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CAPERNAÜM

(grec capharnaoum ou capernaoum)

On ignore la signification du mot ; peut-être « village de Nahum » ? Certains ont pensé qu'Elkos était le nom originaire de Capernaüm (Na 1:1).

La localisation est actuellement bien établie et Capernaüm est à rechercher sur le site actuel de Tell Hoûm, qui répond parfaitement aux données scripturaires (fig. 51).

Capernaüm était une ville de Galilée (Lu 4:31), au bord du lac (Mt 4 : 13), près des frontières de Nephthali (id.). Il y avait une douane (Mt 9:9) et un détachement de troupes avec un centurion (Lu 7:2), parce qu'au passage de l'État d'Hérode Antipas à l'État de Philippe (E. du Jourdain). D'après saint Jérôme, Capernaum était à deux milles de Corazin (Kh. Kérazé). Tout ceci convient fort bien à Tell Hoûm (mieux qu'à Khan Minyé auquel on avait aussi songé) et les ruines déblayées appuient encore l'identification.

Capernaüm fut le siège de l'activité de Jésus après son retour de Nazareth (Mt 4:13) et le théâtre de guérisons diverses (Mt 8:5-17, Lu 7:2-10, Mr 1:23-34 2:1-12 etc.) ; elle est alors appelée « sa ville » (Mt 9:1). Dans la synagogue, (aujourd'hui retrouvée), il enseigna souvent (Jn 6:59), mais la ville corrompue accueillit mal la prédication nouvelle et s'attira des malédictions (Mt 11:23, Lu 10:15) qui se sont réalisées.

Entre 665-667, un grand tremblement de terre détruisit Tibériade et Capernaüm. Burchard de Mont-Sion qui visita la région au XIII e siècle pouvait dire : « Capernaüm, jadis glorieuse, est dans un état misérable, ayant à peine sept maisons de pauvres pêcheurs. » Des fouilles, amorcées dès 1866 (Capitaine Wilson, du Survey), furent entreprises en 1905 par une Société allem. (Kohl et Watzinger) et continuées par les RR. PP. Franciscains, qui avaient acheté le terrain.

Le P. Orfali (Mort en 1926) dégagea une synagogue à trois nefs (24 : m 40 x 18 m 65), décorée de colonnes corinthiennes, précédée d'une terrasse à laquelle on accédait par deux escaliers (à l'Est et à l'Ouest), et flanquée à l'Ouest d'un portique à colonnade, en partie à ciel ouvert. Cet édifice appartient au groupe dit des synagogues palestiniennes (Kérazé, Meiroun, Kefr Birîm, El-Djich) et sa décoration s'apparente à la technique qui avait cours au temps des Sévères (II e -III e siècle ap. J. -C), ce qui interdit donc d'y voir la synagogue construite avec l'aide du centurion (Lu 7:5). Il est pourtant permis de penser que l'édifice aujourd'hui déblayé fut élevé à l'emplacement de celui où enseigna Jésus (fig. 52 et 53). Deux inscriptions (araméen et grec), trouvées dans la synagogue, attestent elles aussi la basse époque. Au S. de la synagogue, on découvrit enfin une mosaïque octogonale qui pourrait appartenir à l'église chrétienne bâtie au IV e siècle sur la « maison de Pierre ».

En 614, Capernaüm échappa à la destruction perse et, en 636, les chrétiens et les Juifs chassés de Tibériade s'y regroupèrent, à proximité du tombeau de Rabbi Tanhoum. Le nom actuel de Tell Hoûm pourrait donc bien en définitive provenir de la déformation d'un vocable juif (Tanhoum), mal prononcé par les Arabes (Tal Hoûm) et compris Tell Hoûm par les Européens.

A. P.

Révision Yves Petrakian 2005

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      Nahum 1

      1 An oracle about Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.

      Matthieu 4

      13 Leaving Nazareth, he came and lived in Capernaum, which is by the sea, in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali,

      Matthieu 8

      5 When he came into Capernaum, a centurion came to him, asking him,
      6 and saying, "Lord, my servant lies in the house paralyzed, grievously tormented."
      7 Jesus said to him, "I will come and heal him."
      8 The centurion answered, "Lord, I'm not worthy for you to come under my roof. Just say the word, and my servant will be healed.
      9 For I am also a man under authority, having under myself soldiers. I tell this one, 'Go,' and he goes; and tell another, 'Come,' and he comes; and tell my servant, 'Do this,' and he does it."
      10 When Jesus heard it, he marveled, and said to those who followed, "Most certainly I tell you, I haven't found so great a faith, not even in Israel.
      11 I tell you that many will come from the east and the west, and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Kingdom of Heaven,
      12 but the children of the Kingdom will be thrown out into the outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth."
      13 Jesus said to the centurion, "Go your way. Let it be done for you as you have believed." His servant was healed in that hour.
      14 When Jesus came into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother lying sick with a fever.
      15 He touched her hand, and the fever left her. She got up and served him.
      16 When evening came, they brought to him many possessed with demons. He cast out the spirits with a word, and healed all who were sick;
      17 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying: "He took our infirmities, and bore our diseases."

      Matthieu 9

      1 He entered into a boat, and crossed over, and came into his own city.
      9 As Jesus passed by from there, he saw a man called Matthew sitting at the tax collection office. He said to him, "Follow me." He got up and followed him.

      Matthieu 11

      23 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, you will go down to Hades. For if the mighty works had been done in Sodom which were done in you, it would have remained until this day.

      Matthieu 17

      24 When they had come to Capernaum, those who collected the didrachma coins came to Peter, and said, "Doesn't your teacher pay the didrachma?"

      Marc 1

      21 They went into Capernaum, and immediately on the Sabbath day he entered into the synagogue and taught.
      23 Immediately there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, and he cried out,
      24 saying, "Ha! What do we have to do with you, Jesus, you Nazarene? Have you come to destroy us? I know you who you are: the Holy One of God!"
      25 Jesus rebuked him, saying, "Be quiet, and come out of him!"
      26 The unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying with a loud voice, came out of him.
      27 They were all amazed, so that they questioned among themselves, saying, "What is this? A new teaching? For with authority he commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him!"
      28 The report of him went out immediately everywhere into all the region of Galilee and its surrounding area.
      29 Immediately, when they had come out of the synagogue, they came into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James and John.
      30 Now Simon's wife's mother lay sick with a fever, and immediately they told him about her.
      31 He came and took her by the hand, and raised her up. The fever left her, and she served them.
      32 At evening, when the sun had set, they brought to him all who were sick, and those who were possessed by demons.
      33 All the city was gathered together at the door.
      34 He healed many who were sick with various diseases, and cast out many demons. He didn't allow the demons to speak, because they knew him.

      Marc 2

      1 When he entered again into Capernaum after some days, it was heard that he was in the house.

      Marc 9

      33 He came to Capernaum, and when he was in the house he asked them, "What were you arguing among yourselves on the way?"

      Luc 4

      23 He said to them, "Doubtless you will tell me this parable, 'Physician, heal yourself! Whatever we have heard done at Capernaum, do also here in your hometown.'"
      31 He came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee. He was teaching them on the Sabbath day,

      Luc 7

      1 After he had finished speaking in the hearing of the people, he entered into Capernaum.
      2 A certain centurion's servant, who was dear to him, was sick and at the point of death.
      3 When he heard about Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and save his servant.
      4 When they came to Jesus, they begged him earnestly, saying, "He is worthy for you to do this for him,
      5 for he loves our nation, and he built our synagogue for us."
      6 Jesus went with them. When he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying to him, "Lord, don't trouble yourself, for I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.
      7 Therefore I didn't even think myself worthy to come to you; but say the word, and my servant will be healed.
      8 For I also am a man placed under authority, having under myself soldiers. I tell this one, 'Go!' and he goes; and to another, 'Come!' and he comes; and to my servant, 'Do this,' and he does it."
      9 When Jesus heard these things, he marveled at him, and turned and said to the multitude who followed him, "I tell you, I have not found such great faith, no, not in Israel."
      10 Those who were sent, returning to the house, found that the servant who had been sick was well.

      Luc 10

      15 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades.

      Jean 2

      12 After this, he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, his brothers, and his disciples; and they stayed there a few days.

      Jean 4

      46 Jesus came therefore again to Cana of Galilee, where he made the water into wine. There was a certain nobleman whose son was sick at Capernaum.

      Jean 6

      17 and they entered into the boat, and were going over the sea to Capernaum. It was now dark, and Jesus had not come to them.
      24 When the multitude therefore saw that Jesus wasn't there, nor his disciples, they themselves got into the boats, and came to Capernaum, seeking Jesus.
      59 He said these things in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum.
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