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CHEVAL

Hébreu :

1. sous, cheval de char.

2. pârâch, cheval de cavalerie ; on trad. souvent à tort par cavaliers, cf. Ge 50:9, Ex 14:9,17,1Ro 4:26, Esa 21:7, Eze 26:10 27:14, Joe 2:4, Hab 1:8.

3. rèkech, cheval rapide, rendu quelques fois par dromadaire, 1Ro 4:28, Est 8:10-14, Mic 1:13.

4. rammâk, jument, Est 8:10.

5. Sousâh, (même sens).

Le cheval moderne a pour ancêtre direct le cheval sauvage, que l'explorateur russe Przewalsky a retrouvé sur les hauts-plateaux de l'Asie centrale. D'après le naturaliste suisse Duerst, ce cheval, suivant la zone où il s'est acclimaté, a donné naissance à trois formes distinctes :

le cheval des forêts, petit, trapu, d'où dérivent le poney celtique du temps de Jules César, les poneys modernes et, par croisement avec le cheval des déserts, les chevaux sardes, corses, de la Camargue et du Frioul ;

le cheval des steppes, moins massif, d'où proviennent le cheval européen de Halstatt, les chevaux grecs et romains et les chevaux andalous ;

l'incomparable cheval des déserts, élancé, rapide, qui a donné naissance aux chevaux européens de l'âge du bronze, aux chevaux indiens et chinois et aux anciens chevaux iraniens et babyloniens d'où émanent les chevaux persans, arabes et égyptiens.

Le cheval arabe serait l'origine des chevaux turcs et berbères et du pur-sang anglais. Cette assertion est-elle exacte pour ce qui concerne les chevaux turcs et berbères ? Comme le cheval arabe, ne dériveraient-ils pas plutôt des anciens chevaux iraniens et babyloniens ? --Ce cheval des déserts fut domestiqué par les tribus pastorales qui parcouraient les solitudes de l'Asie centrale (Mongolie, Turkestan) et dont les flots envahisseurs ont successivement recouvert au cours des siècles l'Europe, l'Asie Antérieure et Méridionale et l'Afrique. Les invasions mongoles sont bien connues, les autres commencent à sortir de la pénombre et à paraître au grand jour de l'histoire. Ces dernières sont le fait des tribus indo-européennes. Établies dans le Turkestan, elles ont dressé le cheval à la guerre et l'ont introduit dans l'Asie Antérieure vers 2500 (Hittites), et de là en Egypte (Hyksos).

--Les Israélites apprirent à le connaître sans doute déjà en Canaan, où l'invasion hittite avait laissé des îlots (Ge 23:3), en tout cas en Egypte (Ge 47:17). L'A.T. connaît surtout le cheval de guerre. Comme tel, Israël, peuple agricole et pacifique, n'avait pas à l'adopter. De plus la région qu'il occupait, en grande partie montueuse, ne convenait pas aux évolutions des chars (voir ce mot). Seules s'y prêtaient les plaines du littoral, de Jizréel, du haut Jourdain ; les Philistins et les Cananéens, qui les détenaient, possédaient des chars de guerre : Jabin, roi de Hatsor, en avait à lui seul 900 (Jos 11:4, Jug 1:19 4:3 5:22). Ils furent néanmoins vaincus par les fantassins israélites (1Ro 20:23). Les chars de guerre n'apparurent en Israël qu'avec les rois conquérants. David en eut quelques-uns (2Sa 8:4) ; Salomon en accrut considérablement le nombre ; il posséda 40.000 chevaux de chars et 12.000 chevaux de cavalerie. Il les tirait non de l'Egypte (Mitsraïm), comme le dit à tort le texte hébreu, mais de Musri, canton de la Syrie du N, et de Kue en Cilicie (1Ro 10:28,2Ch 1:16). Leurs successeurs n'eurent qu'une charrerie et une cavalerie réduites. La loi mettait du reste le roi en garde sur ce point (De 17:16). La confiance dans les chevaux est opposée à la foi en l'Éternel (Ps 20:8 33:17, Esa 30:16). Il y eut pourtant des exceptions, surtout en Israël : Joachaz paraît avoir eu une nombreuse charrerie. Le roi de Syrie l'anéantit presque entièrement (2Ro 13:7). Les rois de Juda n'eurent jamais qu'une quantité restreinte de chars de guerre. D'où la tendance des derniers monarques à s'allier avec l'Egypte, dont la charrerie fut toujours puissante (Ge 47:17, Ex 15:19, Esa 31:1,3 36:9, Eze 17:15). Cette alliance était cherchée contre la Syrie et surtout l'Assyrie, qui possédait de nombreux chevaux de guerre (Na 2:8). A en juger par les sculptures de Ninive, ceux-ci étaient de très belle race, rapides et ardents (Hab 1:8). Après l'exil, les Juifs eurent des chevaux ; sous Néhémie la colonie de Jérusalem en possédait 736 (Ne 7:68). L'apparition du cheval de guerre semble avoir fortement impressionné le peuple élu ; Job et les prophètes en conservent l'écho (Job 39:22-28, Jer 47:3, Za 14:20). Le cheval était en général consacré au Soleil ; avant les réformes de Josias, on nourrissait dans le temple de Jérusalem des chevaux sacrés (2Ro 23:11). Chose étrange, l'Arabie, qui est aujourd'hui le centre d'élevage des plus beaux chevaux, n'a connu cet animal que relativement tard. Elle ne le connaissait pas du temps de Saül (1Sa 15). Aux jours du 2 e Ésaïe le chameau était la seule monture employée (Esa 60:6). Salomon nourrissait ses chevaux avec de l'orge et de la paille hachée (1Ro 4:28).

La Bible mentionne comme équipement des chevaux, le mors, la bride, le fouet (2Ro 19:28, Ps 32:9 Pr 26:3, Jas 3:3, Ap 14:20), les clochettes : (Za 14:20) des couvertures de prix garnissaient les chars (Eze 27:20). Ap 18:13 cite chevaux et chariots parmi les marchandises de prix jadis vendues à Babylone. Au temps de l'A.T. le ferrage était inconnu ; sur le roc il fallait ralentir l'allure (Am 6:12).

La Syrie et les pays limitrophes possèdent aujourd'hui une race de petits et excellents chevaux. Rien ne les arrête, ni pente rapide, ni lit desséché des torrents. Leur pied est très sûr, leur docilité extrême, leur ardeur et leur endurance incroyables.

Dans la littérature apocalyptique, le cheval est souvent le symbole d'une puissance de combat aux déplacements rapides et lointains (Za 6:1,8, Ap 6:1-8 9:7,17-19 19:14). Dans la symbolique funéraire des premiers chrétiens, le cheval seul ou attelé à un char évoque l'image des courses du cirque appliquée à la vie chrétienne. E. D.

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      Genèse 23

      3 Abraham rose up from before his dead, and spoke to the children of Heth, saying,

      Genèse 47

      17 They brought their livestock to Joseph, and Joseph gave them bread in exchange for the horses, and for the flocks, and for the herds, and for the donkeys: and he fed them with bread in exchange for all their livestock for that year.

      Genèse 50

      9 There went up with him both chariots and horsemen. It was a very great company.

      Exode 14

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      9 The Egyptians pursued after them: all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh, his horsemen, and his army; and overtook them encamping by the sea, beside Pihahiroth, before Baal Zephon.
      17 I, behold, I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall go in after them: and I will get myself honor over Pharaoh, and over all his armies, over his chariots, and over his horsemen.

      Exode 15

      19 For the horses of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and Yahweh brought back the waters of the sea on them; but the children of Israel walked on dry land in the midst of the sea.

      Josué 11

      4 They went out, they and all their armies with them, many people, even as the sand that is on the seashore in multitude, with very many horses and chariots.

      Juges 1

      19 Yahweh was with Judah; and drove out the inhabitants of the hill country; for he could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.

      Juges 4

      3 The children of Israel cried to Yahweh: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.

      Juges 5

      22 Then the horse hoofs stamped because of the prancings, the prancings of their strong ones.

      1 Samuel 15

      1 Samuel said to Saul, "Yahweh sent me to anoint you to be king over his people, over Israel. Now therefore listen to the voice of the words of Yahweh.
      2 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, 'I have marked that which Amalek did to Israel, how he set himself against him in the way, when he came up out of Egypt.
      3 Now go and strike Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and don't spare them; but kill both man and woman, infant and nursing baby, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.'"
      4 Saul summoned the people, and numbered them in Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah.
      5 Saul came to the city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley.
      6 Saul said to the Kenites, "Go, depart, go down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them; for you showed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt." So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.
      7 Saul struck the Amalekites, from Havilah as you go to Shur, that is before Egypt.
      8 He took Agag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword.
      9 But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, and of the cattle, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was good, and wouldn't utterly destroy them: but everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.
      10 Then the word of Yahweh came to Samuel, saying,
      11 "It grieves me that I have set up Saul to be king; for he is turned back from following me, and has not performed my commandments." Samuel was angry; and he cried to Yahweh all night.
      12 Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning; and it was told Samuel, saying, "Saul came to Carmel, and behold, he set up a monument for himself, and turned, and passed on, and went down to Gilgal."
      13 Samuel came to Saul; and Saul said to him, "You are blessed by Yahweh! I have performed the commandment of Yahweh."
      14 Samuel said, "Then what does this bleating of the sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the cattle which I hear mean?"
      15 Saul said, "They have brought them from the Amalekites; for the people spared the best of the sheep and of the cattle, to sacrifice to Yahweh your God. We have utterly destroyed the rest."
      16 Then Samuel said to Saul, "Stay, and I will tell you what Yahweh has said to me last night." He said to him, "Say on."
      17 Samuel said, "Though you were little in your own sight, weren't you made the head of the tribes of Israel? Yahweh anointed you king over Israel;
      18 and Yahweh sent you on a journey, and said, 'Go, and utterly destroy the sinners the Amalekites, and fight against them until they are consumed.'
      19 Why then didn't you obey the voice of Yahweh, but took the spoils, and did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh?"
      20 Saul said to Samuel, "But I have obeyed the voice of Yahweh, and have gone the way which Yahweh sent me, and have brought Agag the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the Amalekites.
      21 But the people took of the spoil, sheep and cattle, the chief of the devoted things, to sacrifice to Yahweh your God in Gilgal."
      22 Samuel said, "Has Yahweh as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to listen than the fat of rams.
      23 For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as idolatry and teraphim. Because you have rejected the word of Yahweh, he has also rejected you from being king."
      24 Saul said to Samuel, "I have sinned; for I have transgressed the commandment of Yahweh, and your words, because I feared the people, and obeyed their voice.
      25 Now therefore, please pardon my sin, and turn again with me, that I may worship Yahweh."
      26 Samuel said to Saul, "I will not return with you; for you have rejected the word of Yahweh, and Yahweh has rejected you from being king over Israel."
      27 As Samuel turned about to go away, Saul grabbed the skirt of his robe, and it tore.
      28 Samuel said to him, "Yahweh has torn the kingdom of Israel from you this day, and has given it to a neighbor of yours who is better than you.
      29 Also the Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent; for he is not a man, that he should repent."
      30 Then he said, "I have sinned: yet please honor me now before the elders of my people, and before Israel, and come back with me, that I may worship Yahweh your God."
      31 So Samuel went back with Saul; and Saul worshiped Yahweh.
      32 Then Samuel said, "Bring here to me Agag the king of the Amalekites!" Agag came to him cheerfully. Agag said, "Surely the bitterness of death is past."
      33 Samuel said, "As your sword has made women childless, so your mother will be childless among women!" Samuel cut Agag in pieces before Yahweh in Gilgal.
      34 Then Samuel went to Ramah; and Saul went up to his house to Gibeah of Saul.
      35 Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death; for Samuel mourned for Saul: and Yahweh grieved that he had made Saul king over Israel.

      2 Samuel 8

      4 David took from him one thousand seven hundred horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: and David hamstrung all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for one hundred chariots.

      2 Chroniques 1

      16 The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt and from Kue; the king's merchants purchased them from Kue.

      Néhémie 7

      68 Their horses were seven hundred thirty-six; their mules, two hundred forty-five;

      Esther 8

      10 He wrote in the name of King Ahasuerus, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by courier on horseback, riding on royal horses that were bread from swift steeds.
      11 In those letters, the king granted the Jews who were in every city to gather themselves together, and to defend their life, to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all the power of the people and province that would assault them, their little ones and women, and to plunder their possessions,
      12 on one day in all the provinces of King Ahasuerus, on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar.
      13 A copy of the letter, that the decree should be given out in every province, was published to all the peoples, that the Jews should be ready for that day to avenge themselves on their enemies.
      14 So the couriers who rode on royal horses went out, hastened and pressed on by the king's commandment. The decree was given out in the citadel of Susa.

      Job 39

      22 He mocks at fear, and is not dismayed, neither does he turn back from the sword.
      23 The quiver rattles against him, the flashing spear and the javelin.
      24 He eats up the ground with fierceness and rage, neither does he stand still at the sound of the trumpet.
      25 As often as the trumpet sounds he snorts, 'Aha!' He smells the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
      26 "Is it by your wisdom that the hawk soars, and stretches her wings toward the south?
      27 Is it at your command that the eagle mounts up, and makes his nest on high?
      28 On the cliff he dwells, and makes his home, on the point of the cliff, and the stronghold.

      Psaumes 20

      8 They are bowed down and fallen, but we rise up, and stand upright.

      Psaumes 32

      9 Don't be like the horse, or like the mule, which have no understanding, who are controlled by bit and bridle, or else they will not come near to you.

      Psaumes 33

      17 A horse is a vain thing for safety, neither does he deliver any by his great power.

      Proverbes 26

      3 A whip is for the horse, a bridle for the donkey, and a rod for the back of fools!

      Esaïe 21

      7 When he sees a troop, horsemen in pairs, a troop of donkeys, a troop of camels, he shall listen diligently with great attentiveness."

      Esaïe 30

      16 but you said, "No, for we will flee on horses"; therefore you will flee; and, "We will ride on the swift"; therefore those who pursue you will be swift.

      Esaïe 31

      1 Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they don't look to the Holy One of Israel, and they don't seek Yahweh!
      3 Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When Yahweh stretches out his hand, both he who helps shall stumble, and he who is helped shall fall, and they all shall be consumed together.

      Esaïe 36

      9 How then can you turn away the face of one captain of the least of my master's servants, and put your trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen?

      Esaïe 60

      6 The multitude of camels shall cover you, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come; they shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praises of Yahweh.

      Jérémie 47

      3 At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong ones, at the rushing of his chariots, at the rumbling of his wheels, the fathers don't look back to their children for feebleness of hands;

      Ezéchiel 17

      15 But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadors into Egypt, that they might give him horses and many people. Shall he prosper? shall he escape who does such things? shall he break the covenant, and yet escape?

      Ezéchiel 26

      10 By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall cover you: your walls shall shake at the noise of the horsemen, and of the wagons, and of the chariots, when he shall enter into your gates, as men enter into a city in which is made a breach.

      Ezéchiel 27

      14 They of the house of Togarmah traded for your wares with horses and war horses and mules.
      20 Dedan was your trafficker in precious cloths for riding.

      Joël 2

      4 Their appearance is as the appearance of horses, and as horsemen, so do they run.

      Amos 6

      12 Do horses run on the rocky crags? Does one plow there with oxen? But you have turned justice into poison, and the fruit of righteousness into bitterness;

      Michée 1

      13 Harness the chariot to the swift steed, inhabitant of Lachish. She was the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion; For the transgressions of Israel were found in you.

      Nahum 2

      8 But Nineveh has been from of old like a pool of water, yet they flee away. "Stop! Stop!" they cry, but no one looks back.

      Habacuc 1

      8 Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves. Their horsemen press proudly on. Yes, their horsemen come from afar. They fly as an eagle that hurries to devour.

      Zacharie 6

      1 Again I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, four chariots came out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass.
      8 Then he called to me, and spoke to me, saying, "Behold, those who go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north country."

      Zacharie 14

      20 In that day there will be on the bells of the horses, "HOLY TO YAHWEH"; and the pots in Yahweh's house will be like the bowls before the altar.

      Jacques 3

      3 Indeed, we put bits into the horses' mouths so that they may obey us, and we guide their whole body.

      Apocalypse 6

      1 I saw that the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying, as with a voice of thunder, "Come and see!"
      2 And behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow. A crown was given to him, and he came forth conquering, and to conquer.
      3 When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, "Come!"
      4 Another came forth, a red horse. To him who sat on it was given power to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another. There was given to him a great sword.
      5 When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, "Come and see!" And behold, a black horse, and he who sat on it had a balance in his hand.
      6 I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, "A choenix of wheat for a denarius, and three choenix of barley for a denarius! Don't damage the oil and the wine!"
      7 When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the fourth living creature saying, "Come and see!"
      8 And behold, a pale horse, and he who sat on it, his name was Death. Hades followed with him. Authority over one fourth of the earth, to kill with the sword, with famine, with death, and by the wild animals of the earth was given to him.

      Apocalypse 9

      7 The shapes of the locusts were like horses prepared for war. On their heads were something like golden crowns, and their faces were like people's faces.
      17 Thus I saw the horses in the vision, and those who sat on them, having breastplates of fiery red, hyacinth blue, and sulfur yellow; and the heads of lions. Out of their mouths proceed fire, smoke, and sulfur.

      Apocalypse 14

      20 The winepress was trodden outside of the city, and blood came out from the winepress, even to the bridles of the horses, as far as one thousand six hundred stadia.

      Apocalypse 18

      13 and cinnamon, incense, perfume, frankincense, wine, olive oil, fine flour, wheat, sheep, horses, chariots, and people's bodies and souls.

      Apocalypse 19

      14 The armies which are in heaven followed him on white horses, clothed in white, pure, fine linen.
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