quietness.
      13 For Adam was first formed, then Eve.
      14 Adam wasn't deceived, but the woman, being deceived, has fallen into disobedience;
      15 but she will be saved through her childbearing, if they continue in faith, love, and sanctification with sobriety.
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