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DARIUS

1.

Darius le Mède qui, d'après Da 6:1,28 9:1 10:1, était fils d'Assuérus =Xerxès et prédécesseur de Cyrus, n'a jamais existé. Les Mèdes ne furent jamais maîtres de Babylone. Les historiens Hérodote et Ctésias, le cylindre de Cyrus, les annales de Nabonide et les témoignages de l'A.T. lui-même n'admettent aucun doute à ce sujet. L'auteur de Dan., très mal renseigné sur l'histoire antérieure à Alexandre le Grand, avait conclu de Jer 51:11,28 que les Mèdes devaient avoir pris Babylone. Il savait d'autre part qu'un roi Darius, auteur d'une réorganisation administrative de son empire (Da 6:28), avait conquis Babylone (Darius I er, après l'insurrection du faux Nébucadnetsar III). En combinant les deux renseignements, il arriva à un « Darius le Mède », dont il fit le fils de Xerxès, tandis que le vrai Darius en était le père.

2.

Darius I er (perse Darayavanch, hébreu Darya-vech), fils du satrape d'Hyrcanie Hystaspe et successeur de Cambyse, conspira avec six autres nobles contre le mage usurpateur Gaumâta. Celui-ci, qui se faisait passer pour Bardiya (pseudo-Smerdis), fut assassiné par les conspirateurs en oct. 521. Dans la même année, Darius monta sur le trône, soit qu'il fût réellement Achéménide, descendant d'une ligne parallèle à celle de Cyrus, comme il le prétend lui-même dans son inscription de Bisoutoûn ou Behistoûn, soit qu'il fût désigné par un oracle hippomantique (Hérodote). La Susiane, l'Arménie, la Babylonie, la Médie et presque toutes les autres provinces de l'empire perse se soulevèrent sous la conduite de prétendants indigènes. C'est la révolution générale dont parlent les prophètes Aggée et Zacharie et qui, à leurs yeux, annonce la réalisation prochaine des espérances messianiques du peuple juif (Ag 2:6,21 et suivant, Za 2:5,10,13 6:8). En Babylonie les troubles étaient particulièrement graves. Ils étaient fomentés par deux imposteurs, Nidintu-Bel et Arakha, qui prétendaient tous les deux être le fils de Nabonide, Nébucadnetsar III Un an après, Darius avait étouffé ces mouvements séditieux et rétabli l'unité de l'empire (Za 1:1,11). Il avait pris Babylone et démoli ses fortifications. Les rêves d'indépendance qu'on avait caressés à Jérusalem s'écroulèrent. Mais sur un rapport du gouverneur de la Syrie (Esa 5:7-17), le roi confirma l'édit de Cyrus, autorisa la reconstruction du Temple aux frais du fisc royal et ordonna même de fournir aux prêtres juifs les animaux et les offrandes que nécessiteraient les besoins du culte (Esd 6,9:9). Darius continua ainsi la politique d'apaisement et de conciliation inaugurée par Cyrus. Il renonça, sauf dans des cas exceptionnels, aux déportations en masse, créa, en divisant l'empire en satrapies, une administration à la fois régionale et centrale, fit frapper une monnaie nationale, la darique, construisit la route royale allant de Suse à Sardes (2.400 km.) et fit de Suse la capitale de l'empire. Après la conquête de la Thrace et de la Macédoine, il triompha de la révolte des Ioniens d'Asie Mineure (499) dans la bataille navale devant l'île de Ladé. Milet fut prise en 494. Pour se venger des Athéniens, qui avaient envoyé des secours aux Ioniens révoltés, Darius prépara une campagne contre la Grèce. L'expédition de Mardonius échoua en 492 au pied de l'Athos. Dans une seconde campagne, en 490, Eubée fut prise, mais l'armée perse, débarquée en Attique, subit à Marathon la célèbre défaite qui sauva la Grèce. Les préparatifs pour une nouvelle expédition furent interrompus, en 486, par une révolte des paysans égyptiens, mécontents des lourdes charges qu'ils avaient à payer. (comp. Ne 5:4, Esd 4:13) Darius mourut à la fin de la même année, après un règne de trente-six ans, célébré par l'inscr. de Bisoutoûn. Son tombeau, creusé à même le roc, dans le flanc de la montagne, à Naqch-i-Roustem, près de Persépolis, porte l'inscr. : « Regarde l'image de ceux qui portent mon trône, et tu comprendras combien est grand le nombre des pays que Darius le roi a possédés. »

3.

Darius le Perse (Ne 12:22), dont le contemporain, le grand-prêtre Jaddua, reçut Alexandre le Gd à Jérusalem (Josèphe, Ant, XI, 8:5), est le dernier roi de Perse, Darius III Codoman (336-330), arrière-petit-fils de Darius II Nothus. Battu par Alexandre le Gd à Issus et Gaugamèles, il se réfugia en Médie, où il fut assassiné par les satrapes Bessus et Barsaëntes. F. K.

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    • Esdras 4

      13 Be it known now to the king that if this city is built, and the walls finished, they will not pay tribute, custom, or toll, and in the end it will be hurtful to the kings.

      Esdras 6

      1 Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the archives, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon.
      2 There was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of Media, a scroll, and therein was thus written for a record:
      3 In the first year of Cyrus the king, Cyrus the king made a decree: Concerning God's house at Jerusalem, let the house be built, the place where they offer sacrifices, and let its foundations be strongly laid; its height sixty cubits, and its breadth sixty cubits;
      4 with three courses of great stones, and a course of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king's house.
      5 Also let the gold and silver vessels of God's house, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought to Babylon, be restored, and brought again to the temple which is at Jerusalem, everyone to its place; and you shall put them in God's house.
      6 Now therefore, Tattenai, governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and your companions the Apharsachites, who are beyond the River, you must stay far from there.
      7 Leave the work of this house of God alone; let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in its place.
      8 Moreover I make a decree what you shall do to these elders of the Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king's goods, even of the tribute beyond the River, expenses be given with all diligence to these men, that they be not hindered.
      9 That which they have need of, both young bulls, and rams, and lambs, for burnt offerings to the God of heaven; also wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the word of the priests who are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail;
      10 that they may offer sacrifices of pleasant aroma to the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons.
      11 Also I have made a decree, that whoever shall alter this word, let a beam be pulled out from his house, and let him be lifted up and fastened thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this:
      12 and the God who has caused his name to dwell there overthrow all kings and peoples who shall put forth their hand to alter the same, to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with all diligence.
      13 Then Tattenai, the governor beyond the River, Shetharbozenai, and their companions, because Darius the king had sent a decree, did accordingly with all diligence.
      14 The elders of the Jews built and prospered, through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. They built and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia.
      15 This house was finished on the third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king.
      16 The children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy.
      17 They offered at the dedication of this house of God one hundred bulls, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve male goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel.
      18 They set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses, for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses.
      19 The children of the captivity kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.
      20 For the priests and the Levites had purified themselves together; all of them were pure: and they killed the Passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brothers the priests, and for themselves.
      21 The children of Israel who had come again out of the captivity, and all such as had separated themselves to them from the filthiness of the nations of the land, to seek Yahweh, the God of Israel, ate,
      22 and kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for Yahweh had made them joyful, and had turned the heart of the king of Assyria to them, to strengthen their hands in the work of God's house, the God of Israel.

      Esdras 9

      9 For we are bondservants; yet our God has not forsaken us in our bondage, but has extended loving kindness to us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to repair its ruins, and to give us a wall in Judah and in Jerusalem.

      Néhémie 5

      4 There were also some who said, "We have borrowed money for the king's tribute using our fields and our vineyards as collateral.

      Néhémie 12

      22 As for the Levites, in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, there were recorded the heads of fathers' households; also the priests, in the reign of Darius the Persian.

      Esaïe 5

      7 For the vineyard of Yahweh of Armies is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for justice, but, behold, oppression; for righteousness, but, behold, a cry of distress.
      8 Woe to those who join house to house, who lay field to field, until there is no room, and you are made to dwell alone in the midst of the land!
      9 In my ears, Yahweh of Armies says: "Surely many houses will be desolate, even great and beautiful, unoccupied.
      10 For ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and a homer of seed shall yield an ephah. "
      11 Woe to those who rise up early in the morning, that they may follow strong drink; who stay late into the night, until wine inflames them!
      12 The harp, lyre, tambourine, and flute, with wine, are at their feasts; but they don't respect the work of Yahweh, neither have they considered the operation of his hands.
      13 Therefore my people go into captivity for lack of knowledge. Their honorable men are famished, and their multitudes are parched with thirst.
      14 Therefore Sheol has enlarged its desire, and opened its mouth without measure; and their glory, their multitude, their pomp, and he who rejoices among them, descend into it.
      15 So man is brought low, mankind is humbled, and the eyes of the arrogant ones are humbled;
      16 but Yahweh of Armies is exalted in justice, and God the Holy One is sanctified in righteousness.
      17 Then the lambs will graze as in their pasture, and strangers will eat the ruins of the rich.

      Jérémie 51

      11 Make sharp the arrows; hold firm the shields: Yahweh has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes; because his purpose is against Babylon, to destroy it: for it is the vengeance of Yahweh, the vengeance of his temple.
      28 Prepare against her the nations, the kings of the Medes, its governors, and all its deputies, and all the land of their dominion.

      Daniel 6

      1 It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom one hundred twenty satraps, who should be throughout the whole kingdom;
      28 So this Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian.

      Daniel 9

      1 In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans,

      Daniel 10

      1 In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed to Daniel, whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, even a great warfare: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision.

      Aggée 2

      6 For this is what Yahweh of Armies says: 'Yet once, it is a little while, and I will shake the heavens, the earth, the sea, and the dry land;
      21 "Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying, 'I will shake the heavens and the earth.

      Zacharie 1

      1 In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo, the prophet, saying,
      11 They reported to the angel of Yahweh who stood among the myrtle trees, and said, "We have walked back and forth through the earth, and behold, all the earth is at rest and in peace."

      Zacharie 2

      5 For I,' says Yahweh, 'will be to her a wall of fire around it, and I will be the glory in the midst of her.
      10 Sing and rejoice, daughter of Zion; for, behold, I come, and I will dwell in the midst of you,' says Yahweh.
      13 Be silent, all flesh, before Yahweh; for he has roused himself from his holy habitation!"

      Zacharie 6

      8 Then he called to me, and spoke to me, saying, "Behold, those who go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north country."
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