Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

AMI

« Quelque rare que soit le véritable amour, il l'est encore moins que la véritable amitié. » Cette parole de La Rochefoucauld s'explique déjà par le fait que, dans le commerce humain, l'amitié exige plus de désintéressement que l'amour ; or, le désintéressement est la qualité la plus rare parmi les hommes.

L'amitié était en grand honneur dans le monde gréco-romain. Les amitiés de Socrate sont restées célèbres, encore que les sentiments si nobles qu'elles expriment semblent avoir comporté parfois un alliage déconcertant. Aristote consacre à l'amitié des pages admirables (Ethique) et le De Amicitia de Cicéron est une des oeuvres qui lui font le plus honneur. L'abaissement de la femme, la rudesse des lois, la corruption des moeurs, mettant en déconsidération ce qui regarde l'amour, l'amitié était estimée dans l'antiquité païenne comme la marque des âmes hautes, le luxe des esprits délicats.

Le judaïsme, dont la morale est autrement assurée, fait une grande place à l'amitié et l'estime à son prix. On lit dans le Siracide : (Sir 6:5-17) « Il y a tel ami qui prend place à la table et qui, dans le bonheur, est un autre toi-même ; mais si tu tombes, il se tourne contre toi et te dérobe sa face... Un ami fidèle est un abri solide ; celui qui le trouve a trouvé un trésor ; rien ne remplace un ami fidèle et sa valeur est sans mesure. Un ami sûr est un élixir qui donne la vie ; ceux qui craignent le Seigneur le trouveront. Celui qui craint le Seigneur place bien son amitié car il fréquente ceux qui lui ressemblent. »

L'A.T. présente l'amitié dans des exemples et des principes qui montrent qu'il la connaissait bien : « L'ami aime en tout temps et dans le malheur il se montre un frère » (Pr 17:17). « Qui a beaucoup de camarades les a pour son malheur, mais il est tel ami qui est plus attaché qu'un frère » (Pr 18:24). Quoi de plus touchant que l'amitié de Jonathan pour David (1Sa 18:1 et suivants), de Ru pour Naomi ? (Ru 1:16 et suivant) Baruc aussi paraît avoir été lié à Jérémie par une filiale amitié (Jer 36) ; et si nous connaissions mieux l'histoire des réformes d'Ézéchias et de Josias, (cf. 2Ro 18 2Ro 19 2Ro 20, Esa 8:11-20 36-39,2Ro 23, Jer 4 Jer 5 Jer 6) il est probable qu'elles nous montreraient entre le roi Ézéchias et le prophète Ésaïe, comme entre les deux jeunes réformateurs Josias et Jérémie, la solide amitié qui seule permet dans les grandes tourmentes une féconde collaboration. Il faut qu'Israël ait connu de bien belles amitiés pour que l'annaliste hébreu, voulant donner une définition des sublimes rapports entre Moïse et Jéhovah, ait dit tout simplement que Jéhovah parlait à Moïse « comme un homme parle à son ami » (Ex 33:11).

C'est l'évangile de Jésus qui a donné au monde la décisive révélation de l'amitié. En même temps que son enseignement sur la femme, sur l'enfant, rendait à l'amour familial son caractère de noblesse, sa vertu de sainteté et en faisait un reflet de l'amour créateur de Dieu, Jésus pénètre l'amitié d'un esprit nouveau et en étend indéfiniment les limites. Par la facilité de son abord, par sa réponse à tous les appels, par sa sympathie pour toutes les misères, par sa miséricorde envers tous les pécheurs, Jésus s'est montré l'ami de tous les hommes et c'est cette amitié-là qu'il enseigne dans sa parabole du Bon Samaritain : se comporter comme un prochain, c'est agir comme le meilleur des amis. De qui est-on le prochain ? De toute créature humaine (Lu 10:25 et suivants). Cette amitié n'est pas le luxe de quelques-uns, mais le devoir pour tous ; elle instaure la fraternité. Ce n'est pas que le coeur de Jésus ait été sans nuances et qu'il se soit contenté de l'amitié universelle. Parmi ses disciples, il choisit douze amis (Mr 3:14) ; parmi ces douze, trois sont ses plus intimes (Mt 17:1, Mr 5:37, Mr 14:33 et suivant), et parmi ces intimes il y a le confident, tendre, ardent et génial, qui, seul, le suivra jusqu'au pied de la croix, auquel Jésus confiera sa mère et que le 4 e évangile désigne d'un mot : « Celui que Jésus aimait » (Jn 19:25). Quelle grâce aussi et quel abandon dans les rapports de Jésus avec le foyer de Béthanie ! (Lu 10:38 et suivant, Jn 11:5 12:2 et suivants). Quand Jésus a pleuré, c'était sur la mort d'un ami (Jn 11:35).

Jésus, qui a connu les amitiés intéressées, qui les a démasquées (Lu 7:41 14:12) et stigmatisées (Jn 6:70, Mt 26:50, Jn 13:27), a pratiqué envers les siens une amitié si dévouée, si persévérante, si inspiratrice, qu'elle leur a rendu sensible le coeur même de Dieu. Sans doute, Aristote avait déjà dit qu'on doit aimer ses amis non pour soi mais pour eux ; cependant l'idée ne lui était pas venue qu'on pourrait les aimer jusqu'à renoncer à soi-même pour eux. Telle a été l'amitié unique et rédemptrice que Jésus a révélée au monde : « Vous êtes mes amis, dit-il à ses disciples, je ne vous appelle plus serviteurs parce que le serviteur ne sait pas ce que fait son maître ; je vous ai appelés mes amis, parce que je vous ai fait connaître tout ce que j'ai appris de mon Père » (Jn 15:14). Et, de fait, Jésus, tout le long de son ministère, les initie aux richesses du Royaume des cieux. Pensant non à lui et à ses difficultés, mais à eux et à leur salut, il s'est consacré à ses disciples, ne leur a rien caché des sentiments qui agitaient son âme, pas même sa tentation. Il les a introduits dans sa vie de renoncement ; il a embrasé leur âme au feu de sa miséricorde, il leur a montré la joie du sacrifice en se dépouillant de lui-même : « Il y a plus de bonheur à donner qu'à recevoir » (Ac 20:35). L'oeuvre de sa passion, l'approche de la mort, le pressentiment de la gloire, ne l'ont pas distrait un instant de ses amis terrestres : « Comme il avait aimé les siens qui étaient dans le monde, il les aima jusqu'à la fin » (Jn 13:1). Ainsi les préparait-il à comprendre pour eux-mêmes qu' « il n'y a pas de plus grand amour que de donner sa vie pour ses amis » (Jn 15:13), et que la joie parfaite (Jn 15:11) ne se trouve ici-bas que dans l'union du sarment avec le cep (Jn 15:5), dans les fruits d'une consécration entière au Christ, dont la vie immolée et rayonnante doit être continuée dans celle de ses rachetés.

Ce que Jésus avait commencé par sa parole, par son exemple, il l'a continué par son action dans les âmes, après sa résurrection, son retour auprès du Père et l'envoi de son Esprit. Il est devenu ainsi, pour ceux qui mettent en lui leur confiance, l'ami parfait, intérieur, éternel, « l'assistant », le divin consolateur (Jn 14:16). Voir Esprit, Paraclet.

Les autres amitiés, même les plus intimes, même entre chrétiens, rencontrent toujours des barrières dans les tempéraments, les professions, le rang social ; il y a la timidité, le souci de ne pas se découvrir, la crainte d'être incompris, de blesser ou d'être blessé par une parole. Quels sont les êtres, si proches soient-ils, qui se connaissent parfaitement, qui se pénètrent entièrement ? Aussi la vie réserve-t-elle dans ce domaine d'amères déceptions.

Il suffit parfois d'un mot, d'un mouvement de jalousie ou de l'ouverture d'un testament, pour faire éclater la fragilité des sentiments réputés les plus solides. L'amitié de Jésus ne connaît ni barrières, ni malentendus, ni déceptions. Il nous pénètre parfaitement, nous aime absolument, ne se méprend sur aucune de nos paroles, nous accueille tels que nous sommes. A cet ami, et à lui seul, on peut tout dire ; de lui seul, tout entendre.

Les autres amitiés, même les plus jeunes et les plus robustes, vivent toujours dans la crainte de la séparation, de la mort. Les anciens ont senti cela vivement et en ont exprimé la douleur dans des pages restées classiques. L'amitié de Jésus n'a pas de limites ; à mesure que nous vivons, au lieu d'aller vers sa fin, elle va vers son épanouissement (Jn 14).

Les autres amitiés, certes, sont secourables ; elles répondent au besoin des coeurs humains qui, dans le bonheur comme dans le malheur, demandent à s'épancher, à faire partager (Lu 15:6-9), mais le plus fidèle ami ne peut donner que ce qu'il a ; homme lui-même, il ne peut élever les autres au-dessus de l'infirmité humaine ; il peut communier du dehors, non libérer du dedans. Jésus, au contraire, s'installe dans le coeur de ses amis (Jn 14:13), leur communique son énergie créatrice (Jn 16:13 20:22) et sa joie inspiratrice (Jn 15:11). Il leur donne le sentiment de la présence divine (Ro 8:1,9,16), la volonté et la capacité de s'élever au-dessus des convoitises ou des intérêts de ce monde (2Co 4:16, Php 4:13) et de triompher des faiblesses où d'autres succombent (Ro 8:37), pour lier leur destinée à la vocation rédemptrice de leur Maître et atteindre par elle à la glorieuse liberté des enfants de Dieu (2Co 3:17 et suivant, Ro 8:21).

Il est impossible à un croyant d'unir dans sa vie pratique la prière, l'esprit de sacrifice et la méditation, sans que l'hôte divin qui habite son coeur y devienne sensible et y provoque l'adoration qui s'exprime dans l'humble service des frères (lire l'épître à Philém.). L'amitié inspirée par le Christ veut la perfection de l'objet aimé ; prévenante (Ro 12:9, voir verset 13-15), elle ne s'aveugle pas sur ses défauts, mais dans son désintéressement et sa sollicitude, elle excuse, elle espère, elle supporte, elle ne périt jamais (Mt 5:38-48 6:14, Jn 15:12,1Co 13:4-8). Arrivée à ce sommet, l'amitié selon l'Évangile, vêtue de charité, se confond avec l'amour filial et l'amour fraternel : elle est l'expression de tous les sentiments par lesquels l'âme chrétienne, durant son séjour sur la terre, glorifie le Dieu qui est amour (1Jn 4:7 et suivants). C'est dans ce sens que Zwingle a eu raison de dire : « Dieu est le commencement et le fondement de la vraie amitié. » Alex. W.

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    • Exode 33

      11 Yahweh spoke to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend. He turned again into the camp, but his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, didn't depart out of the Tent.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Ruth 1

      16 Ruth said, "Don't entreat me to leave you, and to return from following after you, for where you go, I will go; and where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God;

      1 Samuel 18

      1 It happened, when he had made an end of speaking to Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.

      Proverbes 17

      17 A friend loves at all times; and a brother is born for adversity.

      Proverbes 18

      24 A man of many companions may be ruined, but there is a friend who sticks closer than a brother.

      Esaïe 8

      2 and I will take for myself faithful witnesses to testify: Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah."
      11 For Yahweh spoke thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me not to walk in the way of this people, saying,
      12 "Don't say, 'A conspiracy!' concerning all about which this people say, 'A conspiracy!' neither fear their threats, nor be terrorized.
      13 Yahweh of Armies is who you must respect as holy. He is the one you must fear. He is the one you must dread.
      14 He will be a sanctuary, but for both houses of Israel, he will be a trap and a snare for the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
      15 Many will stumble over it, fall, be broken, be snared, and be captured."
      16 Wrap up the testimony. Seal the law among my disciples.
      17 I will wait for Yahweh, who hides his face from the house of Jacob, and I will look for him.
      18 Behold, I and the children whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from Yahweh of Armies, who dwells in Mount Zion.
      19 When they tell you, "Consult with those who have familiar spirits and with the wizards, who chirp and who mutter:" shouldn't a people consult with their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?
      20 Turn to the law and to the testimony! If they don't speak according to this word, surely there is no morning for them.

      Jérémie 4

      1 "If you will return, Israel," says Yahweh, "if you will return to me, and if you will put away your abominations out of my sight; then you shall not be removed;
      2 and you shall swear, 'As Yahweh lives,' in truth, in justice, and in righteousness. The nations shall bless themselves in him, and in him shall they glory."
      3 For thus says Yahweh to the men of Judah and to Jerusalem, "Break up your fallow ground, and don't sow among thorns.
      4 Circumcise yourselves to Yahweh, and take away the foreskins of your heart, you men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem; lest my wrath go forth like fire, and burn so that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings.
      5 Declare in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, 'Blow the trumpet in the land!' Cry aloud and say, 'Assemble yourselves! Let us go into the fortified cities!'
      6 Set up a standard toward Zion. Flee for safety! Don't wait; for I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction."
      7 A lion is gone up from his thicket, and a destroyer of nations; he is on his way, he is gone forth from his place, to make your land desolate, that your cities be laid waste, without inhabitant.
      8 For this clothe yourself with sackcloth, lament and wail; for the fierce anger of Yahweh hasn't turned back from us.
      9 "It shall happen at that day," says Yahweh, "that the heart of the king shall perish, and the heart of the princes; and the priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder."
      10 Then I said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! Surely you have greatly deceived this people and Jerusalem, saying, 'You shall have peace;' whereas the sword reaches to the heart."
      11 At that time shall it be said to this people and to Jerusalem, "A hot wind from the bare heights in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to winnow, nor to cleanse;
      12 a full wind from these shall come for me. Now I will also utter judgments against them."
      13 Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as the whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us! For we are ruined.
      14 Jerusalem, wash your heart from wickedness, that you may be saved. How long shall your evil thoughts lodge within you?
      15 For a voice declares from Dan, and publishes evil from the hills of Ephraim:
      16 "Tell the nations; behold, publish against Jerusalem, 'Watchers come from a far country, and raise their voice against the cities of Judah.
      17 As keepers of a field, they are against her all around, because she has been rebellious against me,'" says Yahweh.
      18 "Your way and your doings have brought these things to you. This is your wickedness; for it is bitter, for it reaches to your heart."
      19 My anguish, my anguish! I am pained at my very heart; my heart is disquieted in me; I can't hold my peace; because you have heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war.
      20 Destruction on destruction is cried; for the whole land is laid waste: suddenly are my tents destroyed, and my curtains in a moment.
      21 How long shall I see the standard, and hear the sound of the trumpet?
      22 "For my people are foolish, they don't know me. They are foolish children, and they have no understanding. They are skillful in doing evil, but to do good they have no knowledge."
      23 I saw the earth, and, behold, it was waste and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
      24 I saw the mountains, and behold, they trembled, and all the hills moved back and forth.
      25 I saw, and behold, there was no man, and all the birds of the sky had fled.
      26 I saw, and behold, the fruitful field was a wilderness, and all its cities were broken down at the presence of Yahweh, before his fierce anger.
      27 For thus says Yahweh, "The whole land shall be a desolation; yet will I not make a full end.
      28 For this the earth will mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and I have not repented, neither will I turn back from it."
      29 Every city flees for the noise of the horsemen and archers; they go into the thickets, and climb up on the rocks: every city is forsaken, and not a man dwells therein.
      30 You, when you are made desolate, what will you do? Though you clothe yourself with scarlet, though you deck you with ornaments of gold, though you enlarge your eyes with paint, in vain do you make yourself beautiful; your lovers despise you, they seek your life.
      31 For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, the anguish as of her who brings forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion, who gasps for breath, who spreads her hands, saying, "Woe is me now! For my soul faints before the murderers."

      Jérémie 5

      1 "Run back and forth through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now, and know, and seek in the broad places of it, if you can find a man, if there are any who does justly, who seeks truth; and I will pardon her.
      2 Though they say, 'As Yahweh lives;' surely they swear falsely."
      3 O Yahweh, don't your eyes look on truth? You have stricken them, but they were not grieved. You have consumed them, but they have refused to receive correction. They have made their faces harder than a rock. They have refused to return.
      4 Then I said, "Surely these are poor. They are foolish; for they don't know the way of Yahweh, nor the law of their God.
      5 I will go to the great men, and will speak to them; for they know the way of Yahweh, and the law of their God." But these with one accord have broken the yoke, and burst the bonds.
      6 Therefore a lion out of the forest shall kill them, a wolf of the evenings shall destroy them, a leopard shall watch against their cities; everyone who goes out there shall be torn in pieces; because their transgressions are many, and their backsliding is increased.
      7 "How can I pardon you? Your children have forsaken me, and sworn by what are no gods. When I had fed them to the full, they committed adultery, and assembled themselves in troops at the prostitutes' houses.
      8 They were as fed horses roaming at large: everyone neighed after his neighbor's wife.
      9 Shouldn't I punish them for these things?" says Yahweh; "and shouldn't my soul be avenged on such a nation as this?
      10 "Go up on her walls, and destroy; but don't make a full end. Take away her branches; for they are not Yahweh's.
      11 For the house of Israel and the house of Judah have dealt very treacherously against me," says Yahweh.
      12 They have denied Yahweh, and said, "It is not he; neither shall evil come on us; neither shall we see sword nor famine.
      13 The prophets shall become wind, and the word is not in them. Thus shall it be done to them."
      14 Therefore thus says Yahweh, the God of Armies, "Because you speak this word, behold, I will make my words in your mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall devour them.
      15 Behold, I will bring a nation on you from far, house of Israel," says Yahweh. "It is a mighty nation. It is an ancient nation, a nation whose language you don't know, neither understand what they say.
      16 Their quiver is an open tomb, they are all mighty men.
      17 They shall eat up your harvest, and your bread, which your sons and your daughters should eat. They shall eat up your flocks and your herds. They shall eat up your vines and your fig trees. They shall beat down your fortified cities, in which you trust, with the sword.
      18 "But even in those days," says Yahweh, "I will not make a full end with you.
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