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FAMINE

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Fléau des plus redoutables, qui consiste en la privation des denrées alimentaires ; c'est une disette absolue. Les famines peuvent prendre des proportions terribles : en 874, la France et l'Allemagne perdirent presque le tiers de leur population des suites d'une violente famine ; en 1601, plus de 120.000 personnes périrent dans la seule ville de Moscou.

La famine peut avoir des causes fort diverses. En Palestine elle est le plus souvent l'effet de la sécheresse. Le manque de pluie (voir ce mot) au moment de la croissance des céréales est un des pires désastres. Il faut qu'il pleuve sur la semence, en oct. ou nov., puis sur la germination au printemps (Le 26:19, Am 4:6 et suivant). Ces pluies-là sont un don particulier de Dieu (De 11:11-14). La famine est d'ailleurs un jugement de Dieu, un effet de sa malédiction (2Sa 21:1,1Ro 17:1, Eze 5:12 ; les prophètes ; le Pseud. Esdras ; Jas 5:17, Mr 13:8, Ap 18:8). En Egypte il suffit que les crues du Nil soient en défaut pour provoquer une famine ; il y eut dans ce pays une famine mémorable qui dura sept ans (Ge 41), de même que dans les régions voisines. Ses tristes effets furent atténués, comme on sait, par la perspicacité de Joseph. Des descriptions égyptiennes racontent des mesures analogues aux siennes prises par un certain fonctionnaire Baba vers la même époque que Joseph. De nombreuses famines sont citées dans la Bible, notamment Ge 12:10 41:27, Ru 1:1,2Sa 21:1,1Ro 18:2,2Ro 4:38 25:3 1Ma 6:54, Lu 4:25, Ac 7:11 11:28.

Toutes les causes de mauvaise réussite des cultures peuvent devenir des causes de famine, depuis la sécheresse jusqu'aux invasions de parasites. La pluie persistante, les tourmentes, la grêle surtout, peuvent anéantir en quelques instants les récoltes (Ex 9:22-32,1Sa 12:17) de même les invasions de sauterelles sont un fléau des plus graves (Ex 10:14, Joe 1:4, Am 4:9), avec lequel seules les guerres peuvent rivaliser (2Ro 6:25 25:3, Jer 21:9, La 4:9). Sous les Macchabées sévit une terrible famine, « comme si la terre elle-même était passée à l'ennemi » : (1Ma 9:24) elle avait l'air de se refuser à nourrir les Juifs, ses habitants !

La famine entraîne souvent des maladies épidémiques, notamment la peste (1Ro 8:37), par suite des mauvaises conditions d'alimentation et de la diminution de la résistance physique qui en est la conséquence.

Une sage économie politique peut seule enrayer la famine. On ne s'étonne pas que ce soit ordinairement aux moments de crises qu'apparaisse ce fléau. La chute de l'empire romain fut marquée de nombreuses famines, dont une, relatée dans Ac 11:2 et suivant, pourrait être celle dont parle l'historien Josèphe et daterait de l'an 45 (voir Chronol. du N.T., II, 1) ; mais le déplorable règne de l'empereur Claude en connut un grand nombre.

L'idée de famine est spiritualisée dans Am 8:11.

C'est la famine qui amène l'enfant prodigue à réfléchir sur son péché (Lu 15:14). H. L.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 12

      10 There was a famine in the land. Abram went down into Egypt to live as a foreigner there, for the famine was severe in the land.

      Genèse 41

      1 It happened at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed: and behold, he stood by the river.
      2 Behold, there came up out of the river seven cattle, sleek and fat, and they fed in the marsh grass.
      3 Behold, seven other cattle came up after them out of the river, ugly and thin, and stood by the other cattle on the brink of the river.
      4 The ugly and thin cattle ate up the seven sleek and fat cattle. So Pharaoh awoke.
      5 He slept and dreamed a second time: and behold, seven heads of grain came up on one stalk, healthy and good.
      6 Behold, seven heads of grain, thin and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them.
      7 The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven healthy and full ears. Pharaoh awoke, and behold, it was a dream.
      8 It happened in the morning that his spirit was troubled, and he sent and called for all of Egypt's magicians and wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was no one who could interpret them to Pharaoh.
      9 Then the chief cupbearer spoke to Pharaoh, saying, "I remember my faults today.
      10 Pharaoh was angry with his servants, and put me in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, me and the chief baker.
      11 We dreamed a dream in one night, I and he. We dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream.
      12 There was with us there a young man, a Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard, and we told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams. To each man according to his dream he interpreted.
      13 It happened, as he interpreted to us, so it was: he restored me to my office, and he hanged him."
      14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon. He shaved himself, changed his clothing, and came in to Pharaoh.
      15 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "I have dreamed a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it. I have heard it said of you, that when you hear a dream you can interpret it."
      16 Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, "It isn't in me. God will give Pharaoh an answer of peace."
      17 Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, "In my dream, behold, I stood on the brink of the river:
      18 and behold, there came up out of the river seven cattle, fat and sleek. They fed in the marsh grass,
      19 and behold, seven other cattle came up after them, poor and very ugly and thin, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for ugliness.
      20 The thin and ugly cattle ate up the first seven fat cattle,
      21 and when they had eaten them up, it couldn't be known that they had eaten them, but they were still ugly, as at the beginning. So I awoke.
      22 I saw in my dream, and behold, seven heads of grain came up on one stalk, full and good:
      23 and behold, seven heads of grain, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them.
      24 The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven good heads of grain. I told it to the magicians, but there was no one who could explain it to me."
      25 Joseph said to Pharaoh, "The dream of Pharaoh is one. What God is about to do he has declared to Pharaoh.
      26 The seven good cattle are seven years; and the seven good heads of grain are seven years. The dream is one.
      27 The seven thin and ugly cattle that came up after them are seven years, and also the seven empty heads of grain blasted with the east wind; they will be seven years of famine.
      28 That is the thing which I spoke to Pharaoh. What God is about to do he has shown to Pharaoh.
      29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt.
      30 There will arise after them seven years of famine, and all the plenty will be forgotten in the land of Egypt. The famine will consume the land,
      31 and the plenty will not be known in the land by reason of that famine which follows; for it will be very grievous.
      32 The dream was doubled to Pharaoh, because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass.
      33 "Now therefore let Pharaoh look for a discreet and wise man, and set him over the land of Egypt.
      34 Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint overseers over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt's produce in the seven plenteous years.
      35 Let them gather all the food of these good years that come, and lay up grain under the hand of Pharaoh for food in the cities, and let them keep it.
      36 The food will be for a store to the land against the seven years of famine, which will be in the land of Egypt; that the land not perish through the famine."
      37 The thing was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants.
      38 Pharaoh said to his servants, "Can we find such a one as this, a man in whom is the Spirit of God?"
      39 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Because God has shown you all of this, there is none so discreet and wise as you.
      40 You shall be over my house, and according to your word will all my people be ruled. Only in the throne I will be greater than you."
      41 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Behold, I have set you over all the land of Egypt."
      42 Pharaoh took off his signet ring from his hand, and put it on Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in robes of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck,
      43 and he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had. They cried before him, "Bow the knee!" He set him over all the land of Egypt.
      44 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "I am Pharaoh, and without you shall no man lift up his hand or his foot in all the land of Egypt."
      45 Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphenath-Paneah; and he gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On as a wife. Joseph went out over the land of Egypt.
      46 Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt.
      47 In the seven plenteous years the earth produced abundantly.
      48 He gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was around every city, he laid up in the same.
      49 Joseph laid up grain as the sand of the sea, very much, until he stopped counting, for it was without number.
      50 To Joseph were born two sons before the year of famine came, whom Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, bore to him.
      51 Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh, "For," he said, "God has made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house."
      52 The name of the second, he called Ephraim : "For God has made me fruitful in the land of my affliction."
      53 The seven years of plenty, that were in the land of Egypt, came to an end.
      54 The seven years of famine began to come, just as Joseph had said. There was famine in all lands, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread.
      55 When all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread, and Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, "Go to Joseph. What he says to you, do."
      56 The famine was over all the surface of the earth. Joseph opened all the store houses, and sold to the Egyptians. The famine was severe in the land of Egypt.
      57 All countries came into Egypt, to Joseph, to buy grain, because the famine was severe in all the earth.

      Exode 9

      22 Yahweh said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, on man, and on animal, and on every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt."
      23 Moses stretched out his rod toward the heavens, and Yahweh sent thunder, hail, and lightning flashed down to the earth. Yahweh rained hail on the land of Egypt.
      24 So there was very severe hail, and lightning mixed with the hail, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.
      25 The hail struck throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and animal; and the hail struck every herb of the field, and broke every tree of the field.
      26 Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hail.
      27 Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said to them, "I have sinned this time. Yahweh is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.
      28 Pray to Yahweh; for there has been enough of mighty thunderings and hail. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer."
      29 Moses said to him, "As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands to Yahweh. The thunders shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that you may know that the earth is Yahweh's.
      30 But as for you and your servants, I know that you don't yet fear Yahweh God."
      31 The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom.
      32 But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up.

      Exode 10

      14 The locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the borders of Egypt. They were very grievous. Before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.

      Lévitique 26

      19 I will break the pride of your power, and I will make your sky like iron, and your soil like brass;

      Ruth 1

      1 It happened in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.

      1 Samuel 12

      17 Isn't it wheat harvest today? I will call to Yahweh, that he may send thunder and rain; and you shall know and see that your wickedness is great, which you have done in the sight of Yahweh, in asking for a king."

      2 Samuel 21

      1 There was a famine in the days of David three years, year after year; and David sought the face of Yahweh. Yahweh said, "It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he put to death the Gibeonites."

      Jérémie 21

      9 He who remains in this city shall die by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence; but he who goes out, and passes over to the Chaldeans who besiege you, he shall live, and his life shall be to him for a prey.

      Lamentations 4

      9 Those who are killed with the sword are better than those who are killed with hunger; For these pine away, stricken through, for want of the fruits of the field.

      Ezéchiel 5

      12 A third part of you shall die with the pestilence, and with famine shall they be consumed in the midst of you; and a third part shall fall by the sword around you; and a third part I will scatter to all the winds, and will draw out a sword after them.

      Joël 1

      4 What the swarming locust has left, the great locust has eaten. What the great locust has left, the grasshopper has eaten. What the grasshopper has left, the caterpillar has eaten.

      Amos 4

      6 "I also have given you cleanness of teeth in all your cities, and lack of bread in every town; yet you haven't returned to me," says Yahweh.
      9 "I struck you with blight and mildew many times in your gardens and your vineyards; and your fig trees and your olive trees have the swarming locust devoured: yet you haven't returned to me," says Yahweh.

      Amos 8

      11 Behold, the days come," says the Lord Yahweh, "that I will send a famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of Yahweh.

      Marc 13

      8 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places. There will be famines and troubles. These things are the beginning of birth pains.

      Luc 4

      25 But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.

      Luc 15

      14 When he had spent all of it, there arose a severe famine in that country, and he began to be in need.

      Actes 7

      11 Now a famine came over all the land of Egypt and Canaan, and great affliction. Our fathers found no food.

      Actes 11

      2 When Peter had come up to Jerusalem, those who were of the circumcision contended with him,
      28 One of them named Agabus stood up, and indicated by the Spirit that there should be a great famine all over the world, which also happened in the days of Claudius.

      Jacques 5

      17 Elijah was a man with a nature like ours, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain, and it didn't rain on the earth for three years and six months.

      Apocalypse 18

      8 Therefore in one day her plagues will come: death, mourning, and famine; and she will be utterly burned with fire; for the Lord God who has judged her is strong.
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