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BLÉ

1. dâgân (39 fois, dans Gen., Nomb., Deut., Rois, Chr., Néh., Ps., Jér., Ezéch., Os., Joël, Agg., Zach.). C'est le blé en général, sans spécification, représenté comme une des principales richesses du pays, avec l'huile, le moût, le miel, le bétail. La principale espèce de dâgân est :

2.

la khittâh (29 fois, dans Gen., Ex., Deut., Jug., Ruth, 1 et 2Sa., 1 Rois 1 et 2 Chr., Job, Ps., Cant., Es., Jér., Ezéch., Joël). C'est le froment. De 8:8 décrit le pays où Israël va entrer, comme un pays de froment, d'orge, de vignes, de figuiers, etc.

Le Cantique de Moïse, énumérant les bienfaits de l'Éternel, rappelle qu'il a donné à Israël le miel de l'abeille, l'huile de l'olivier, le beurre des vaches, le lait des brebis, la graisse des agneaux, des brebis et des boucs, la fine fleur du froment, le sang de la grappe (De 32:13 et suivant). « Si ma terre crie contre moi, dit Job (Job 31:40), qu'elle produise des épines au lieu de froment  » Les mauvaises récoltes sont dues à l'ardente colère de l'Éternel : « Ils ont semé le froment et ils moissonnent des épines », dit Jérémie (Jer 12:13). « Si mon peuple voulait m'écouter, dit un ps., je le nourrirais de la moelle du froment, je le rassasierais du miel du rocher » (Ps 81:16 147:14).

3.

coussèmèth (Eze 4 »). C'est l' êpeautre. Il est mentionné à propos des plaies d'Egypte : « le lin et l'orge furent frappés, car l'orge était en épis et le lin en fleur ; mais le froment et l' épeautre ne furent point frappés, parce qu'ils sont tardifs » (Ex 9:32). Esa 28:25 nous apprend qu'on mettait « le froment dans les sillons, l'orge à sa place marquée et l'épeautre sur les bords ».

4.

qdmdh (Ex 22:8,2Ro 19:26, Esa 37:27). C'est le blé encore sur pied. Les chacals lâchés par Samson avec des torches brûlèrent aussi bien le blé en gerbes que les qâmôth (Jug 15:5). La fête des semaines commençait à partir du jour où l'on mettait la faucille dans la qâmâh (De 16:9). Esa 17:5 prédit qu'il en sera d'Israël comme du moissonneur qui rassemble la qâmâh et qui de son bras fauche les épis.

5.

bar, bâr (Job 39:15, Pr 11:26, Am 5:11 8:5,6). C'est le blé en grain, le blé battu. Joseph amasse du bâr à la disposition de Pharaon pendant les sept années d'abondance, innombrable comme le sable ; il en fait remplir les sacs de ses frères (Ge 41:35,49 42:2-25 etc.). « Qu'a de commun la paille avec le bâr ? » (Jer 23:28). « Avec le retour de la faveur divine, Israël verra ses greniers se remplir de bâr » (Joe 2:24). Dans les Psaumes (Ps 65:13 72:16) le mot est employé comme syn. de qâmâh. --Voir Grain.

Le blé appartient à la fam. des Graminées, genre triticum, lequel comporte un nombre considérable de variétés et de races : t r. vulgare Vill. ou sati-vum (blé d'hiver, var. hybernum L. ; blé d'été, oestivum L.), t.r. Polonicum L. (blé de Pologne ou de Russie), tr. iurgidum L. (pétanielle, blé pou-lard), tr. durum Desf. (blé dur), tr. monococcum L. (en grain, locular), tr. dicoccum L. ou amy-leum (amidon, amidonnier), tr. spelta L. (épeautre). Ce qui distingue l'épeautre, c'est que son grain est enveloppé dans les glumes et glumelles (balles), et non pas nu comme dans les autres espèces.

Ch. -Ed. M.

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      Genèse 41

      35 Let them gather all the food of these good years that come, and lay up grain under the hand of Pharaoh for food in the cities, and let them keep it.
      49 Joseph laid up grain as the sand of the sea, very much, until he stopped counting, for it was without number.

      Genèse 42

      2 He said, "Behold, I have heard that there is grain in Egypt. Go down there, and buy for us from there, so that we may live, and not die."

      Exode 9

      32 But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up.

      Exode 22

      2 If the thief is found breaking in, and is struck so that he dies, there shall be no guilt of bloodshed for him.
      8 If the thief isn't found, then the master of the house shall come near to God, to find out if he hasn't put his hand to his neighbor's goods.

      Juges 15

      5 When he had set the brands on fire, he let them go into the standing grain of the Philistines, and burnt up both the shocks and the standing grain, and also the olive groves.

      Ruth 1

      1 It happened in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.
      2 The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab, and continued there.
      3 Elimelech, Naomi's husband, died; and she was left, and her two sons.
      4 They took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they lived there about ten years.
      5 Mahlon and Chilion both died, and the woman was bereaved of her two children and of her husband.
      6 Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.
      7 She went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her; and they went on the way to return to the land of Judah.
      8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, "Go, return each of you to her mother's house: Yahweh deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead, and with me.
      9 Yahweh grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband." Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voice, and wept.
      10 They said to her, "No, but we will return with you to your people."
      11 Naomi said, "Go back, my daughters. Why do you want to go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?
      12 Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, 'I have hope,' if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons;
      13 would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from having husbands? No, my daughters, for it grieves me much for your sakes, for the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me."
      14 They lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth joined with her.
      15 She said, "Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people, and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law."
      16 Ruth said, "Don't entreat me to leave you, and to return from following after you, for where you go, I will go; and where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God;
      17 where you die, will I die, and there will I be buried. Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death part you and me."
      18 When she saw that she was steadfastly minded to go with her, she left off speaking to her.
      19 So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. It happened, when they had come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved about them, and they asked, "Is this Naomi?"
      20 She said to them, "Don't call me Naomi. Call me Mara; for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.
      21 I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty; why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?"
      22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

      1 Rois 1

      1 Now king David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he couldn't keep warm.
      2 Therefore his servants said to him, "Let there be sought for my lord the king a young virgin. Let her stand before the king, and cherish him; and let her lie in your bosom, that my lord the king may keep warm."
      3 So they sought for a beautiful young lady throughout all the borders of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king.
      4 The young lady was very beautiful; and she cherished the king, and ministered to him; but the king didn't know her intimately.
      5 Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, "I will be king." Then he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him.
      6 His father had not displeased him at any time in saying, "Why have you done so?" and he was also a very handsome man; and he was born after Absalom.
      7 He conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest: and they following Adonijah helped him.
      8 But Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and Nathan the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and the mighty men who belonged to David, were not with Adonijah.
      9 Adonijah killed sheep and cattle and fatlings by the stone of Zoheleth, which is beside En Rogel; and he called all his brothers, the king's sons, and all the men of Judah, the king's servants:
      10 but Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother, he didn't call.
      11 Then Nathan spoke to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, "Haven't you heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith reigns, and David our lord doesn't know it?
      12 Now therefore come, please let me give you counsel, that you may save your own life, and the life of your son Solomon.
      13 Go in to king David, and tell him, 'Didn't you, my lord, king, swear to your handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne? Why then does Adonijah reign?'
      14 Behold, while you yet talk there with the king, I also will come in after you, and confirm your words."
      15 Bathsheba went in to the king into the room. The king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite was ministering to the king.
      16 Bathsheba bowed, and showed respect to the king. The king said, "What would you like?"
      17 She said to him, "My lord, you swore by Yahweh your God to your handmaid, 'Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne.'
      18 Now, behold, Adonijah reigns; and you, my lord the king, don't know it.
      19 He has slain cattle and fatlings and sheep in abundance, and has called all the sons of the king, and Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the army; but he hasn't called Solomon your servant.
      20 You, my lord the king, the eyes of all Israel are on you, that you should tell them who shall sit on the throne of my lord the king after him.
      21 Otherwise it will happen, when my lord the king shall sleep with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders."
      22 Behold, while she yet talked with the king, Nathan the prophet came in.
      23 They told the king, saying, "Behold, Nathan the prophet!" When he had come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground.
      24 Nathan said, "My lord, king, have you said, 'Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne?'
      25 For he is gone down this day, and has slain cattle and fatlings and sheep in abundance, and has called all the king's sons, and the captains of the army, and Abiathar the priest. Behold, they are eating and drinking before him, and say, 'Long live king Adonijah!'
      26 But he hasn't called me, even me your servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and your servant Solomon.
      27 Is this thing done by my lord the king, and you haven't shown to your servants who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him?"
      28 Then king David answered, "Call to me Bathsheba." She came into the king's presence, and stood before the king.
      29 The king swore, and said, "As Yahweh lives, who has redeemed my soul out of all adversity,
      30 most certainly as I swore to you by Yahweh, the God of Israel, saying, 'Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne in my place;' most certainly so will I do this day."
      31 Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and showed respect to the king, and said, "Let my lord king David live forever!"
      32 King David said, "Call to me Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada." They came before the king.
      33 The king said to them, "Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon.
      34 Let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel. Blow the trumpet, and say, 'Long live king Solomon!'
      35 Then you shall come up after him, and he shall come and sit on my throne; for he shall be king in my place. I have appointed him to be prince over Israel and over Judah."
      36 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, "Amen. May Yahweh, the God of my lord the king, say so.
      37 As Yahweh has been with my lord the king, even so may he be with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David."
      38 So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, went down, and caused Solomon to ride on king David's mule, and brought him to Gihon.
      39 Zadok the priest took the horn of oil out of the Tent, and anointed Solomon. They blew the trumpet; and all the people said, "Long live king Solomon!"
      40 All the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth shook with their sound.
      41 Adonijah and all the guests who were with him heard it as they had made an end of eating. When Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, "Why is this noise of the city being in an uproar?"
      42 While he yet spoke, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came: and Adonijah said, "Come in; for you are a worthy man, and bring good news."
      43 Jonathan answered Adonijah, "Most certainly our lord king David has made Solomon king.
      44 The king has sent with him Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and they have caused him to ride on the king's mule.
      45 Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon. They have come up from there rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that you have heard.
      46 Also, Solomon sits on the throne of the kingdom.
      47 Moreover the king's servants came to bless our lord king David, saying, 'May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne;' and the king bowed himself on the bed.
      48 Also thus said the king, 'Blessed be Yahweh, the God of Israel, who has given one to sit on my throne this day, my eyes even seeing it.'"
      49 All the guests of Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and each man went his way.
      50 Adonijah feared because of Solomon; and he arose, and went, and caught hold on the horns of the altar.
      51 It was told Solomon, saying, "Behold, Adonijah fears king Solomon; for, behold, he has laid hold on the horns of the altar, saying, 'Let king Solomon swear to me first that he will not kill his servant with the sword.'"
      52 Solomon said, "If he shows himself a worthy man, not a hair of him shall fall to the earth; but if wickedness be found in him, he shall die."
      53 So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. He came and bowed down to king Solomon; and Solomon said to him, "Go to your house."

      Job 31

      40 let briars grow instead of wheat, and stinkweed instead of barley." The words of Job are ended.

      Job 39

      15 and forgets that the foot may crush them, or that the wild animal may trample them.

      Psaumes 65

      13 The pastures are covered with flocks. The valleys also are clothed with grain. They shout for joy! They also sing.

      Psaumes 72

      16 Abundance of grain shall be throughout the land. Its fruit sways like Lebanon. Let it flourish, thriving like the grass of the field.

      Psaumes 81

      16 But he would have also fed them with the finest of the wheat. I will satisfy you with honey out of the rock."

      Psaumes 147

      14 He makes peace in your borders. He fills you with the finest of the wheat.

      Proverbes 11

      26 People curse someone who withholds grain, but blessing will be on the head of him who sells it.

      Esaïe 17

      5 It will be like when the harvester gathers the wheat, and his arm reaps the grain. Yes, it will be like when one gleans grain in the valley of Rephaim.

      Esaïe 28

      25 When he has leveled its surface, doesn't he plant the dill, and scatter the cumin seed, and put in the wheat in rows, the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in its place?

      Esaïe 37

      27 Therefore their inhabitants had little power. They were dismayed and confounded. They were like the grass of the field, and like the green herb, like the grass on the housetops, and like a field before its crop has grown.

      Jérémie 12

      13 They have sown wheat, and have reaped thorns; they have put themselves to pain, and profit nothing: and you shall be ashamed of your fruits, because of the fierce anger of Yahweh.

      Jérémie 23

      28 The prophet who has a dream, let him tell a dream; and he who has my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the straw to the wheat? says Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 4

      1 You also, son of man, take a tile, and lay it before yourself, and portray on it a city, even Jerusalem:
      2 and lay siege against it, and build forts against it, and cast up a mound against it; set camps also against it, and plant battering rams against it all around.
      3 Take for yourself an iron pan, and set it for a wall of iron between you and the city: and set your face toward it, and it shall be besieged, and you shall lay siege against it. This shall be a sign to the house of Israel.
      4 Moreover lie on your left side, and lay the iniquity of the house of Israel on it; according to the number of the days that you shall lie on it, you shall bear their iniquity.
      5 For I have appointed the years of their iniquity to be to you a number of days, even three hundred ninety days: so you shall bear the iniquity of the house of Israel.
      6 Again, when you have accomplished these, you shall lie on your right side, and shall bear the iniquity of the house of Judah: forty days, each day for a year, have I appointed it to you.
      7 You shall set your face toward the siege of Jerusalem, with your arm uncovered; and you shall prophesy against it.
      8 Behold, I lay bands on you, and you shall not turn you from one side to the other, until you have accomplished the days of your siege.
      9 Take for yourself also wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentils, and millet, and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make bread of it; according to the number of the days that you shall lie on your side, even three hundred ninety days, you shall eat of it.
      10 Your food which you shall eat shall be by weight, twenty shekels a day: from time to time you shall eat it.
      11 You shall drink water by measure, the sixth part of a hin: from time to time you shall drink.
      12 You shall eat it as barley cakes, and you shall bake it in their sight with dung that comes out of man.
      13 Yahweh said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their bread unclean, among the nations where I will drive them.
      14 Then I said, Ah Lord Yahweh! behold, my soul has not been polluted; for from my youth up even until now have I not eaten of that which dies of itself, or is torn of animals; neither came there abominable flesh into my mouth.
      15 Then he said to me, Behold, I have given you cow's dung for man's dung, and you shall prepare your bread thereon.
      16 Moreover he said to me, Son of man, behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and with fearfulness; and they shall drink water by measure, and in dismay:
      17 that they may want bread and water, and be dismayed one with another, and pine away in their iniquity.

      Joël 2

      24 The threshing floors will be full of wheat, and the vats will overflow with new wine and oil.

      Amos 5

      11 Forasmuch therefore as you trample on the poor, and take taxes from him of wheat: You have built houses of cut stone, but you will not dwell in them. You have planted pleasant vineyards, but you shall not drink their wine.

      Amos 8

      5 Saying, 'When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell grain? And the Sabbath, that we may market wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel large, and dealing falsely with balances of deceit;
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