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CÉSARÉE

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Nom donné à plusieurs villes de l'empire romain en l'honneur des empereurs, tous appelés César.

Le N.T. mentionne :

1.

Césarée de Philippe, aujourd'hui le village de Baniyâs, sur les pentes S. de l'Hermon, près des sources du Jourdain. Le nom moderne correspond au grec Panéas (Josèphe, Ant., XV, 10:3 ; XVIII, 2:1) qui désignait la ville ancienne où l'on vénérait le dieu Pan. Hérode le Grand y construisit un temple. Son fils, le tétrarque Philippe, à qui échut la contrée, compléta la ville, qu'il appela Césarée, en l'honneur d'Auguste, et qu'il faut distinguer de la suivante. C. de Philippe est surtout connue des biblistes pour la scène qui se déroula sur son territoire (Mr 8:27, Mt 16:13). Sous Agrippa II, la ville prit le nom de Neronias, mais le garda peu de temps. En 70 Titus y fit donner des combats de gladiateurs, pour célébrer la prise de Jérusalem. Siège d'un évêché latin, C. de Philippe fut tour à tour aux mains des Croisés et des Musulmans, et finalement ses fortifications furent rasées. Aujourd'hui ce n'est plus qu'un très petit village. A. P.

2.

Césarée de Palestine. Port sur la Méditerranée, à la frontière de la Galilée et de la Samarie. C'était la métropole de la Palestine au temps de Jésus et pendant l'âge apostolique. Là résidaient les procurateurs romains, qui préféraient cette ville, en grande majorité païenne, à la vieille capitale juive. Hérode le Grand, célèbre bâtisseur, l'avait construite avec magnificence sur l'emplacement de la tour de Straton. L'historien Josèphe parle avec enthousiasme de son môle de 200 pieds, de ses palais, de ses statues colossales, de son amphithéâtre qui contenait 20.000 personnes, du temple d'Auguste. C'est probablement le diacre Philippe qui apporta l'Évangile à Césarée (Ac 8:40). Un peu plus tard le centenier Corneille y fut converti et baptisé par l'apôtre Pierre (Ac 10). Paul y passa plusieurs fois ; en revenant à Jérusalem de son 3 e voyage (missionnaire, il y fut reçu plusieurs jours chez le diacre Philippe, dont les quatre filles prophétisaient ; Agabus, prophète venu de Judée, lui prédit son emprisonnement (Ac 21:8,14). C'est là encore qu'il demeura deux ans captif sous les gouverneurs Félix et Festus avant d'être envoyé à Rome (Ac 23:23-26:32). A cette captivité de Césarée beaucoup d'auteurs assignent la rédaction des ép. aux Col., aux Éph., et à Philémon (voir ces mots), que d'autres placent dans la captivité de Rome. Il y eut de terribles massacres de Juifs à Césarée au cours du I er siècle, particulièrement sous les gouverneurs Félix et Gessius Florus. Pendant la guerre qui aboutit à la destruction de Jérusalem, C. servit de base militaire aux Romains contre la capitale juive ; Vespasien y fut proclamé empereur. C. joua un rôle assez important dans l'histoire de l'Église des premiers siècles. Origène y enseigna et Eusèbe en fut l'évêque de 313 à 340. Pendant les croisades, la ville fut longtemps disputée entre chrétiens et musulmans : Baudouin, Saladin, Richard Coeur de Lion, saint Louis, s'en emparèrent tour à tour. Finalement elle fut détruite de fond en comble en 1265 par le sultan Bibars. Il n'en reste aujourd'hui que des ruines. Jean M.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Matthieu 16

      13 Now when Jesus came into the parts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, "Who do men say that I, the Son of Man, am?"

      Marc 8

      27 Jesus went out, with his disciples, into the villages of Caesarea Philippi. On the way he asked his disciples, "Who do men say that I am?"

      Actes 8

      40 But Philip was found at Azotus. Passing through, he preached the Good News to all the cities, until he came to Caesarea.

      Actes 9

      30 When the brothers knew it, they brought him down to Caesarea, and sent him off to Tarsus.

      Actes 10

      1 Now there was a certain man in Caesarea, Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment,
      2 a devout man, and one who feared God with all his house, who gave gifts for the needy generously to the people, and always prayed to God.
      3 At about the ninth hour of the day , he clearly saw in a vision an angel of God coming to him, and saying to him, "Cornelius!"
      4 He, fastening his eyes on him, and being frightened, said, "What is it, Lord?" He said to him, "Your prayers and your gifts to the needy have gone up for a memorial before God.
      5 Now send men to Joppa, and get Simon, who is surnamed Peter.
      6 He lodges with one Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the seaside. "
      7 When the angel who spoke to him had departed, Cornelius called two of his household servants and a devout soldier of those who waited on him continually.
      8 Having explained everything to them, he sent them to Joppa.
      9 Now on the next day as they were on their journey, and got close to the city, Peter went up on the housetop to pray at about noon.
      10 He became hungry and desired to eat, but while they were preparing, he fell into a trance.
      11 He saw heaven opened and a certain container descending to him, like a great sheet let down by four corners on the earth,
      12 in which were all kinds of four-footed animals of the earth, wild animals, reptiles, and birds of the sky.
      13 A voice came to him, "Rise, Peter, kill and eat!"
      14 But Peter said, "Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean."
      15 A voice came to him again the second time, "What God has cleansed, you must not call unclean."
      16 This was done three times, and immediately the vessel was received up into heaven.
      17 Now while Peter was very perplexed in himself what the vision which he had seen might mean, behold, the men who were sent by Cornelius, having made inquiry for Simon's house, stood before the gate,
      18 and called and asked whether Simon, who was surnamed Peter, was lodging there.
      19 While Peter was pondering the vision, the Spirit said to him, "Behold, three men seek you.
      20 But arise, get down, and go with them, doubting nothing; for I have sent them."
      21 Peter went down to the men, and said, "Behold, I am he whom you seek. Why have you come?"
      22 They said, "Cornelius, a centurion, a righteous man and one who fears God, and well spoken of by all the nation of the Jews, was directed by a holy angel to invite you to his house, and to listen to what you say."
      23 So he called them in and lodged them. On the next day Peter arose and went out with them, and some of the brothers from Joppa accompanied him.
      24 On the next day they entered into Caesarea. Cornelius was waiting for them, having called together his relatives and his near friends.
      25 When it happened that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, fell down at his feet, and worshiped him.
      26 But Peter raised him up, saying, "Stand up! I myself am also a man."
      27 As he talked with him, he went in and found many gathered together.
      28 He said to them, "You yourselves know how it is an unlawful thing for a man who is a Jew to join himself or come to one of another nation, but God has shown me that I shouldn't call any man unholy or unclean.
      29 Therefore also I came without complaint when I was sent for. I ask therefore, why did you send for me?"
      30 Cornelius said, "Four days ago, I was fasting until this hour, and at the ninth hour, I prayed in my house, and behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing,
      31 and said, 'Cornelius, your prayer is heard, and your gifts to the needy are remembered in the sight of God.
      32 Send therefore to Joppa, and summon Simon, who is surnamed Peter. He lodges in the house of Simon a tanner, by the seaside. When he comes, he will speak to you.'
      33 Therefore I sent to you at once, and it was good of you to come. Now therefore we are all here present in the sight of God to hear all things that have been commanded you by God."
      34 Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism;
      35 but in every nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.
      36 The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching good news of peace by Jesus Christ--he is Lord of all--
      37 you yourselves know what happened, which was proclaimed throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached;
      38 even Jesus of Nazareth, how God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him.
      39 We are witnesses of everything he did both in the country of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they also killed, hanging him on a tree.
      40 God raised him up the third day, and gave him to be revealed,
      41 not to all the people, but to witnesses who were chosen before by God, to us, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead.
      42 He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that this is he who is appointed by God as the Judge of the living and the dead.
      43 All the prophets testify about him, that through his name everyone who believes in him will receive remission of sins."
      44 While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell on all those who heard the word.
      45 They of the circumcision who believed were amazed, as many as came with Peter, because the gift of the Holy Spirit was also poured out on the Gentiles.
      46 For they heard them speaking in other languages and magnifying God. Then Peter answered,
      47 "Can any man forbid the water, that these who have received the Holy Spirit as well as we should not be baptized?"
      48 He commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay some days.

      Actes 11

      11 Behold, immediately three men stood before the house where I was, having been sent from Caesarea to me.

      Actes 12

      19 When Herod had sought for him, and didn't find him, he examined the guards, and commanded that they should be put to death. He went down from Judea to Caesarea, and stayed there.

      Actes 18

      22 When he had landed at Caesarea, he went up and greeted the assembly, and went down to Antioch.

      Actes 21

      8 On the next day, we, who were Paul's companions, departed, and came to Caesarea. We entered into the house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven, and stayed with him.
      14 When he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, "The Lord's will be done."
      16 Some of the disciples from Caesarea also went with us, bringing one Mnason of Cyprus, an early disciple, with whom we would stay.

      Actes 23

      23 He called to himself two of the centurions, and said, "Prepare two hundred soldiers to go as far as Caesarea, with seventy horsemen, and two hundred men armed with spears, at the third hour of the night ."
      24 He asked them to provide animals, that they might set Paul on one, and bring him safely to Felix the governor.
      25 He wrote a letter like this:
      26 "Claudius Lysias to the most excellent governor Felix: Greetings.
      27 "This man was seized by the Jews, and was about to be killed by them, when I came with the soldiers and rescued him, having learned that he was a Roman.
      28 Desiring to know the cause why they accused him, I brought him down to their council.
      29 I found him to be accused about questions of their law, but not to be charged with anything worthy of death or of imprisonment.
      30 When I was told that the Jews lay in wait for the man, I sent him to you immediately, charging his accusers also to bring their accusations against him before you. Farewell."
      31 So the soldiers, carrying out their orders, took Paul and brought him by night to Antipatris.
      32 But on the next day they left the horsemen to go with him, and returned to the barracks.
      33 When they came to Caesarea and delivered the letter to the governor, they also presented Paul to him.
      34 When the governor had read it, he asked what province he was from. When he understood that he was from Cilicia, he said,
      35 "I will hear you fully when your accusers also arrive." He commanded that he be kept in Herod's palace.

      Actes 24

      1 After five days, the high priest, Ananias, came down with certain elders and an orator, one Tertullus. They informed the governor against Paul.
      2 When he was called, Tertullus began to accuse him, saying, "Seeing that by you we enjoy much peace, and that excellent measures are coming to this nation,
      3 we accept it in all ways and in all places, most excellent Felix, with all thankfulness.
      4 But, that I don't delay you, I entreat you to bear with us and hear a few words.
      5 For we have found this man to be a plague, an instigator of insurrections among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes.
      6 He even tried to profane the temple, and we arrested him.
      7
      8 By examining him yourself you may ascertain all these things of which we accuse him."
      9 The Jews also joined in the attack, affirming that these things were so.
      10 When the governor had beckoned to him to speak, Paul answered, "Because I know that you have been a judge of this nation for many years, I cheerfully make my defense,
      11 seeing that you can recognize that it is not more than twelve days since I went up to worship at Jerusalem.
      12 In the temple they didn't find me disputing with anyone or stirring up a crowd, either in the synagogues, or in the city.
      13 Nor can they prove to you the things of which they now accuse me.
      14 But this I confess to you, that after the Way, which they call a sect, so I serve the God of our fathers, believing all things which are according to the law, and which are written in the prophets;
      15 having hope toward God, which these also themselves look for, that there will be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust.
      16 Herein I also practice always having a conscience void of offense toward God and men.
      17 Now after some years, I came to bring gifts for the needy to my nation, and offerings;
      18 amid which certain Jews from Asia found me purified in the temple, not with a mob, nor with turmoil.
      19 They ought to have been here before you, and to make accusation, if they had anything against me.
      20 Or else let these men themselves say what injustice they found in me when I stood before the council,
      21 unless it is for this one thing that I cried standing among them, 'Concerning the resurrection of the dead I am being judged before you today!'"
      22 But Felix, having more exact knowledge concerning the Way, deferred them, saying, "When Lysias, the commanding officer, comes down, I will decide your case."
      23 He ordered the centurion that Paul should be kept in custody, and should have some privileges, and not to forbid any of his friends to serve him or to visit him.
      24 But after some days, Felix came with Drusilla, his wife, who was a Jewess, and sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ Jesus.
      25 As he reasoned about righteousness, self-control, and the judgment to come, Felix was terrified, and answered, "Go your way for this time, and when it is convenient for me, I will summon you."
      26 Meanwhile, he also hoped that money would be given to him by Paul, that he might release him. Therefore also he sent for him more often, and talked with him.
      27 But when two years were fulfilled, Felix was succeeded by Porcius Festus, and desiring to gain favor with the Jews, Felix left Paul in bonds.

      Actes 25

      1 Festus therefore, having come into the province, after three days went up to Jerusalem from Caesarea.
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