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S'il fallait quelques fois distinguer une nuance de sens entre les deux mots hébreux chekètn et katéph, c'est lorsque le premier s'applique plutôt à la partie des épaules proche du cou, et le deuxième à la partie proche du dos (1Sa 17:6, Esa 30:6), ou même aux côtés ; ils dépendent l'un de l'autre dans l'imprécation de Job 31:22 : « Que mon omoplate (katêph) se détache de mon épaule (che-kèm) ! » (Voir Cou, Dos). Mais dans la plupart des cas cette nuance est négligée.

Le premier terme désigne au sens pr., soit une épaule d'homme : « Saül était plus haut que tout le peuple depuis l'épaule et au-dessus » (trad. litt, de 1Sa 9 2 10:23), soit une épaule d'animal (Ge 49:15) ; presque toujours elle porte un fardeau (Ge 21:14, Ex 12:34, Jos 4:5 etc.). Au fig., le fardeau représente soit un poids importun (Esa 10:27 14:25, Ps 81:7, cf. Mt 23:4), soit une charge légère, comme une accusation fausse (Job 31:36), soit une dignité : l'empire au lieu de coups de verges (Esa 9:3,5), ou la direction du palais (Esa 22:22, voir Clef), soit le joug bienfaisant de la sagesse (Sir 6:25 et suivants), soit le service en commun de Jéhovah « d'une même épaule » (trad. litt, de Sop 3:9). Ge 48:22 fait un jeu de mots : la « portion » en question (hébreu chekèm) est la ville même de Sichem (Ge 33:19 etc.) qui devait son nom, chekèm =épaule, à la forme de son éminence.

Le deuxième mot désigne aussi, au sens pr., soit des épaules d'hommes, comme celles des soldats de Nébucadnetsar meurtries par leur armure et leurs fatigues (Eze 29:18), soit des épaules d'animaux (Eze 34:21) ; elles portent objets sacrés (No 7:9), arche (1Ch 15:15), idoles (Esa 46:7, Lettre de Jérémie 4,26), bagages (Eze 12:6 et suivants), portes de la ville (Jug 16:3) ; comme on portait sur l'épaule l'insigne de sa charge, ainsi le costume du grand-prêtre (éphod) avait sur chaque épaule une pierre précieuse où étaient inscrits les noms de six tribus à droite et des six autres à gauche (Ex 28:9-12), ce qui représentait devant Dieu le peuple d'Israël. Au fig., l'épaule courbée symbolise la servitude (Bar 2:21 ; Apocr. : échine), l'épaule rebelle refuse le service de Dieu (Ne 9:29, Za 7:11) ; mais l'évangéliste de l'exil annonce la tendresse de l'Éternel qui portera ses enfants sur ses épaules (Esa 49:22), comme le berger de l'Évangile porte sa brebis (Lu 15:5). Ainsi que le premier mot, le deuxième a aussi un emploi topographique, mais comme nom commun ; voy. l'image de Jérusalem : « Le Très-Haut établira sa demeure entre les épaules (=collines) de Benjamin » (De 33:12), et les traductions : côte (No 34:11), montagne (Jos 15:8 etc.), frontière (Eze 25:9), c-à-d, flanc exposé à l'invasion, (cf. Esa 11:4) et simplement côté (1Ro 7:39, etc.). Sg. suit l'erreur de LXX et Vulg, en rendant par « épaule » le chôq des prescriptions légales : (Ex 29:22, Le 8:25 etc.) il s'agit là de jambe, ou mieux de cuisse, de bêtes sacrifiées. Voir Jambe. Jn L.

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  Genèse 21
  
  14 Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.
  
  Genèse 33
  
  19 He bought the parcel of ground where he had spread his tent, at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, for one hundred pieces of money.
  
  Genèse 48
  
  22 Moreover I have given to you one portion above your brothers, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow."
  
  Genèse 49
  
  15 He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.
  
  Exode 12
  
  34 The people took their dough before it was leavened, their kneading troughs being bound up in their clothes on their shoulders.
  
  Exode 28
  
  9 You shall take two onyx stones, and engrave on them the names of the children of Israel:
  
  10 six of their names on the one stone, and the names of the six that remain on the other stone, in the order of their birth.
  
  11 With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, you shall engrave the two stones, according to the names of the children of Israel: you shall make them to be enclosed in settings of gold.
  
  12 You shall put the two stones on the shoulder straps of the ephod, to be stones of memorial for the children of Israel: and Aaron shall bear their names before Yahweh on his two shoulders for a memorial.
  
  Exode 29
  
  22 Also you shall take some of the ram's fat, the fat tail, the fat that covers the innards, the cover of the liver, the two kidneys, the fat that is on them, and the right thigh (for it is a ram of consecration),
  
  Lévitique 8
  
  25 He took the fat, and the fat tail, and all the fat that was on the innards, and the cover of the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and the right thigh;
  
  Nombres 7
  
  9 But to the sons of Kohath he gave none, because the service of the sanctuary belonged to them; they carried it on their shoulders.
  
  Nombres 34
  
  11 and the border shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain; and the border shall go down, and shall reach to the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward;
  
  Josué 4
  
  5 Joshua said to them, "Pass over before the ark of Yahweh your God into the middle of the Jordan, and each of you pick up a stone and put it on your shoulder, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel;
  
  Josué 15
  
  8 The border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom to the side of the Jebusite southward (the same is Jerusalem); and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lies before the valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the farthest part of the valley of Rephaim northward.
  
  Juges 16
  
  3 Samson lay until midnight, and arose at midnight, and laid hold of the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and plucked them up, bar and all, and put them on his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron.
  
  1 Samuel 9
  
  1 Now there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Becorath, the son of Aphiah, the son of a Benjamite, a mighty man of valor.
  
  2 He had a son, whose name was Saul, an impressive young man; and there was not among the children of Israel a better person than he. From his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people.
  
  3 The donkeys of Kish, Saul's father, were lost. Kish said to Saul his son, "Take now one of the servants with you, and arise, go seek the donkeys."
  
  4 He passed through the hill country of Ephraim, and passed through the land of Shalishah, but they didn't find them: then they passed through the land of Shaalim, and there they weren't there: and he passed through the land of the Benjamites, but they didn't find them.
  
  5 When they had come to the land of Zuph, Saul said to his servant who was with him, "Come, and let us return, lest my father stop caring about the donkeys, and be anxious for us."
  
  6 He said to him, "See now, there is in this city a man of God, and he is a man who is held in honor. All that he says comes surely to pass. Now let us go there. Perhaps he can tell us concerning our journey whereon we go."
  
  7 Then Saul said to his servant, "But, behold, if we go, what shall we bring the man? For the bread is spent in our vessels, and there is not a present to bring to the man of God. What do we have?"
  
  8 The servant answered Saul again, and said, "Behold, I have in my hand the fourth part of a shekel of silver. I will give that to the man of God, to tell us our way."
  
  9 (In earlier times in Israel, when a man went to inquire of God, thus he said, "Come, and let us go to the seer"; for he who is now called a prophet was before called a Seer.)
  
  10 Then Saul said to his servant, "Well said. Come, let us go." So they went to the city where the man of God was.
  
  11 As they went up the ascent to the city, they found young maidens going out to draw water, and said to them, "Is the seer here?"
  
  12 They answered them, and said, "He is. Behold, he is before you. Hurry now, for he has come today into the city; for the people have a sacrifice today in the high place.
  
  13 As soon as you have come into the city, you shall immediately find him, before he goes up to the high place to eat; for the people will not eat until he come, because he blesses the sacrifice. Afterwards those who are invited eat. Now therefore go up; for at this time you shall find him."
  
  14 They went up to the city. As they came within the city, behold, Samuel came out toward them, to go up to the high place.
  
  15 Now Yahweh had revealed to Samuel a day before Saul came, saying,
  
  16 "Tomorrow about this time I will send you a man out of the land of Benjamin, and you shall anoint him to be prince over my people Israel; and he shall save my people out of the hand of the Philistines: for I have looked on my people, because their cry has come to me."
  
  17 When Samuel saw Saul, Yahweh said to him, "Behold, the man of whom I spoke to you! this same shall have authority over my people."
  
  18 Then Saul drew near to Samuel in the gate, and said, "Please tell me where the seer's house is."
  
  19 Samuel answered Saul, and said, "I am the seer. Go up before me to the high place, for you shall eat with me today. In the morning I will let you go, and will tell you all that is in your heart.
  
  20 As for your donkeys who were lost three days ago, don't set your mind on them; for they are found. For whom is all that is desirable in Israel? Is it not for you, and for all your father's house?"
  
  21 Saul answered, "Am I not a Benjamite, of the smallest of the tribes of Israel? And my family the least of all the families of the tribe of Benjamin? Why then do you speak to me like this?"
  
  22 Samuel took Saul and his servant, and brought them into the guest room, and made them sit in the best place among those who were invited, who were about thirty persons.
  
  23 Samuel said to the cook, "Bring the portion which I gave you, of which I said to you, 'Set it aside.'"
  
  24 The cook took up the thigh, and that which was on it, and set it before Saul. Samuel said, "Behold, that which has been reserved! Set it before yourself and eat; because for the appointed time has it been kept for you, for I said, 'I have invited the people.'" So Saul ate with Samuel that day.
  
  25 When they had come down from the high place into the city, he talked with Saul on the housetop.
  
  26 They arose early: and it happened about the spring of the day, that Samuel called to Saul on the housetop, saying, "Get up, that I may send you away." Saul arose, and they went out both of them, he and Samuel, abroad.
  
  27 As they were going down at the end of the city, Samuel said to Saul, "Tell the servant pass on before us" (and he passed on), "but stand still first, that I may cause you to hear the word of God."
  
  1 Samuel 17
  
  6 He had brass shin armor on his legs, and a javelin of brass between his shoulders.
  
  1 Chroniques 15
  
  15 The children of the Levites bore the ark of God on their shoulders with the poles thereon, as Moses commanded according to the word of Yahweh.
  
  Néhémie 9
  
  29 and testified against them, that you might bring them again to your law. Yet they dealt proudly, and didn't listen to your commandments, but sinned against your ordinances, (which if a man does, he shall live in them), turned their backs, stiffened their neck, and would not hear.
  
  Job 31
  
  22 then let my shoulder fall from the shoulder blade, and my arm be broken from the bone.
  
  36 Surely I would carry it on my shoulder; and I would bind it to me as a crown.
  
  Psaumes 81
  
  7 You called in trouble, and I delivered you. I answered you in the secret place of thunder. I tested you at the waters of Meribah." Selah.
  
  Esaïe 9
  
  3 You have multiplied the nation. You have increased their joy. They rejoice before you according to the joy in harvest, as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.
  
  5 For all the armor of the armed man in the noisy battle, and the garments rolled in blood, will be for burning, fuel for the fire.
  
  Esaïe 10
  
  27 It will happen in that day, that his burden will depart from off your shoulder, and his yoke from off your neck, and the yoke shall be destroyed because of the anointing oil.
  
  Esaïe 11
  
  4 but with righteousness he will judge the poor, and decide with equity for the humble of the earth. He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth; and with the breath of his lips he will kill the wicked.
  
  Esaïe 14
  
  25 that I will break the Assyrian in my land, and tread him under foot on my mountains. Then his yoke will leave them, and his burden leave their shoulders.
  
  Esaïe 22
  
  22 I will lay the key of the house of David on his shoulder. He will open, and no one will shut. He will shut, and no one will open.
  
  Esaïe 30
  
  6 The burden of the animals of the South. Through the land of trouble and anguish, of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent, they carry their riches on the shoulders of young donkeys, and their treasures on the humps of camels, to an unprofitable people.
  
  Esaïe 46
  
  7 They bear it on the shoulder, they carry it, and set it in its place, and it stands, from its place it shall not move: yes, one may cry to it, yet it can not answer, nor save him out of his trouble.
  
  Esaïe 49
  
  22 Thus says the Lord Yahweh, "Behold, I will lift up my hand to the nations, and set up my banner to the peoples; and they shall bring your sons in their bosom, and your daughters shall be carried on their shoulders.
  
  Jérémie 4
  
  1 "If you will return, Israel," says Yahweh, "if you will return to me, and if you will put away your abominations out of my sight; then you shall not be removed;
  
  2 and you shall swear, 'As Yahweh lives,' in truth, in justice, and in righteousness. The nations shall bless themselves in him, and in him shall they glory."
  
  3 For thus says Yahweh to the men of Judah and to Jerusalem, "Break up your fallow ground, and don't sow among thorns.
  
  4 Circumcise yourselves to Yahweh, and take away the foreskins of your heart, you men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem; lest my wrath go forth like fire, and burn so that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings.
  
  5 Declare in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, 'Blow the trumpet in the land!' Cry aloud and say, 'Assemble yourselves! Let us go into the fortified cities!'
  
  6 Set up a standard toward Zion. Flee for safety! Don't wait; for I will bring evil from the north, and a great destruction."
  
  7 A lion is gone up from his thicket, and a destroyer of nations; he is on his way, he is gone forth from his place, to make your land desolate, that your cities be laid waste, without inhabitant.
  
  8 For this clothe yourself with sackcloth, lament and wail; for the fierce anger of Yahweh hasn't turned back from us.
  
  9 "It shall happen at that day," says Yahweh, "that the heart of the king shall perish, and the heart of the princes; and the priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder."
  
  10 Then I said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! Surely you have greatly deceived this people and Jerusalem, saying, 'You shall have peace;' whereas the sword reaches to the heart."
  
  11 At that time shall it be said to this people and to Jerusalem, "A hot wind from the bare heights in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to winnow, nor to cleanse;
  
  12 a full wind from these shall come for me. Now I will also utter judgments against them."
  
  13 Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as the whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us! For we are ruined.
  
  14 Jerusalem, wash your heart from wickedness, that you may be saved. How long shall your evil thoughts lodge within you?
  
  15 For a voice declares from Dan, and publishes evil from the hills of Ephraim:
  
  16 "Tell the nations; behold, publish against Jerusalem, 'Watchers come from a far country, and raise their voice against the cities of Judah.
  
  17 As keepers of a field, they are against her all around, because she has been rebellious against me,'" says Yahweh.
  
  18 "Your way and your doings have brought these things to you. This is your wickedness; for it is bitter, for it reaches to your heart."
  
  19 My anguish, my anguish! I am pained at my very heart; my heart is disquieted in me; I can't hold my peace; because you have heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war.
  
  20 Destruction on destruction is cried; for the whole land is laid waste: suddenly are my tents destroyed, and my curtains in a moment.
  
  21 How long shall I see the standard, and hear the sound of the trumpet?
  
  22 "For my people are foolish, they don't know me. They are foolish children, and they have no understanding. They are skillful in doing evil, but to do good they have no knowledge."
  
  23 I saw the earth, and, behold, it was waste and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
  
  24 I saw the mountains, and behold, they trembled, and all the hills moved back and forth.
  
  25 I saw, and behold, there was no man, and all the birds of the sky had fled.
  
  26 I saw, and behold, the fruitful field was a wilderness, and all its cities were broken down at the presence of Yahweh, before his fierce anger.
  
  27 For thus says Yahweh, "The whole land shall be a desolation; yet will I not make a full end.
  
  28 For this the earth will mourn, and the heavens above be black; because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and I have not repented, neither will I turn back from it."
  
  29 Every city flees for the noise of the horsemen and archers; they go into the thickets, and climb up on the rocks: every city is forsaken, and not a man dwells therein.
  
  30 You, when you are made desolate, what will you do? Though you clothe yourself with scarlet, though you deck you with ornaments of gold, though you enlarge your eyes with paint, in vain do you make yourself beautiful; your lovers despise you, they seek your life.
  
  31 For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, the anguish as of her who brings forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion, who gasps for breath, who spreads her hands, saying, "Woe is me now! For my soul faints before the murderers."
  
  Jérémie 26
  
  1 In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, came this word from Yahweh, saying,
  
  Ezéchiel 12
  
  6 In their sight you shall bear it on your shoulder, and carry it forth in the dark; you shall cover your face, so that you don't see the land: for I have set you for a sign to the house of Israel.
  
  Ezéchiel 25
  
  9 therefore, behold, I will open the side of Moab from the cities, from his cities which are on his frontiers, the glory of the country, Beth Jeshimoth, Baal Meon, and Kiriathaim,
  
  Ezéchiel 29
  
  18 Son of man, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon caused his army to serve a great service against Tyre: every head was made bald, and every shoulder was worn; yet had he no wages, nor his army, from Tyre, for the service that he had served against it.
  
  Ezéchiel 34
  
  21 Because you thrust with side and with shoulder, and push all the diseased with your horns, until you have scattered them abroad;
  
  Zacharie 7
  
  11 But they refused to listen, and turned their backs, and stopped their ears, that they might not hear.
  
  Matthieu 23
  
  4 For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them.
  
  Luc 15
  
  5 When he has found it, he carries it on his shoulders, rejoicing.

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