Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

ECRITURE SAINTE ou Écriture, Saintes Écritures, Écritures

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ou Écriture, Saintes Écritures, Écritures

Expressions qui désignent, dans le langage religieux, la littérature renfermée dans les deux parties de la Bible.

--Les sources du Pentateuque insistent sur le fait que Jéhovah écrivit les paroles du Sinaï (Ex 34, De 5) et. ordonna à Moïse d'écrire le livre de l'alliance divine (De 31, Ex 24, cf. 2Ro 22:8 où il semble bien que le Deutéronome ait été considéré comme le premier livre de l'Écriture ; voir aussi Jer 30, Hab 2, etc.).

Ainsi, dès l'origine, l'idée d'Écriture fut liée en Israël à celle de loi, d'ordre divin et de révélation. Dès que la première partie du canon hébreu, la plus sacrée : la Loi, fut fixée, on dit : il est écrit, pour s'y référer. C'est ainsi qu'après l'exil, 2Ch 30:5,18, Esd 3:4, Ne 8:15 (remarquer Ne 8:14) emploient l'expression : « Comme il est écrit » (hébreu kakkâtoub ; LXX : kata tên graphên ou para t.g.) pour renvoyer leurs lecteurs à Ex 12, No 9, Le 23.

Paul, dans Ro 1:17 2:24, etc., reproduit exactement la formule : « comme il est écrit » (kathôs gégraptaï) en citant les prophètes. Jésus dit : « Il est écrit » en citant le Ps 91 (Mt 4:4), etc. A mesure que les livres de la Bible hébraïque étaient devenus littérature sacrée, normative, on les avait tous englobés dans l'expression générale : Écriture

Les écrivains du N.T., suivant en cela les rabbins, désignent couramment l'A. T, sous le nom de « l'Écriture » (hê graphe, Jn 7:38 10:35, Ac 8:32, Ga 3:8,22, Jas 2:8,1Pi 2:6,2Pi 1:20, etc.), « les Écritures » (haï graphaï, Mt 21:42 22:29, Mr 12:24, Lu 24:27, Jn 5:39, Ac 17:3-11,1Co 15:3, etc.) ou « Saintes Écritures » (graphaï hagiaï, Ro 1:2). Il leur arrive aussi de renvoyer à tel ou tel passage de l'A. T, en disant simplement : graphe. « N'avez-vous pas lu cette écriture ? » (Jésus dans Mr 12:10, cf. Lu 4:21, Jn 19:37, Pierre dans Ac 1:16).

Seul 2Ti 3:15 et suivant emploie l'expression « saintes lettres » dans un passage où nous voyons l'idée d'inspiration étroitement liée au terme Écriture. Ce qui s'était passé pour l'A. T, se passa aussi pour le N.T., à mesure que ses livres devinrent canoniques et qu'une notion étroite de l'inspiration les confondit avec la Parole de Dieu. Déjà la deuxième épître de Pierre donne le nom d' Écritures aux lettres de saint Paul (2Pi 3:16). L'ép. Barn. 4:4 cite une parole du Christ comme « Écriture » ; 2 Clém. 2:4 cite aussi une déclaration du Christ comme « Écriture » ; Polycarpe applique ce terme à une citation latine du N.T.

A part ces exceptions, nous ne connaissons aucun écrivain avant la seconde moitié du II e siècle qui emploie le terme « Écriture » pour les textes du N.T. A partir d'Irénée, l'usage devint courant de désigner par Saintes Écritures la Bible tout entière. Voir Canon de l'A. T, et du N.T. Alex. W.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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    • Exode 12

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying,
      2 "This month shall be to you the beginning of months. It shall be the first month of the year to you.
      3 Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying, 'On the tenth day of this month, they shall take to them every man a lamb, according to their fathers' houses, a lamb for a household;
      4 and if the household is too little for a lamb, then he and his neighbor next to his house shall take one according to the number of the souls; according to what everyone can eat you shall make your count for the lamb.
      5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male a year old. You shall take it from the sheep, or from the goats:
      6 and you shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the same month; and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it at evening.
      7 They shall take some of the blood, and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel, on the houses in which they shall eat it.
      8 They shall eat the flesh in that night, roasted with fire, and unleavened bread. They shall eat it with bitter herbs.
      9 Don't eat it raw, nor boiled at all with water, but roasted with fire; with its head, its legs and its inner parts.
      10 You shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; but that which remains of it until the morning you shall burn with fire.
      11 This is how you shall eat it: with your belt on your waist, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste: it is Yahweh's Passover.
      12 For I will go through the land of Egypt in that night, and will strike all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and animal. Against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am Yahweh.
      13 The blood shall be to you for a token on the houses where you are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and there shall no plague be on you to destroy you, when I strike the land of Egypt.
      14 This day shall be to you for a memorial, and you shall keep it a feast to Yahweh: throughout your generations you shall keep it a feast by an ordinance forever.
      15 "'Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; even the first day you shall put away yeast out of your houses, for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel.
      16 In the first day there shall be to you a holy convocation, and in the seventh day a holy convocation; no kind of work shall be done in them, except that which every man must eat, that only may be done by you.
      17 You shall observe the feast of unleavened bread; for in this same day have I brought your armies out of the land of Egypt: therefore you shall observe this day throughout your generations by an ordinance forever.
      18 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread, until the twenty first day of the month at evening.
      19 There shall be no yeast found in your houses for seven days, for whoever eats that which is leavened, that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a foreigner, or one who is born in the land.
      20 You shall eat nothing leavened. In all your habitations you shall eat unleavened bread.'"
      21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said to them, "Draw out, and take lambs according to your families, and kill the Passover.
      22 You shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and strike the lintel and the two doorposts with the blood that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out of the door of his house until the morning.
      23 For Yahweh will pass through to strike the Egyptians; and when he sees the blood on the lintel, and on the two doorposts, Yahweh will pass over the door, and will not allow the destroyer to come in to your houses to strike you.
      24 You shall observe this thing for an ordinance to you and to your sons forever.
      25 It shall happen when you have come to the land which Yahweh will give you, according as he has promised, that you shall keep this service.
      26 It will happen, when your children ask you, 'What do you mean by this service?'
      27 that you shall say, 'It is the sacrifice of Yahweh's Passover, who passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, when he struck the Egyptians, and spared our houses.'" The people bowed their heads and worshiped.
      28 The children of Israel went and did so; as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron, so they did.
      29 It happened at midnight, that Yahweh struck all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon; and all the firstborn of livestock.
      30 Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was not a house where there was not one dead.
      31 He called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, "Rise up, get out from among my people, both you and the children of Israel; and go, serve Yahweh, as you have said!
      32 Take both your flocks and your herds, as you have said, and be gone; and bless me also!"
      33 The Egyptians were urgent with the people, to send them out of the land in haste, for they said, "We are all dead men."
      34 The people took their dough before it was leavened, their kneading troughs being bound up in their clothes on their shoulders.
      35 The children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they asked of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and clothing.
      36 Yahweh gave the people favor in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they let them have what they asked. They despoiled the Egyptians.
      37 The children of Israel traveled from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot who were men, besides children.
      38 A mixed multitude went up also with them, with flocks, herds, and even very much livestock.
      39 They baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought out of Egypt; for it wasn't leavened, because they were thrust out of Egypt, and couldn't wait, neither had they prepared for themselves any food.
      40 Now the time that the children of Israel lived in Egypt was four hundred thirty years.
      41 It happened at the end of four hundred thirty years, even the same day it happened, that all the armies of Yahweh went out from the land of Egypt.
      42 It is a night to be much observed to Yahweh for bringing them out from the land of Egypt. This is that night of Yahweh, to be much observed of all the children of Israel throughout their generations.
      43 Yahweh said to Moses and Aaron, "This is the ordinance of the Passover. No foreigner shall eat of it,
      44 but every man's servant who is bought for money, when you have circumcised him, then shall he eat of it.
      45 A foreigner and a hired servant shall not eat of it.
      46 In one house shall it be eaten; you shall not carry out anything of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall you break a bone of it.
      47 All the congregation of Israel shall keep it.
      48 When a stranger shall live as a foreigner with you, and will keep the Passover to Yahweh, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one who is born in the land: but no uncircumcised person shall eat of it.
      49 One law shall be to him who is born at home, and to the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you."
      50 All the children of Israel did so. As Yahweh commanded Moses and Aaron, so they did.
      51 It happened the same day, that Yahweh brought the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies.

      Exode 24

      1 He said to Moses, "Come up to Yahweh, you, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship from a distance.
      2 Moses alone shall come near to Yahweh, but they shall not come near, neither shall the people go up with him."
      3 Moses came and told the people all the words of Yahweh, and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice, and said, "All the words which Yahweh has spoken will we do."
      4 Moses wrote all the words of Yahweh, and rose up early in the morning, and built an altar under the mountain, and twelve pillars for the twelve tribes of Israel.
      5 He sent young men of the children of Israel, who offered burnt offerings and sacrificed peace offerings of cattle to Yahweh.
      6 Moses took half of the blood and put it in basins, and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar.
      7 He took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people, and they said, "All that Yahweh has spoken will we do, and be obedient."
      8 Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, "Look, this is the blood of the covenant, which Yahweh has made with you concerning all these words."
      9 Then Moses, Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up.
      10 They saw the God of Israel. Under his feet was like a paved work of sapphire stone, like the skies for clearness.
      11 He didn't lay his hand on the nobles of the children of Israel. They saw God, and ate and drank.
      12 Yahweh said to Moses, "Come up to me on the mountain, and stay here, and I will give you the tables of stone with the law and the commands that I have written, that you may teach them."
      13 Moses rose up with Joshua, his servant, and Moses went up onto God's Mountain.
      14 He said to the elders, "Wait here for us, until we come again to you. Behold, Aaron and Hur are with you. Whoever is involved in a dispute can go to them."
      15 Moses went up on the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain.
      16 The glory of Yahweh settled on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days. The seventh day he called to Moses out of the midst of the cloud.
      17 The appearance of the glory of Yahweh was like devouring fire on the top of the mountain in the eyes of the children of Israel.
      18 Moses entered into the midst of the cloud, and went up on the mountain; and Moses was on the mountain forty days and forty nights.

      Exode 34

      1 Yahweh said to Moses, "Chisel two stone tablets like the first: and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke.
      2 Be ready by the morning, and come up in the morning to Mount Sinai, and present yourself there to me on the top of the mountain.
      3 No one shall come up with you; neither let anyone be seen throughout all the mountain; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mountain."
      4 He chiseled two tablets of stone like the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up to Mount Sinai, as Yahweh had commanded him, and took in his hand two stone tablets.
      5 Yahweh descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of Yahweh.
      6 Yahweh passed by before him, and proclaimed, "Yahweh! Yahweh, a merciful and gracious God, slow to anger, and abundant in loving kindness and truth,
      7 keeping loving kindness for thousands, forgiving iniquity and disobedience and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, and on the children's children, on the third and on the fourth generation."
      8 Moses hurried and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshiped.
      9 He said, "If now I have found favor in your sight, Lord, please let the Lord go in the midst of us; although this is a stiff-necked people; pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for your inheritance."
      10 He said, "Behold, I make a covenant: before all your people I will do marvels, such as have not been worked in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among which you are shall see the work of Yahweh; for it is an awesome thing that I do with you.
      11 Observe that which I command you this day. Behold, I drive out before you the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
      12 Be careful, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it be for a snare in the midst of you:
      13 but you shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and you shall cut down their Asherim;
      14 for you shall worship no other god: for Yahweh, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.
      15 "Don't make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, lest they play the prostitute after their gods, and sacrifice to their gods, and one call you and you eat of his sacrifice;
      16 and you take of their daughters to your sons, and their daughters play the prostitute after their gods, and make your sons play the prostitute after their gods.
      17 "You shall make no cast idols for yourselves.
      18 "You shall keep the feast of unleavened bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib; for in the month Abib you came out from Egypt.
      19 "All that opens the womb is mine; and all your livestock that is male, the firstborn of cow and sheep.
      20 The firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb: and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck. All the firstborn of your sons you shall redeem. No one shall appear before me empty.
      21 "Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall rest: in plowing time and in harvest you shall rest.
      22 "You shall observe the feast of weeks with the first fruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of harvest at the year's end.
      23 Three times in the year all your males shall appear before the Lord Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      24 For I will drive out nations before you and enlarge your borders; neither shall any man desire your land when you go up to appear before Yahweh, your God, three times in the year.
      25 "You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the Passover be left to the morning.
      26 "You shall bring the first of the first fruits of your ground to the house of Yahweh your God. "You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk."
      27 Yahweh said to Moses, "Write you these words: for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel."
      28 He was there with Yahweh forty days and forty nights; he neither ate bread, nor drank water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.
      29 It happened, when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mountain, that Moses didn't know that the skin of his face shone by reason of his speaking with him.
      30 When Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come near him.
      31 Moses called to them, and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned to him; and Moses spoke to them.
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