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ESPÉRANCE

Le verbe espérer (du latin spero) au début voulait dire attendre en général. Ce sens ; se retrouve dans le langage des marins, dans celui de certaines régions du Midi de la France ( espérez-moi), dans l'espagnol (salle d 'espérance, pour salle ; d 'attente). Maintenant, espérer signifie attendre comme probable un bien qu'on désire.

I Dans l'A.T.

Il arrive que nos versions rendent occasionnellement par « espérer » ou « espérance » des termes hébreux dont la racine exprime une nuance voisine : par ex. bâtakh, qui représente un état de tranquille sécurité, la confiance, presque la foi, en Dieu, en certaines personnes ou en l'avenir (Jer 17:7, Ec 9:4 etc.) ; câsal, qui évoque les reins et par là l'idée de s'appuyer, se soutenir (Job 4:6), mais qui lorsque l'appui est mal choisi désigne plus souvent la sottise (Ecc 7:25) ; sâbar, mot tardif, qui signifie examiner, puis compter sur qqn ou quelque chose (Ps 119:116, Est 9:1 etc.) ; iâkhal, plus commun, qui exprime l'attente (Job 6:11, Ps 33:18,22 42:5,11 43:4, La 3:24 etc.). Mais c'est thiqvâh qui en hébreu désigne proprement l'espérance ; la racine de ce nom, qâvâh, évoque la « tension » (comparable à celle d'une corde) qui se trouve aussi dans notre verbe « attendre » ; c'est la patience ferme, endurante, tournée vers un bien à venir (Ge 49:18, Ru 1:12, Job 14:7,19, Ps 25:21, Os 2:15, Eze 37:11, Za 9:12 etc.).

Les espérances de l'A. T, ont été graduelles. Tout d'abord elles ont envisagé les avantages terrestres, la restauration politique, le rétablissement du peuple. Dans les origines, Jéhovah est considéré comme Dieu de la nation, qui la protégera toujours, même sur terre étrangère. Mais les prophètes affirment que l'espérance d'Israël est subordonnée à sa fidélité ; et, après des catastrophes, paraîtra l'Israël nouveau, la Jérusalem de l'avenir. La restauration sera en Palestine, dans le pays. C'est avec Jérémie et Ézéchiel que l'idéalisme religieux se dégage du nationalisme vulgaire et que la piété individualiste commence à s'affirmer. Et même l'Israël ne sera nouveau qu'après la disparition tragique de l'Israël ancien (Jer 31:31-34). Voici Israël en exil. La tradition religieuse est conservée. L'espérance se développe, elle devient universelle, Jéhovah est le maître du monde, le Dieu de la terre et du ciel. Pour le second Ésaïe, Dieu est le Dieu de toutes les nations. Israël sera le témoin de Dieu parmi tous les peuples qui viendront à Jérusalem. Mais l'espérance prend toujours plus de grandeur, de spiritualité, de sublimité, dans Esa 53. Le « Serviteur de l'Éternel » (voir art.) viendra ; par la souffrance et l'humiliation il sauvera son peuple. Esa 42:1-4 montre que le monde espère en son enseignement. Puis ce sera la gloire du Serviteur de l'Éternel, l'ère messianique, la nouvelle humanité. Elle espérera en Dieu et elle ne sera pas confondue (Esa 49:23). A côté de l'espérance messianique et de l'attente du royaume de Dieu, progresse la croyance à la résurrection des morts (Esa 25:8 26:19, Da 12:2, Ps 16:8,11 17:15).

Les Apocalypses juives exaspérèrent l'orgueil national et l'espérance politique aux premiers temps de l'ère chrétienne, mais en gardant toujours la vision de l'humanité où le péché sera aboli et où il n'y aura plus de mort. L'espérance est immense, toute la création y est intéressée.

II Dans le N.T.

Le substantif grec elpis, le verbe elpizeïn, veulent dire espérance, attente, bonne ou mauvaise. En voici quelques citations : attente de l'avenir (Lu 6:34 23:8, Ac 26:7,1Co 16:7, Php 2:23,1Ti 3:14,2Jn 1:12,3Jn 1:14) ; confiance placée en quelqu'un (Mt 12:21, Ro 15:12 etc.), principalement en Dieu (1Pi 3:5,2Co 1:10,1Ti 4:10), en Jésus (1Co 15:19) ; espoir qui est déjà possession (1Co 13:13,2Co 3:12), ou qui confère les réalités (Tit 3:7) ; espoir qui anime la personne (Ac 28:20 : espérance d'Israël) ; enfin espoir de la vie future, et, par métonymie, l'auteur de cet espoir (Ac 23:6, etc., Col 1:27, etc.) ; quelques fois l'espérance se complète de la patience : « patience de l'espérance » (1Th 1:3) ; ainsi, attendre, souhaiter, compter sur, deviennent interchangeables (Ro 8:19,25). Les espérances du N.T. n'apparaissent vraiment qu'avec la vie chrétienne ; elles commencent à la résurrection de Jésus, prennent corps lors du don du Saint-Esprit, le jour de la Pentecôte, et jouent un grand rôle dans les épîtres. L'eschatologie de saint Paul forme le résumé des espérances bibliques du N.T. L'objet de l'espérance est la gloire de Dieu, la parousie ou retour du Seigneur (1Co 15:22, Phi 1:10 3:21) ; la vie nouvelle qui est en Christ doit éclore dans la résurrection de nos corps mortels (Ro 8:23). Ce n'est pas la même matière qui formera la plante nouvelle et pourtant le type en restera : le corps, semé corruptible, ressuscitera incorruptible ; le corps deviendra lui-même spirituel. Alors sera le triomphe absolu de Jésus. Il n'y aura d'autre autorité que la sienne. Ses ennemis seront mis sous ses pieds (1Co 15:24,28). Le but est le ciel ; ce n'est pas le simple progrès moral, mais bien l'avènement du Seigneur, qui est le but. Les raisons de croire sont dans les promesses de Dieu, et la garantie est dans la résurrection et l'ascension du Sauveur. Les sujets sont les hommes de la foi, les chrétiens. Enfin l'espérance est collective, c'est l'héritage du corps de Christ. C'est une consolation éternelle, que la « bonne espérance » (2Th 2:16). On a pu résumer toutes les données scripturaires sur l'espérance dans cette définition : « l'attente des biens que Dieu nous a promis » (Jean Monod, dans Encycl., t. IV, p. 537). Elle est tout entière contenue dans Jn 3:16 et 6:68. Paul la condense en ces mots : « Jésus, notre espérance » (1Ti 1:1, Col 1:27). H. B.

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      Genèse 49

      18 I have waited for your salvation, Yahweh.

      Ruth 1

      12 Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, 'I have hope,' if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons;

      Esther 9

      1 Now in the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the month, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, on the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to conquer them, (but it was turned out the opposite happened, that the Jews conquered those who hated them),

      Job 4

      6 Isn't your piety your confidence? Isn't the integrity of your ways your hope?

      Job 6

      11 What is my strength, that I should wait? What is my end, that I should be patient?

      Job 14

      7 "For there is hope for a tree, If it is cut down, that it will sprout again, that the tender branch of it will not cease.
      19 The waters wear the stones. The torrents of it wash away the dust of the earth. So you destroy the hope of man.

      Psaumes 16

      8 I have set Yahweh always before me. Because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved.
      11 You will show me the path of life. In your presence is fullness of joy. In your right hand there are pleasures forevermore.

      Psaumes 17

      15 As for me, I shall see your face in righteousness. I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with seeing your form.

      Psaumes 25

      21 Let integrity and uprightness preserve me, for I wait for you.

      Psaumes 33

      18 Behold, Yahweh's eye is on those who fear him, on those who hope in his loving kindness;
      22 Let your loving kindness be on us, Yahweh, since we have hoped in you.

      Psaumes 42

      5 Why are you in despair, my soul? Why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God! For I shall still praise him for the saving help of his presence.
      11 Why are you in despair, my soul? Why are you disturbed within me? Hope in God! For I shall still praise him, the saving help of my countenance, and my God.

      Psaumes 43

      4 Then I will go to the altar of God, to God, my exceeding joy. I will praise you on the harp, God, my God.

      Psaumes 119

      116 Uphold me according to your word, that I may live. Let me not be ashamed of my hope.

      Ecclésiaste 9

      4 For to him who is joined with all the living there is hope; for a living dog is better than a dead lion.

      Esaïe 25

      8 He has swallowed up death forever! The Lord Yahweh will wipe away tears from off all faces. He will take the reproach of his people away from off all the earth, for Yahweh has spoken it.

      Esaïe 26

      19 Your dead shall live. My dead bodies shall arise. Awake and sing, you who dwell in the dust; for your dew is like the dew of herbs, and the earth will cast forth the dead.

      Esaïe 42

      1 "Behold, my servant, whom I uphold; my chosen, in whom my soul delights-- I have put my Spirit on him. He will bring justice to the nations.
      2 He will not shout, nor raise his voice, nor cause it to be heard in the street.
      3 He won't break a bruised reed. He won't quench a dimly burning wick. He will faithfully bring justice.
      4 He will not fail nor be discouraged, until he has set justice in the earth, and the islands will wait for his law."

      Esaïe 49

      23 Kings shall be your nursing fathers, and their queens your nursing mothers: they shall bow down to you with their faces to the earth, and lick the dust of your feet; and you shall know that I am Yahweh; and those who wait for me shall not be disappointed."

      Esaïe 53

      1 Who has believed our message? To whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?
      2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.
      3 He was despised, and rejected by men; a man of suffering, and acquainted with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn't respect him.
      4 Surely he has borne our sickness, and carried our suffering; yet we considered him plagued, struck by God, and afflicted.
      5 But he was pierced for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought our peace was on him; and by his wounds we are healed.
      6 All we like sheep have gone astray. Everyone has turned to his own way; and Yahweh has laid on him the iniquity of us all.
      7 He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he didn't open his mouth. As a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is mute, so he didn't open his mouth.
      8 He was taken away by oppression and judgment; and as for his generation, who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living and stricken for the disobedience of my people?
      9 They made his grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in his death; although he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth.
      10 Yet it pleased Yahweh to bruise him. He has caused him to suffer. When you make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed. He shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of Yahweh shall prosper in his hand.
      11 After the suffering of his soul, he will see the light and be satisfied. My righteous servant will justify many by the knowledge of himself; and he will bear their iniquities.
      12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he poured out his soul to death, and was numbered with the transgressors; yet he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.

      Jérémie 17

      7 Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh, and whose trust Yahweh is.

      Jérémie 31

      31 Behold, the days come, says Yahweh, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:
      32 not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they broke, although I was a husband to them, says Yahweh.
      33 But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says Yahweh: I will put my law in their inward parts, and in their heart will I write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people:
      34 and they shall teach no more every man his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, Know Yahweh; for they shall all know me, from their least to their greatest, says Yahweh: for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin will I remember no more.

      Lamentations 3

      24 Yahweh is my portion, says my soul; therefore will I hope in him.

      Ezéchiel 37

      11 Then he said to me, Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried up, and our hope is lost; we are clean cut off.

      Daniel 12

      2 Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.

      Osée 2

      15 I will give her vineyards from there, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope; and she will respond there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt.

      Zacharie 9

      12 Turn to the stronghold, you prisoners of hope! Even today I declare that I will restore double to you.

      Matthieu 12

      21 In his name, the nations will hope."

      Luc 6

      34 If you lend to those from whom you hope to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, to receive back as much.

      Luc 23

      8 Now when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceedingly glad, for he had wanted to see him for a long time, because he had heard many things about him. He hoped to see some miracle done by him.

      Jean 1

      12 But as many as received him, to them he gave the right to become God's children, to those who believe in his name:

      Jean 3

      16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life.

      Jean 6

      68 Simon Peter answered him, "Lord, to whom would we go? You have the words of eternal life.

      Actes 23

      6 But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, "Men and brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. Concerning the hope and resurrection of the dead I am being judged!"

      Actes 26

      7 which our twelve tribes, earnestly serving night and day, hope to attain. Concerning this hope I am accused by the Jews, King Agrippa!

      Actes 28

      20 For this cause therefore I asked to see you and to speak with you. For because of the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain."

      Romains 8

      19 For the creation waits with eager expectation for the children of God to be revealed.
      23 Not only so, but ourselves also, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for adoption, the redemption of our body.
      25 But if we hope for that which we don't see, we wait for it with patience.

      Romains 15

      12 Again, Isaiah says, "There will be the root of Jesse, he who arises to rule over the Gentiles; in him the Gentiles will hope."

      1 Corinthiens 13

      13 But now faith, hope, and love remain--these three. The greatest of these is love.

      1 Corinthiens 15

      19 If we have only hoped in Christ in this life, we are of all men most pitiable.
      22 For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive.
      24 Then the end comes, when he will deliver up the Kingdom to God, even the Father; when he will have abolished all rule and all authority and power.

      1 Corinthiens 16

      7 For I do not wish to see you now in passing, but I hope to stay a while with you, if the Lord permits.

      2 Corinthiens 1

      10 who delivered us out of so great a death, and does deliver; on whom we have set our hope that he will also still deliver us;

      2 Corinthiens 3

      12 Having therefore such a hope, we use great boldness of speech,

      Colossiens 1

      27 to whom God was pleased to make known what are the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory;

      1 Thessaloniciens 1

      3 remembering without ceasing your work of faith and labor of love and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, before our God and Father.

      2 Thessaloniciens 2

      16 Now our Lord Jesus Christ himself, and God our Father, who loved us and gave us eternal comfort and good hope through grace,

      1 Timothée 1

      1 Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus according to the commandment of God our Savior, and Christ Jesus our hope;

      1 Timothée 3

      14 These things I write to you, hoping to come to you shortly;

      1 Timothée 4

      10 For to this end we both labor and suffer reproach, because we have set our trust in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of those who believe.

      Tite 3

      7 that, being justified by his grace, we might be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life.

      1 Pierre 3

      5 For this is how the holy women before, who hoped in God also adorned themselves, being in subjection to their own husbands:

      2 Jean 1

      12 Having many things to write to you, I don't want to do so with paper and ink, but I hope to come to you, and to speak face to face, that our joy may be made full.

      3 Jean 1

      14 but I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.
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