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COUPE

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Les différents mots hébreux désignent des bassins, coupes, cuves (voir ces mots) de formes et de dimensions diverses.

Les coupes sont plus spécialement des ustensiles d'origine égyptienne ou phénicienne, avec ou sans anse.

On connaît l'histoire de la coupe du Pharaon ; (Ge 40 : et suivants) voir Échanson.

La coupe d'argent de Joseph, gouverneur en Egypte, (Ge 44:2,5) est considérée par son intendant comme un objet de divination, procédé alors courant (culicomancie, hydromancie) : on lisait les présages dans les mouvements du liquide, huile versée sur l'eau, effets produits par des cailloux lancés dans la coupe, etc. (voir Divination, 6). Ces versets ne prouvent pas que Joseph lui-même recourût à ces pratiques ; Ge 41:16,38 font croire le contraire.

Cet art est encore pratiqué en Egypte (miroir magique), en Scandinavie, à Tahiti, etc., où l'on prétend voir la face du voleur se dessiner sur la surface d'une eau claire (d'après Frazer). La vaisselle du roi Salomon était toute en or (1Ro 10:21). Babylone est comparée à une coupe d'or (Jer 51:7).

Les coupes assyriennes de Khorsabad et de Nimroud, les bassins enlevés au temple de Jérusalem par Nébucadnetsar (Da 5:2), les coupes représentées sur les bas-reliefs de Persépolis et qui servirent certainement de modèles à celles que décrit Est 1:7, sont probablement tous d'origine phénicienne.

Certaines coupes avaient sur leurs bords des fleurs de lis (1Ro 7:26), comme celles qu'on trouve à Persépolis. Jer 16:7 fait allusion à la « coupe de consolation » offerte aux gens en deuil après les funérailles. (cf. Pr 31:6) Les coupes du N.T., quelques fois en or (Ap 17:4), étaient de forme gréco-romaine : c'était la patère, évasée et peu profonde.

Le nom antique de calice, qui se trouve encore dans quelques textes des vieilles versions protestantes, (Calvin, Esa 51:17, Jer 25:15 etc.) provient du latin calix de la Vulgate, et n'a été conservé que par les traductions catholiques, (Crampon, Mt 20:22 26:39 etc.) et dans l'usage liturgique romain pour désigner le vase de la consécration du vin de la messe.

Sens symboliques nombreux :

1. surtout dans les Ps., l'humanité est comparée à un invité recevant de Dieu, en une coupe, un lot d'expériences heureuses (Ps 16:6 23:6 etc.), mais aussi à un malheureux recevant de Dieu le lot amer de l'infortune (11:6) ; ce dernier sens s'applique aux souffrances de Jésus (Mr 10:38 et suivant Mr 14:36, Mt 20:22 et suivant, Lu 22:42, Jn 18:11) ;

2. coupe d'actions de grâces (Ps 116:13), en un repas sacré accompagnant voeux et sacrifices (verset 14-17 et suivant) ;

3. coupe de bénédiction (1Co 10:16), terme emprunté par saint Paul au rituel juif de la Pâque, désigne la coupe de la sainte Cène parmi les chrétiens, en souvenir de celle du Seigneur, voir (1Co 11:25-29, Mr 14:23, Mt 26:27, Lu 22:17-20) Cène ;

4. coupe de la colère et de la justice de Dieu, image des châtiments se déversant sur les impies et les transgresseurs (Jer 25:15, Eze 23:32 et suivant Esa 51:17 Za 12:2, Ps 75:9, Ap 14:10 16:1-4,8,10,12,17,19 18:6).

5. « nettoyer le dehors de la coupe et du plat » (Mt 23:25 et suivant), image de l'hypocrisie des Scribes et Pharisiens.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 40

      1 It happened after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker offended their lord, the king of Egypt.
      2 Pharaoh was angry with his two officers, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker.
      3 He put them in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound.
      4 The captain of the guard assigned them to Joseph, and he took care of them. They stayed in prison many days.
      5 They both dreamed a dream, each man his dream, in one night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the cupbearer and the baker of the king of Egypt, who were bound in the prison.
      6 Joseph came in to them in the morning, and saw them, and saw that they were sad.
      7 He asked Pharaoh's officers who were with him in custody in his master's house, saying, "Why do you look so sad today?"
      8 They said to him, "We have dreamed a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it." Joseph said to them, "Don't interpretations belong to God? Please tell it to me."
      9 The chief cupbearer told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, "In my dream, behold, a vine was in front of me,
      10 and in the vine were three branches. It was as though it budded, it blossomed, and its clusters produced ripe grapes.
      11 Pharaoh's cup was in my hand; and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand."
      12 Joseph said to him, "This is its interpretation: the three branches are three days.
      13 Within three more days, Pharaoh will lift up your head, and restore you to your office. You will give Pharaoh's cup into his hand, the way you did when you were his cupbearer.
      14 But remember me when it will be well with you, and please show kindness to me, and make mention of me to Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house.
      15 For indeed, I was stolen away out of the land of the Hebrews, and here also have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon."
      16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said to Joseph, "I also was in my dream, and behold, three baskets of white bread were on my head.
      17 In the uppermost basket there was all kinds of baked food for Pharaoh, and the birds ate them out of the basket on my head."
      18 Joseph answered, "This is its interpretation. The three baskets are three days.
      19 Within three more days, Pharaoh will lift up your head from off you, and will hang you on a tree; and the birds will eat your flesh from off you."
      20 It happened the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday, that he made a feast for all his servants, and he lifted up the head of the chief cupbearer and the head of the chief baker among his servants.
      21 He restored the chief cupbearer to his position again, and he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand;
      22 but he hanged the chief baker, as Joseph had interpreted to them.
      23 Yet the chief cupbearer didn't remember Joseph, but forgot him.

      Genèse 41

      16 Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, "It isn't in me. God will give Pharaoh an answer of peace."
      38 Pharaoh said to his servants, "Can we find such a one as this, a man in whom is the Spirit of God?"

      Genèse 44

      2 Put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, with his grain money." He did according to the word that Joseph had spoken.
      5 Isn't this that from which my lord drinks, and by which he indeed divines? You have done evil in so doing.'"

      Esther 1

      7 They gave them drinks in golden vessels of various kinds, including royal wine in abundance, according to the bounty of the king.

      Psaumes 16

      6 The lines have fallen to me in pleasant places. Yes, I have a good inheritance.

      Psaumes 23

      6 Surely goodness and loving kindness shall follow me all the days of my life, and I will dwell in Yahweh's house forever.

      Psaumes 75

      9 But I will declare this forever: I will sing praises to the God of Jacob.

      Psaumes 116

      13 I will take the cup of salvation, and call on the name of Yahweh.

      Proverbes 31

      6 Give strong drink to him who is ready to perish; and wine to the bitter in soul:

      Esaïe 51

      17 Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem, that have drunk at the hand of Yahweh the cup of his wrath; you have drunken the bowl of the cup of staggering, and drained it.

      Jérémie 16

      7 neither shall men break bread for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead; neither shall men give them the cup of consolation to drink for their father or for their mother.

      Jérémie 25

      15 For thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, to me: take this cup of the wine of wrath at my hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send you, to drink it.

      Jérémie 51

      7 Babylon has been a golden cup in Yahweh's hand, who made all the earth drunken: the nations have drunk of her wine; therefore the nations are mad.

      Ezéchiel 23

      32 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: You will drink of your sister's cup, which is deep and large; you will be ridiculed and held in derision; it contains much.

      Daniel 5

      2 Belshazzar, while he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king and his lords, his wives and his concubines, might drink from them.

      Zacharie 12

      2 "Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of reeling to all the surrounding peoples, and on Judah also will it be in the siege against Jerusalem.

      Matthieu 20

      22 But Jesus answered, "You don't know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am about to drink, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?" They said to him, "We are able."

      Matthieu 23

      25 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness.

      Matthieu 26

      27 He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, "All of you drink it,
      39 He went forward a little, fell on his face, and prayed, saying, "My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass away from me; nevertheless, not what I desire, but what you desire."

      Marc 10

      38 But Jesus said to them, "You don't know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?"

      Marc 14

      23 He took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them. They all drank of it.
      36 He said, "Abba, Father, all things are possible to you. Please remove this cup from me. However, not what I desire, but what you desire."

      Luc 22

      17 He received a cup, and when he had given thanks, he said, "Take this, and share it among yourselves,
      18 for I tell you, I will not drink at all again from the fruit of the vine, until the Kingdom of God comes."
      19 He took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and gave to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in memory of me."
      20 Likewise, he took the cup after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
      42 saying, "Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from me. Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done."

      Jean 18

      11 Jesus therefore said to Peter, "Put the sword into its sheath. The cup which the Father has given me, shall I not surely drink it?"

      1 Corinthiens 10

      16 The cup of blessing which we bless, isn't it a sharing of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, isn't it a sharing of the body of Christ?

      1 Corinthiens 11

      25 In the same way he also took the cup, after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink, in memory of me."
      26 For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes.
      27 Therefore whoever eats this bread or drinks the Lord's cup in a way unworthy of the Lord will be guilty of the body and the blood of the Lord.
      28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of the bread, and drink of the cup.
      29 For he who eats and drinks in an unworthy way eats and drinks judgment to himself, if he doesn't discern the Lord's body.

      Apocalypse 14

      10 he also will drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is prepared unmixed in the cup of his anger. He will be tormented with fire and sulfur in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb.

      Apocalypse 16

      1 I heard a loud voice out of the temple, saying to the seven angels, "Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God on the earth!"
      8 The fourth poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was given to him to scorch men with fire.
      10 The fifth poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and his kingdom was darkened. They gnawed their tongues because of the pain,
      12 The sixth poured out his bowl on the great river, the Euphrates. Its water was dried up, that the way might be prepared for the kings that come from the sunrise.
      17 The seventh poured out his bowl into the air. A loud voice came forth out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, "It is done!"
      19 The great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. Babylon the great was remembered in the sight of God, to give to her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.

      Apocalypse 17

      4 The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having in her hand a golden cup full of abominations and the impurities of the sexual immorality of the earth.

      Apocalypse 18

      6 Return to her just as she returned, and repay her double as she did, and according to her works. In the cup which she mixed, mix to her double.
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