Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

ÉTRANGER

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I Dans l'A.T.

Les relations des Israélites avec les étrangers peuvent se ramener à trois faits principaux :

1.

Contact permanent.

Israël a sans cesse été mêlé aux peuples voisins ; il leur était plus ou moins apparenté, et surtout aux Cananéens, qui ne furent refoulés que très lentement. Le contact fut donc permanent avec les plus proches : Moabites (Ru 1:4), Édomites (1Ro 11:15), Amalécites (2Sa 1:8), Syriens (Jug 10:6). Les Israélites se mélangèrent surtout aux Cananéens (Jug 1:27-33), plus industrieux et commerçants qu'eux ; le nom de Cananéen en vint même à désigner le trafiquant étranger (hébreu de Pr 31:24 ; V S. : marchand). Les rois provoquèrent de nouveaux contacts avec l'étranger, par leurs alliances (voir ce mot), leurs mariages (1Ro 3:1 16:31), leurs harems (1Ro 11:1), qui entraînaient l'introduction de religions étrangères (1Ro 11:4 et suivant). Ils appréciaient aussi les serviteurs étrangers (1Sa 21:7) et les gardes étrangères, qui leur étaient toutes dévouées (2Sa 15:18,2Ro 11:4,19). Il faut mentionner le commerce, qui mettait Israël en relation avec divers peuples : de tout temps les caravanes ont traversé son territoire (Ge 37:25), et ses propres commerçants finirent par sortir de leurs frontières (1Ro 9:28 10:11, Eze 27:17).

2.

Haine plus ou moins vive.

Le voisinage et les relations n'empêchaient pas l'hostilité, variable suivant les époques et les circonstances, mais toujours vivace. L'A. T, abonde en récits des âpres luttes entre clans voisins : voir le cantique de Débora (Jug 5:27) et le traitement que fait subir David, cependant si sensible, aux Moabites ou aux Ammonites vaincus (2Sa 8:2 12:31 ; mais voir Cruauté). D'autre part, l'hospitalité envers l'étranger de passage est une vieille vertu orientale, souvent prônée, surtout dans les temps anciens, où rien n'est organisé pour héberger les hôtes (Ge 18:4 19:2, Jug 13:15 19:15,21) ; toute la pratique de l'homme pieux se résume sur ce point dans Job 31:32 : ne pas laisser l'étranger passer la nuit dehors. Il serait trop long de tracer l'évolution de l'attitude d'Israël envers les étrangers. Quand la royauté avait été relâchée, toute réaction religieuse entraînait des ruptures avec les étrangers et leurs coutumes. L'histoire d'Élie, d'Elisée, de Jéhu est typique (2Ro 9). Le Deutéronome, si humanitaire, laisse les étrangers à leur sort (De 15:3 23:20). L'exil, tout en opérant un rapprochement de fait, creuse aussi le fossé entre les Juifs, au moins les dirigeants, et les étrangers (Eze 4:13 44:6-10,22). Après le retour de l'exil, Esdras et Néhémie sont rigoureux (Ne 13:24 et suivant, Mal 2:11) ; Ne 8 réalise le programme de No 35:34. Quant à la « femme étrangère » du livre des Proverbes (Pr 2 16 7:5 etc.), elle est sans doute appelée ainsi parce que ces professionnelles du vice n'étaient généralement pas des Israélites.

3.

L'étranger résident.

En dehors des étrangers proprement dits, un type spécial de non-Israélite est désigné par le terme de ger, que nos traductions distinguent rarement. Il paraît dans le Décalogue, à propos du sabbat : « ton étranger qui est dans tes portes » (Ex 20:10). C'est celui qui s'est fixé à demeure dans le pays, et s'est mis pour cela sous la protection d'un chef ou d'une famille. La désignation s'applique même à un homme d'une autre tribu qui s'est transplanté de cette façon (De 18:6, Jug 17:7-9 19:1). Le ger n'est pas un esclave, mais il doit des services en échange de la protection reçue. Jacob, ger chez Laban, se plaint de ses peines (Ge 31:7 et suivants). Un clan entier peut devenir ger : ainsi les Gabaonites (Jos 9), qui font le ravitaillement d'eau et de bois. L'évolution des Israélites envers le ger est inverse de celle que nous avons constatée envers l'étranger, car elle accuse un rapprochement constant. Le Deutéronome le protège explicitement (De 16:10,13 26:11). L'exil resserre ces liens, en exigeant la circoncision (Eze 44:6,10) qui conférera des droits précis (Eze 47:22). Peu à peu, le ger devient le prosélyte, le converti au culte juif (Ex 12:49, Le 24:22, No 15:15,29).

Donc Israël se sépare de plus en plus des païens et assimile de plus en plus le ger. Certes, des prophètes comme le second Ésaïe annoncent magnifiquement l'offre du Dieu |d'Israël à tous les peuples (Esa 56:6 et suivants, etc.), mais comme une admission des étrangers au sein du peuple juif, conception plus missionnaire qu'universaliste.

II Dans le N.T.

L'exclusivisme antique aide à comprendre tel récit des évangiles : la proposition des disciples, que le « feu du ciel » descende sur les Samaritains inhospitaliers (Lu 9:54) ; la réponse de Jésus montre ce que cette proposition offre de diabolique ( « de quel esprit... »). On s'est étonné de sa parole à la femme syro-phénicienne (Mr 7:26 et suivant) ; c'est ignorer la situation de fait de ce temps, et probablement l'intention pédagogique du Seigneur à son égard. Il faut s'émerveiller de la constante préoccupation chez Jésus de la valeur spirituelle même des non-Juifs (Mt 8:10, Lu 17:18) et de son audace dans la parabole du « bon Samaritain » (Lu 10:33). Rappelons la peine qu'éprouva saint Paul à faire prévaloir sa notion vraiment universaliste, en face de la tradition judaïque : « il n'y a plus ni Juif ni Grec, etc. », proclame-t-il (Ga 3:28).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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    • Genèse 18

      4 Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.

      Genèse 19

      2 and he said, "See now, my lords, please turn aside into your servant's house, stay all night, wash your feet, and you can rise up early, and go on your way." They said, "No, but we will stay in the street all night."

      Genèse 31

      7 Your father has deceived me, and changed my wages ten times, but God didn't allow him to hurt me.

      Genèse 37

      25 They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.

      Exode 12

      49 One law shall be to him who is born at home, and to the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you."

      Exode 20

      10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates;

      Lévitique 24

      22 You shall have one kind of law, for the foreigner as well as the native-born: for I am Yahweh your God.'"

      Nombres 15

      15 For the assembly, there shall be one statute for you, and for the stranger who lives as a foreigner, a statute forever throughout your generations: as you are, so shall the foreigner be before Yahweh.
      29 You shall have one law for him who does anything unwittingly, for him who is native-born among the children of Israel, and for the stranger who lives as a foreigner among them.

      Nombres 35

      34 You shall not defile the land which you inhabit, in the midst of which I dwell: for I, Yahweh, dwell in the midst of the children of Israel.'"

      Josué 9

      1 It happened, when all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the great sea in front of Lebanon, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard of it
      2 that they gathered themselves together to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord.
      3 But when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done to Jericho and to Ai,
      4 they also resorted to a ruse, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks on their donkeys, and wineskins, old and torn and bound up,
      5 and old and patched shoes on their feet, and wore old garments. All the bread of their provision was dry and moldy.
      6 They went to Joshua to the camp at Gilgal, and said to him, and to the men of Israel, "We have come from a far country. Now therefore make a covenant with us."
      7 The men of Israel said to the Hivites, "What if you live among us. How could we make a covenant with you?"
      8 They said to Joshua, "We are your servants." Joshua said to them, "Who are you? Where do you come from?"
      9 They said to him, "Your servants have come from a very far country because of the name of Yahweh your God; for we have heard of his fame, all that he did in Egypt,
      10 and all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon and to Og king of Bashan, who was at Ashtaroth.
      11 Our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spoke to us, saying, 'Take provision in your hand for the journey, and go to meet them, and tell them, "We are your servants. Now make a covenant with us."'
      12 This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on the day we went out to go to you; but now, behold, it is dry, and has become moldy.
      13 These wineskins, which we filled, were new; and behold, they are torn. These our garments and our shoes have become old because of the very long journey."
      14 The men sampled their provisions, and didn't ask counsel from the mouth of Yahweh.
      15 Joshua made peace with them, and made a covenant with them, to let them live. The princes of the congregation swore to them.
      16 It happened at the end of three days after they had made a covenant with them, that they heard that they were their neighbors, and that they lived among them.
      17 The children of Israel traveled and came to their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath Jearim.
      18 The children of Israel didn't strike them, because the princes of the congregation had sworn to them by Yahweh, the God of Israel. All the congregation murmured against the princes.
      19 But all the princes said to all the congregation, "We have sworn to them by Yahweh, the God of Israel: now therefore we may not touch them.
      20 This we will do to them, and let them live; lest wrath be on us, because of the oath which we swore to them."
      21 The princes said to them, "Let them live, so they became wood cutters and drawers of water for all the congregation, as the princes had spoken to them."
      22 Joshua called for them, and he spoke to them, saying, "Why have you deceived us, saying, 'We are very far from you,' when you live among us?
      23 Now therefore you are cursed, and some of you will never fail to be bondservants, both wood cutters and drawers of water for the house of my God."
      24 They answered Joshua, and said, "Because your servants were certainly told how Yahweh your God commanded his servant Moses to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land from before you. Therefore we were very afraid for our lives because of you, and have done this thing.
      25 Now, behold, we are in your hand. Do to us as it seems good and right to you to do."
      26 He did so to them, and delivered them out of the hand of the children of Israel, so that they didn't kill them.
      27 That day Joshua made them wood cutters and drawers of water for the congregation and for the altar of Yahweh, to this day, in the place which he should choose.

      Juges 1

      27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.
      28 It happened, when Israel had grown strong, that they put the Canaanites to forced labor, and did not utterly drive them out.
      29 Ephraim didn't drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer; but the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.
      30 Zebulun didn't drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites lived among them, and became subject to forced labor.
      31 Asher didn't drive out the inhabitants of Acco, nor the inhabitants of Sidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob;
      32 but the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land; for they did not drive them out.
      33 Naphtali didn't drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth Anath; but he lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Beth Shemesh and of Beth Anath became subject to forced labor.

      Juges 5

      27 At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay. At her feet he bowed, he fell. Where he bowed, there he fell down dead.

      Juges 10

      6 The children of Israel again did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, and served the Baals, and the Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Sidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; and they forsook Yahweh, and didn't serve him.

      Juges 13

      15 Manoah said to the angel of Yahweh, "Please, let us detain you, that we may make a young goat ready for you."

      Juges 17

      7 There was a young man out of Bethlehem Judah, of the family of Judah, who was a Levite; and he lived there.
      8 The man departed out of the city, out of Bethlehem Judah, to live where he could find a place, and he came to the hill country of Ephraim to the house of Micah, as he traveled.
      9 Micah said to him, "Where did you come from?" He said to him, "I am a Levite of Bethlehem Judah, and I am looking for a place to live."

      Juges 19

      1 It happened in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite living on the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehem Judah.
      15 They turned aside there, to go in to lodge in Gibeah: and he went in, and sat him down in the street of the city; for there was no man who took them into his house to lodge.
      21 So he brought him into his house, and gave the donkeys fodder; and they washed their feet, and ate and drink.

      Ruth 1

      4 They took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they lived there about ten years.

      1 Samuel 21

      7 Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before Yahweh; and his name was Doeg the Edomite, the best of the herdsmen who belonged to Saul.

      2 Samuel 1

      8 He said to me, 'Who are you?' I answered him, 'I am an Amalekite.'

      2 Samuel 8

      2 He struck Moab, and measured them with the line, making them to lie down on the ground; and he measured two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive. The Moabites became servants to David, and brought tribute.

      2 Samuel 15

      18 All his servants passed on beside him; and all the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred men who came after him from Gath, passed on before the king.

      Néhémie 8

      1 All the people gathered themselves together as one man into the broad place that was before the water gate; and they spoke to Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which Yahweh had commanded to Israel.
      2 Ezra the priest brought the law before the assembly, both men and women, and all who could hear with understanding, on the first day of the seventh month.
      3 He read therein before the broad place that was before the water gate from early morning until midday, in the presence of the men and the women, and of those who could understand; and the ears of all the people were attentive to the book of the law.
      4 Ezra the scribe stood on a pulpit of wood, which they had made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and Anaiah, and Uriah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchijah, and Hashum, and Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam.
      5 Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people; (for he was above all the people;) and when he opened it, all the people stood up:
      6 and Ezra blessed Yahweh, the great God. All the people answered, "Amen, Amen," with the lifting up of their hands. They bowed their heads, and worshiped Yahweh with their faces to the ground.
      7 Also Jeshua, and Bani, and Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the Levites, caused the people to understand the law: and the people stayed in their place.
      8 They read in the book, in the law of God, distinctly; and they gave the sense, so that they understood the reading.
      9 Nehemiah, who was the governor, and Ezra the priest the scribe, and the Levites who taught the people, said to all the people, "This day is holy to Yahweh your God. Don't mourn, nor weep." For all the people wept, when they heard the words of the law.
      10 Then he said to them, "Go your way. Eat the fat, drink the sweet, and send portions to him for whom nothing is prepared; for this day is holy to our Lord. Don't be grieved; for the joy of Yahweh is your strength."
      11 So the Levites stilled all the people, saying, "Hold your peace, for the day is holy; neither be grieved."
      12 All the people went their way to eat, and to drink, and to send portions, and to make great mirth, because they had understood the words that were declared to them.
      13 On the second day were gathered together the heads of fathers' households of all the people, the priests, and the Levites, to Ezra the scribe, even to give attention to the words of the law.
      14 They found written in the law, how that Yahweh had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel should dwell in booths in the feast of the seventh month;
      15 and that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, "Go out to the mountain, and get olive branches, and branches of wild olive, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written."
      16 So the people went out, and brought them, and made themselves booths, everyone on the roof of his house, and in their courts, and in the courts of God's house, and in the broad place of the water gate, and in the broad place of the gate of Ephraim.
      17 All the assembly of those who had come again out of the captivity made booths, and lived in the booths; for since the days of Jeshua the son of Nun to that day the children of Israel had not done so. There was very great gladness.
      18 Also day by day, from the first day to the last day, he read in the book of the law of God. They kept the feast seven days; and on the eighth day was a solemn assembly, according to the ordinance.

      Néhémie 13

      24 and their children spoke half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people.

      Job 31

      32 (the foreigner has not lodged in the street, but I have opened my doors to the traveler);

      Proverbes 2

      16 To deliver you from the strange woman, even from the foreigner who flatters with her words;

      Proverbes 7

      5 that they may keep you from the strange woman, from the foreigner who flatters with her words.

      Proverbes 31

      24 She makes linen garments and sells them, and delivers sashes to the merchant.

      Esaïe 56

      6 Also the foreigners who join themselves to Yahweh, to minister to him, and to love the name of Yahweh, to be his servants, everyone who keeps the Sabbath from profaning it, and holds fast my covenant;

      Ezéchiel 4

      13 Yahweh said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their bread unclean, among the nations where I will drive them.

      Ezéchiel 27

      17 Judah, and the land of Israel, they were your traffickers: they traded for your merchandise wheat of Minnith, and confections, and honey, and oil, and balm.

      Ezéchiel 44

      6 You shall tell the rebellious, even to the house of Israel, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: you house of Israel, let it suffice you of all your abominations,
      10 But the Levites who went far from me, when Israel went astray, who went astray from me after their idols, they shall bear their iniquity.
      22 Neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her who is put away; but they shall take virgins of the seed of the house of Israel, or a widow who is the widow of a priest.

      Ezéchiel 47

      22 It shall happen, that you shall divide it by lot for an inheritance to you and to the aliens who live among you, who shall father children among you; and they shall be to you as the native-born among the children of Israel; they shall have inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel.

      Malachie 2

      11 Judah has dealt treacherously, and an abomination is committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah has profaned the holiness of Yahweh which he loves, and has married the daughter of a foreign god.

      Matthieu 8

      10 When Jesus heard it, he marveled, and said to those who followed, "Most certainly I tell you, I haven't found so great a faith, not even in Israel.

      Marc 7

      26 Now the woman was a Greek, a Syrophoenician by race. She begged him that he would cast the demon out of her daughter.

      Luc 9

      54 When his disciples, James and John, saw this, they said, "Lord, do you want us to command fire to come down from the sky, and destroy them, just as Elijah did?"

      Luc 10

      33 But a certain Samaritan, as he traveled, came where he was. When he saw him, he was moved with compassion,

      Luc 17

      18 Were there none found who returned to give glory to God, except this stranger?"

      Romains 11

      4 But how does God answer him? "I have reserved for myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to Baal."
      19 You will say then, "Branches were broken off, that I might be grafted in."

      Galates 3

      28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
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