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ASCENSION

Le fait ultime de la vie historique du Christ, désigné généralement sous ce nom, est beaucoup moins fortement attesté que celui de la Résurrection, dont il paraît cependant la suite--si l'on peut dire--naturelle et le complément obligé. (comp. Jn 20:17)

Matthieu, après en avoir comme marqué la place dans ses derniers versets (Mt 28:16-20), ne le mentionne pas.

Le silence de Jean--non sur la nécessité du fait, comme nous venons de le voir, mais sur le moment et les détails de son apparition--est moins surprenant ; on peut admettre que, là comme ailleurs, l'évangéliste suppose connus de ses lecteurs les événements qu'il ne rapporte pas, ou que le regard de sa foi les a comme transfigurés et transposés (Jn 3:13 12:23 17:24, etc.).

La mention de l'Ascension dans Marc (Mr 16:19) appartient à la partie non authentique de cet évangile, et porte déjà la marque d'une conception liturgique ou symbolique.

Nous restons donc en présence de deux documents en tout, (Lu 24:50-53, Ac 1:4-12) lesquels appartiendraient à un même auteur, l'évangéliste Luc, si l'on attribue à ce dernier la rédaction du livre des Actes. Ces récits, il est vrai, sont conciliables ; ils concordent, en particulier, quant au site de l'Ascension : environs de Béthanie d'après le premier, mont des Oliviers suivant le second (voir Dalman, Itin., p. 346SS). Mais d'abord Luc--témoin unique, nous l'avons vu--n'est pas un témoin oculaire. Ensuite, le texte du fragment Lu 24:50-53 n'est pas sûr et, notamment, les mots relatifs à l' « élévation au ciel » (fin du verset 61) manquent dans les meilleurs manuscrits. Ce récit, enfin, s'il a plus de couleur narrative que la brève notation de Marc, revêt pourtant, lui aussi, un caractère hiératique faisant penser à quelque tableau de sainteté.

L'historicité du fait de l'Ascension repose ainsi, en définitive, sur un seul texte ; ajoutons que ce texte se rattache aux sources les plus sujettes à caution du livre des Actes. Reconnaissons, d'ailleurs, que le récit en question est très supérieur au précédent. Il est vivant, simple et sobre ; il laisse une impression de grandeur vraie et de sainteté évangélique. Mais on pourra toujours lui opposer de graves objections a priori en s'appuyant sur les sciences de la nature et la conception générale de l'univers qu'elles nous ont donnée. Ces objections, il ne serait pas sans intérêt de les discuter.

Nous avons déjà fait remarquer la sobriété des récits de l'Ascension. Celui de l'Évangile, dans sa partie primitive, mentionne simplement que Jésus « se sépara » de ses disciples. Le récit des Actes, après avoir dit que le Christ fut « enlevé » ou « élevé » (même verbe que dans Lu 24:50, à propos du Ressuscité « levant » ses mains pour bénir), fait intervenir une « nuée », comme le récit de la Transfiguration (Lu 9:34). Les disciples ont, ensuite, « les regards attachés au ciel », geste naturel, instinctif.

D'autre part, le corps du Christ après la Résurrection nous est présenté, dans le quatrième évangile en particulier, comme échappant déjà aux lois ordinaires de la nature et doué de facultés spéciales (Jn 20:19,26). On a émis l'hypothèse d'un processus de spiritualisation de ce corps, processus dont l'Ascension marquerait l'achèvement. Mais qu'importent, après tout, ces discussions qui, comme celles que soulève le fait de la Résurrection, ne peuvent aboutir à des résultats certains ?

Historiquement, un point essentiel est nettement établi : à un moment précis, que le récit des Actes (Ac 1:3) place quarante jours après la Résurrection, les communications sensibles entre le Maître et les disciples, quelle qu'en fût la nature très particulière, ont cessé pour faire place à la communion spirituelle.

L'expérience des apôtres et de l'Église, certaines déclarations de Jésus lui-même (Jn 7:39 16:7), nous permettent d'ajouter : et pour rendre possible cette communion spirituelle. Là se trouvent la signification vraie et la valeur unique du fait de l'Ascension, dont les modalités apparaissent en regard comme bien secondaires. C'est l'entrée du Christ « dans sa gloire » (Lu 24:26 et suivant, cf. Jn 17:1) et son investissement de puissance (Jn 17:2, Mt 28:18), en vue de l'achèvement de l'oeuvre rédemptrice.

Désormais, l'objet de la foi chrétienne comme de la prédication apostolique, c'est le Christ spirituel (2Co 3:17 5:16). L'Ascension marque l'inauguration, solennelle autant que mystérieuse, de ce ministère de l'Esprit. Elle est le chaînon indispensable entre la Résurrection et la Pentecôte (Ac 2:33). En elle s'affirment, par une manifestation nouvelle et grandiose, encore que difficilement saisissable à notre coeur charnel et à notre esprit borné, la puissance et l'amour de Celui qui, après avoir « ressuscité » Jésus, l'a « souverainement élevé » (Php 2:9). Le Christ de l'Ascension, c'est le Seigneur et le Roi, le Christ qui s'offre à notre adoration (Mt 28:17, Lu 24:52), aussi bien que Celui qui commande notre entière obéissance (Mt 28:19 et suivant, Php 2:10 et suivant). En même temps, ce Seigneur demeure notre Frère. L'Ascension a moins brisé qu'affirmé ses liens avec la terre (Ac 2:11). Comme « avec lui, Dieu nous a ressuscités », avec lui aussi Il nous a « fait asseoir dans les cieux » (Eph 2:6, cf. Col 3:3 et suivant).

Si l'Ascension nous a paru faiblement attestée en tant que fait de l'histoire, la réalité spirituelle que ce fait recouvre tient une grande place dans la pensée des apôtres--nos citations bibliques l'ont déjà montré--et dans celle du Maître lui-même. Il y a une vision anticipée de l'Ascension, plus ou moins mêlée à celle de la Croix, dans des textes tels que Lu 9:31-51, Jn 12:32, comme aussi dans les prédictions du « retour sur les nuées » (Mt 24:30 26:64, cf. 1Th 4:16, Ap 1:7).

Le quatrième évangile, dont nous avons rappelé le point de vue particulier, renferme des références précises à l'Ascension (Jn 6:62 7:33 14:12,28 16:28 20:17 etc.). Dans les épîtres, il faudrait citer : Eph 4:8, Heb 1:3 4:14,1Pi 3:22 ; dans les épîtres et les évangiles, les textes où il est parlé de Jésus « élevé à la droite du trône de Dieu » (Ro 8:34, Eph 1:20), ou retournant de la terre à « la gloire du Père » (Mt 25:31, Mr 8:38, Php 3:20 ; voir encore le curieux fragment d'hymne chrétien, cité dans 1Ti 3:16).

L'écrivain du N.T. qui a peut-être le plus profondément médité sur le mystère qui nous occupe, est l'auteur de l'épître aux Hébreux. A ses yeux, l'Ascension a fait du Christ notre grand-prêtre et conféré à son sacrifice une valeur éternelle (Heb 10:11-14,19-22). Hry B.

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      Matthieu 24

      30 and then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky. Then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky with power and great glory.

      Matthieu 25

      31 "But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory.

      Matthieu 26

      64 Jesus said to him, "You have said it. Nevertheless, I tell you, after this you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming on the clouds of the sky."

      Matthieu 28

      16 But the eleven disciples went into Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had sent them.
      17 When they saw him, they bowed down to him, but some doubted.
      18 Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, "All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth.
      19 Go, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
      20 teaching them to observe all things that I commanded you. Behold, I am with you always, even to the end of the age." Amen.

      Marc 8

      38 For whoever will be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the Son of Man also will be ashamed of him, when he comes in the glory of his Father with the holy angels."

      Marc 16

      19 So then the Lord , after he had spoken to them, was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God.

      Luc 9

      31 who appeared in glory, and spoke of his departure, which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem.
      32 Now Peter and those who were with him were heavy with sleep, but when they were fully awake, they saw his glory, and the two men who stood with him.
      33 It happened, as they were parting from him, that Peter said to Jesus, "Master, it is good for us to be here. Let's make three tents: one for you, and one for Moses, and one for Elijah," not knowing what he said.
      34 While he said these things, a cloud came and overshadowed them, and they were afraid as they entered into the cloud.
      35 A voice came out of the cloud, saying, "This is my beloved Son. Listen to him!"
      36 When the voice came, Jesus was found alone. They were silent, and told no one in those days any of the things which they had seen.
      37 It happened on the next day, when they had come down from the mountain, that a great multitude met him.
      38 Behold, a man from the crowd called out, saying, "Teacher, I beg you to look at my son, for he is my only child.
      39 Behold, a spirit takes him, he suddenly cries out, and it convulses him so that he foams, and it hardly departs from him, bruising him severely.
      40 I begged your disciples to cast it out, and they couldn't."
      41 Jesus answered, "Faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you and bear with you? Bring your son here."
      42 While he was still coming, the demon threw him down and convulsed him violently. But Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the boy, and gave him back to his father.
      43 They were all astonished at the majesty of God. But while all were marveling at all the things which Jesus did, he said to his disciples,
      44 "Let these words sink into your ears, for the Son of Man will be delivered up into the hands of men."
      45 But they didn't understand this saying. It was concealed from them, that they should not perceive it, and they were afraid to ask him about this saying.
      46 There arose an argument among them about which of them was the greatest.
      47 Jesus, perceiving the reasoning of their hearts, took a little child, and set him by his side,
      48 and said to them, "Whoever receives this little child in my name receives me. Whoever receives me receives him who sent me. For whoever is least among you all, this one will be great."
      49 John answered, "Master, we saw someone casting out demons in your name, and we forbade him, because he doesn't follow with us."
      50 Jesus said to him, "Don't forbid him, for he who is not against us is for us."
      51 It came to pass, when the days were near that he should be taken up, he intently set his face to go to Jerusalem,

      Luc 24

      26 Didn't the Christ have to suffer these things and to enter into his glory?"
      50 He led them out as far as Bethany, and he lifted up his hands, and blessed them.
      51 It happened, while he blessed them, that he withdrew from them, and was carried up into heaven.
      52 They worshiped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy,
      53 and were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen.

      Jean 3

      13 No one has ascended into heaven, but he who descended out of heaven, the Son of Man, who is in heaven.

      Jean 6

      62 Then what if you would see the Son of Man ascending to where he was before?

      Jean 7

      33 Then Jesus said, "I will be with you a little while longer, then I go to him who sent me.
      39 But he said this about the Spirit, which those believing in him were to receive. For the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus wasn't yet glorified.

      Jean 12

      23 Jesus answered them, "The time has come for the Son of Man to be glorified.
      32 And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself."

      Jean 14

      12 Most certainly I tell you, he who believes in me, the works that I do, he will do also; and he will do greater works than these, because I am going to my Father.
      28 You heard how I told you, 'I go away, and I come to you.' If you loved me, you would have rejoiced, because I said 'I am going to my Father;' for the Father is greater than I.

      Jean 16

      7 Nevertheless I tell you the truth: It is to your advantage that I go away, for if I don't go away, the Counselor won't come to you. But if I go, I will send him to you.
      28 I came out from the Father, and have come into the world. Again, I leave the world, and go to the Father."

      Jean 17

      1 Jesus said these things, and lifting up his eyes to heaven, he said, "Father, the time has come. Glorify your Son, that your Son may also glorify you;
      2 even as you gave him authority over all flesh, he will give eternal life to all whom you have given him.
      24 Father, I desire that they also whom you have given me be with me where I am, that they may see my glory, which you have given me, for you loved me before the foundation of the world.

      Jean 20

      17 Jesus said to her, "Don't hold me, for I haven't yet ascended to my Father; but go to my brothers, and tell them, 'I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.'"
      19 When therefore it was evening, on that day, the first day of the week, and when the doors were locked where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and said to them, "Peace be to you."
      26 After eight days again his disciples were inside, and Thomas was with them. Jesus came, the doors being locked, and stood in the midst, and said, "Peace be to you."

      Actes 1

      3 To these he also showed himself alive after he suffered, by many proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days, and speaking about God's Kingdom.
      4 Being assembled together with them, he commanded them, "Don't depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which you heard from me.
      5 For John indeed baptized in water, but you will be baptized in the Holy Spirit not many days from now."
      6 Therefore when they had come together, they asked him, "Lord, are you now restoring the kingdom to Israel?"
      7 He said to them, "It isn't for you to know times or seasons which the Father has set within his own authority.
      8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. You will be witnesses to me in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth."
      9 When he had said these things, as they were looking, he was taken up, and a cloud received him out of their sight.
      10 While they were looking steadfastly into the sky as he went, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing,
      11 who also said, "You men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This Jesus, who was received up from you into the sky will come back in the same way as you saw him going into the sky."
      12 Then they returned to Jerusalem from the mountain called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, a Sabbath day's journey away.

      Actes 2

      11 Cretans and Arabians: we hear them speaking in our languages the mighty works of God!"
      33 Being therefore exalted by the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this, which you now see and hear.

      Romains 8

      34 Who is he who condemns? It is Christ who died, yes rather, who was raised from the dead, who is at the right hand of God, who also makes intercession for us.

      2 Corinthiens 3

      17 Now the Lord is the Spirit and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.

      Ephésiens 1

      20 which he worked in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and made him to sit at his right hand in the heavenly places,

      Ephésiens 2

      6 and raised us up with him, and made us to sit with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus,

      Ephésiens 4

      8 Therefore he says, "When he ascended on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts to men."

      Colossiens 3

      3 For you died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God.

      1 Thessaloniciens 4

      16 For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with God's trumpet. The dead in Christ will rise first,

      1 Timothée 3

      16 Without controversy, the mystery of godliness is great: God was revealed in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen by angels, preached among the nations, believed on in the world, and received up in glory.

      Hébreux 1

      3 His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very image of his substance, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself made purification for our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high;

      Hébreux 4

      14 Having then a great high priest, who has passed through the heavens, Jesus, the Son of God, let us hold tightly to our confession.

      Hébreux 10

      11 Every priest indeed stands day by day serving and often offering the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins,
      12 but he, when he had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down on the right hand of God;
      13 from that time waiting until his enemies are made the footstool of his feet.
      14 For by one offering he has perfected forever those who are being sanctified.
      19 Having therefore, brothers, boldness to enter into the holy place by the blood of Jesus,

      1 Pierre 3

      22 who is at the right hand of God, having gone into heaven, angels and authorities and powers being made subject to him.

      Apocalypse 1

      7 Behold, he is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. All the tribes of the earth will mourn over him. Even so, Amen.
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