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AIRAIN

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Alliage de cuivre et de zinc. Ce terme désigne couramment, dans le texte biblique, le bronze (alliage de cuivre et d'étain, beaucoup plus ancien et répandu que l'alliage cuivre-zinc), et, d'une façon générale, le cuivre.

La Bible le fait remonter à la plus haute antiquité, avec les inventions de Tubal-Caïn (Ge 4:22). Les Égyptiens exploitaient les minerais de cuivre de la péninsule sinaïtique ; le Liban et l'Hermon en contenaient aussi (De 8:9, Job 28:2). Les orfèvres tyriens étaient experts dans le travail de l'airain (1Ro 7:13 et suivant, 2Ch 2:7) qui, après l'or et l'argent, est le métal le plus précieux.

Par sa basse température de fusion, sa dureté ou sa malléabilité, il est aux hommes de l'A.T. ce que le fer est devenu à l'homme moderne grâce aux hauts fourneaux. Moïse fait en airain le serpent au désert (No 21:9). L'airain est utilisé pour la fabrication des chaînes (Jug 16:21), des armes (1Sa 17:5,2Sa 21:16 22:35), des statues (No 21:9, Da 2:32 10:6), des idoles (Da 5:4), des objets cultuels (Ex 25 à 31) et ustensiles divers (2Ro 25:16, Eze 24:11), entre dans la construction même du Temple (1Ro 7:15,2Ch 6:13, Jer 52:20), sert à la fermeture des villes fortes (1Ro 4:13), etc.

L' « airain brillant » de Ap 1:13 2:18 (vision inspirée de Eze 1:4,27, Da 10:6) est un métal qui n'a pas encore été identifié ; le grec chalcolibanos est rendu en latin aurichalcum (Vulgate), et cet orichalque passait chez les anciens pour un métal fabuleux, intermédiaire entre l'or et l'argent ; il désigna plus tard le laiton, le bronze ou le cuivre pur.

Au figuré, le mot airain est employé comme image de la puissance militaire (Mic 4:13, Jer 15:12), de la force d'âme (Jer 1:18 15:20), de l'orgueil opiniâtre (Esa 48:4, Jer 6:28), de la stérilité du sol, châtiment de Dieu (Le 26:19, De 28:23). Dans 1Co 13:1, l'apôtre fait allusion à la sonorité des instruments de musique (cf. 1Co 14:8) ou même au bruit importun des gongs assourdissants dans les fêtes orientales. Voir Métaux.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 4

      22 Zillah also gave birth to Tubal Cain, the forger of every cutting instrument of brass and iron. Tubal Cain's sister was Naamah.

      Exode 25

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, that they take an offering for me. From everyone whose heart makes him willing you shall take my offering.
      3 This is the offering which you shall take from them: gold, silver, brass,
      4 blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, goats' hair,
      5 rams' skins dyed red, sea cow hides, acacia wood,
      6 oil for the light, spices for the anointing oil and for the sweet incense,
      7 onyx stones, and stones to be set for the ephod and for the breastplate.
      8 Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.
      9 According to all that I show you, the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all of its furniture, even so you shall make it.
      10 "They shall make an ark of acacia wood. Its length shall be two and a half cubits, its breadth a cubit and a half, and a cubit and a half its height.
      11 You shall overlay it with pure gold. You shall overlay it inside and outside, and you shall make a gold molding around it.
      12 You shall cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in its four feet. Two rings shall be on the one side of it, and two rings on the other side of it.
      13 You shall make poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold.
      14 You shall put the poles into the rings on the sides of the ark to carry the ark.
      15 The poles shall be in the rings of the ark. They shall not be taken from it.
      16 You shall put the testimony which I shall give you into the ark.
      17 You shall make a mercy seat of pure gold. Two and a half cubits shall be its length, and a cubit and a half its breadth.
      18 You shall make two cherubim of hammered gold. You shall make them at the two ends of the mercy seat.
      19 Make one cherub at the one end, and one cherub at the other end. You shall make the cherubim on its two ends of one piece with the mercy seat.
      20 The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat.
      21 You shall put the mercy seat on top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the testimony that I will give you.
      22 There I will meet with you, and I will tell you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are on the ark of the testimony, all that I command you for the children of Israel.
      23 "You shall make a table of acacia wood. Two cubits shall be its length, and a cubit its breadth, and one and a half cubits its height.
      24 You shall overlay it with pure gold, and make a gold molding around it.
      25 You shall make a rim of a handbreadth around it. You shall make a golden molding on its rim around it.
      26 You shall make four rings of gold for it, and put the rings in the four corners that are on its four feet.
      27 the rings shall be close to the rim, for places for the poles to carry the table.
      28 You shall make the poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold, that the table may be carried with them.
      29 You shall make its dishes, its spoons, its ladles, and its bowls to pour out offerings with. You shall make them of pure gold.
      30 You shall set bread of the presence on the table before me always.
      31 "You shall make a lampstand of pure gold. Of hammered work shall the lampstand be made, even its base, its shaft, its cups, its buds, and its flowers, shall be of one piece with it.
      32 There shall be six branches going out of its sides: three branches of the lampstand out of its one side, and three branches of the lampstand out of its other side;
      33 three cups made like almond blossoms in one branch, a bud and a flower; and three cups made like almond blossoms in the other branch, a bud and a flower, so for the six branches going out of the lampstand;
      34 and in the lampstand four cups made like almond blossoms, its buds and its flowers;
      35 and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, for the six branches going out of the lampstand.
      36 Their buds and their branches shall be of one piece with it, all of it one beaten work of pure gold.
      37 You shall make its lamps seven, and they shall light its lamps to give light to the space in front of it.
      38 Its snuffers and its snuff dishes shall be of pure gold.
      39 It shall be made of a talent of pure gold, with all these accessories.
      40 See that you make them after their pattern, which has been shown to you on the mountain.

      Lévitique 26

      19 I will break the pride of your power, and I will make your sky like iron, and your soil like brass;

      Nombres 21

      9 Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it on the standard: and it happened, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked to the serpent of brass, he lived.

      Juges 16

      21 The Philistines laid hold on him, and put out his eyes; and they brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he ground at the mill in the prison.

      1 Samuel 17

      5 He had a helmet of brass on his head, and he was clad with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of brass.

      2 Samuel 21

      16 and Ishbibenob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being armed with a new sword, thought to have slain David.

      2 Chroniques 2

      7 "Now therefore send me a man skillful to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and who knows how to engrave engravings, to be with the skillful men who are with me in Judah and in Jerusalem, whom David my father provided.

      2 Chroniques 6

      13 (for Solomon had made a bronze scaffold, five cubits long, and five cubits broad, and three cubits high, and had set it in the midst of the court; and on it he stood, and kneeled down on his knees before all the assembly of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward heaven;)

      Job 28

      2 Iron is taken out of the earth, and copper is smelted out of the ore.

      Esaïe 48

      4 Because I knew that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew, and your brow brass;

      Jérémie 1

      18 For, behold, I have made you this day a fortified city, and an iron pillar, and bronze walls, against the whole land, against the kings of Judah, against its princes, against its priests, and against the people of the land.

      Jérémie 6

      28 They are all grievous rebels, going about with slanders; they are brass and iron: they all of them deal corruptly.

      Jérémie 15

      12 Can one break iron, even iron from the north, and brass?
      20 I will make you to this people a fortified bronze wall; and they shall fight against you, but they shall not prevail against you; for I am with you to save you and to deliver you, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 52

      20 They took the two pillars, the one sea, and the twelve bronze bulls that were under the bases, which king Solomon had made for the house of Yahweh. The brass of all these vessels was without weight.

      Ezéchiel 1

      4 I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.
      27 I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him.

      Ezéchiel 24

      11 Then set it empty on its coals, that it may be hot, and its brass may burn, and that its filthiness may be molten in it, that its rust may be consumed.

      Daniel 2

      32 As for this image, its head was of fine gold, its breast and its arms of silver, its belly and its thighs of brass,

      Daniel 5

      4 They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone.

      Daniel 10

      6 his body also was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as flaming torches, and his arms and his feet like burnished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a multitude.

      Michée 4

      13 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion; for I will make your horn iron, and I will make your hoofs brass; and you will beat in pieces many peoples: and I will devote their gain to Yahweh, and their substance to the Lord of the whole earth.

      1 Corinthiens 13

      1 If I speak with the languages of men and of angels, but don't have love, I have become sounding brass, or a clanging cymbal.

      1 Corinthiens 14

      8 For if the trumpet gave an uncertain sound, who would prepare himself for war?

      Apocalypse 1

      13 And among the lampstands was one like a son of man, clothed with a robe reaching down to his feet, and with a golden sash around his chest.

      Apocalypse 2

      18 "To the angel of the assembly in Thyatira write: "The Son of God, who has his eyes like a flame of fire, and his feet are like burnished brass, says these things:
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