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GUILGAL

Définition biblique de Guilgal :

Ce terme signifie "cercle de pierres" et par extension "pierres dressées en témoignage". Plusieurs endroits portent ce nom. 

Sommaire

I. ÉTYMOLOGIE. 

(=cercle de pierres ; Jos 5:9 donne à ce nom un sens dérivé : « rouler » l'opprobre ; Jug 3:19 se rapproche de l'étym. première : « carrière » ; Jos 4:20 en donne l'explication traditionnelle : « pierres dressées » en témoignage). Nom donné pour ces motifs à divers lieux.

II. A L'EST DE JÉRICO. 

L'endroit, à l'Est de Jérico, où les Israélites campèrent après le passage du Jourdain (Jos 4:19) et où furent dressées douze pierres en souvenir de ce passage (Jos 4:20). Les Israélites y furent circoncis (Jos 5:2,9). Josué semble y avoir tenu son quartier général jusqu'à la victoire du lac Mérom (Jos 9:6 10:6-9 14:6, cf. Jug 2:1, Mic 6:5). Guilgal fut un lieu sacré : Samuel y convoqua Saül pour offrir des sacrifices à l'occasion de son élection royale (1Sa 10:8). Saül y fut confirmé roi devant le peuple (1Sa 11:14), et Samuel tardant à venir, il offrit lui-même l'holocauste, premier sacrilège qui motiva son rejet (1Sa 13:7-14). Là aussi, ayant épargné par convoitise le roi Agag et une partie du butin pris sur les Amalécites, au lieu de tout vouer à l'interdit comme Samuel le lui avait ordonné, il fut définitivement rejeté (1Sa 15:1-12,21,33) Après la mort d'Absalom, le peuple de Juda y vint à la rencontre de David pour lui faire repasser le Jourdain (2Sa 19:15,40). Il y eut là un sanctuaire très fréquenté par les Israélites du VIII e siècle, qui s'y livraient à l'idolâtrie, ce qui attira contre ce lieu les menaces des prophètes (Os 4:15 9:15 12:12 Am 4:4 5:5). Depuis longtemps, avec Josèphe, on a cru pouvoir identifier le site de G. avec le moderne Tell Djeldjoûl (même signification), tertre où se trouvent des traces d'un cromlech et quelques ruines, peut-être celles d'une église du VI e siècle ap. J. -C.

III. ENTRE BÉTEL ET SICHEM. 

Autre localité, entre Béthel et Sichem, dans les monts de Samarie. Élie et Elisée s'y trouvaient ensemble avant l'enlèvement d'Élie ! (2Ro 2:1) C'est sans doute ce Guilgal qui était compris dans la tournée annuelle de Samuel, à moins qu'il ne s'agisse du précédent (1Sa 7:16). Probablement l'actuelle Djildjilia

IV. A L'EST DE GARIZIM.

Autre localité, citée avec les monts Garizim et Ébal. Probablement à l'Est de Garizim (De 11:30), l'actuelle Djouleidjil. Sans doute aussi mentionnée dans Jos 12:23.

V. POINT DE FRONTIÈRE DE JUDA.

Point frontière N. de Juda (Jos 15:7), appelé aussi Guéliloth (Jos 18:17), peut-être le même que le n° 1 ; encore appelé Beth-Guilgal, près de Jérusalem (Ne 12:29). C. L.

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      Deutéronome 11

      30 Aren't they beyond the Jordan, behind the way of the going down of the sun, in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah, over against Gilgal, beside the oaks of Moreh?

      Josué 4

      19 The people came up out of the Jordan on the tenth day of the first month, and encamped in Gilgal, on the east border of Jericho.
      20 Joshua set up those twelve stones, which they took out of the Jordan, in Gilgal.

      Josué 5

      2 At that time, Yahweh said to Joshua, "Make flint knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time."
      9 Yahweh said to Joshua, "Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you." Therefore the name of that place was called Gilgal, to this day.
      10 The children of Israel encamped in Gilgal. They kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month at evening in the plains of Jericho.

      Josué 9

      6 They went to Joshua to the camp at Gilgal, and said to him, and to the men of Israel, "We have come from a far country. Now therefore make a covenant with us."

      Josué 10

      6 The men of Gibeon sent to Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, "Don't abandon your servants! Come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us; for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the hill country have gathered together against us."
      7 So Joshua went up from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor.
      9 Joshua therefore came on them suddenly. He went up from Gilgal all night.
      15 Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp to Gilgal.
      43 Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp to Gilgal.

      Josué 12

      23 the king of Dor in the height of Dor, one; the king of Goiim in Gilgal, one;

      Josué 14

      6 Then the children of Judah drew near to Joshua in Gilgal. Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite said to him, "You know the thing that Yahweh spoke to Moses the man of God concerning me and concerning you in Kadesh Barnea.

      Josué 15

      7 The border went up to Debir from the valley of Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is over against the ascent of Adummim, which is on the south side of the river. The border passed along to the waters of En Shemesh, and ended at En Rogel.

      Josué 18

      17 It extended northward, went out at En Shemesh, and went out to Geliloth, which is over against the ascent of Adummim. It went down to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben.

      Juges 2

      1 The angel of Yahweh came up from Gilgal to Bochim. He said, "I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you to the land which I swore to your fathers; and I said, 'I will never break my covenant with you:

      Juges 3

      19 But he himself turned back from the quarries that were by Gilgal, and said, "I have a secret errand to you, king." The king said, "Keep silence!" All who stood by him went out from him.

      1 Samuel 7

      16 He went from year to year in circuit to Bethel and Gilgal, and Mizpah; and he judged Israel in all those places.

      1 Samuel 10

      8 "You shall go down before me to Gilgal; and behold, I will come down to you, to offer burnt offerings, and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace offerings: you shall wait seven days, until I come to you, and show you what you shall do."

      1 Samuel 11

      14 Then Samuel said to the people, "Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there."
      15 All the people went to Gilgal; and there they made Saul king before Yahweh in Gilgal; and there they offered sacrifices of peace offerings before Yahweh; and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly.

      1 Samuel 13

      4 All Israel heard that Saul had struck the garrison of the Philistines, and also that Israel was had in abomination with the Philistines. The people were gathered together after Saul to Gilgal.
      7 Now some of the Hebrews had gone over the Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead; but as for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.
      8 He stayed seven days, according to the time set by Samuel: but Samuel didn't come to Gilgal; and the people were scattered from him.
      9 Saul said, "Bring here the burnt offering to me, and the peace offerings." He offered the burnt offering.
      10 It came to pass that as soon as he had made an end of offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him, that he might greet him.
      11 Samuel said, "What have you done?" Saul said, "Because I saw that the people were scattered from me, and that you didn't come within the days appointed, and that the Philistines assembled themselves together at Michmash;
      12 therefore I said, 'Now the Philistines will come down on me to Gilgal, and I haven't entreated the favor of Yahweh.' I forced myself therefore, and offered the burnt offering."
      13 Samuel said to Saul, "You have done foolishly. You have not kept the commandment of Yahweh your God, which he commanded you; for now Yahweh would have established your kingdom on Israel forever.
      14 But now your kingdom shall not continue. Yahweh has sought for himself a man after his own heart, and Yahweh has appointed him to be prince over his people, because you have not kept that which Yahweh commanded you."
      15 Samuel arose, and went from Gilgal to Gibeah of Benjamin. Saul numbered the people who were present with him, about six hundred men.

      1 Samuel 15

      1 Samuel said to Saul, "Yahweh sent me to anoint you to be king over his people, over Israel. Now therefore listen to the voice of the words of Yahweh.
      2 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, 'I have marked that which Amalek did to Israel, how he set himself against him in the way, when he came up out of Egypt.
      3 Now go and strike Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and don't spare them; but kill both man and woman, infant and nursing baby, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.'"
      4 Saul summoned the people, and numbered them in Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah.
      5 Saul came to the city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley.
      6 Saul said to the Kenites, "Go, depart, go down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them; for you showed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt." So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.
      7 Saul struck the Amalekites, from Havilah as you go to Shur, that is before Egypt.
      8 He took Agag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword.
      9 But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, and of the cattle, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was good, and wouldn't utterly destroy them: but everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.
      10 Then the word of Yahweh came to Samuel, saying,
      11 "It grieves me that I have set up Saul to be king; for he is turned back from following me, and has not performed my commandments." Samuel was angry; and he cried to Yahweh all night.
      12 Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning; and it was told Samuel, saying, "Saul came to Carmel, and behold, he set up a monument for himself, and turned, and passed on, and went down to Gilgal."
      21 But the people took of the spoil, sheep and cattle, the chief of the devoted things, to sacrifice to Yahweh your God in Gilgal."
      33 Samuel said, "As your sword has made women childless, so your mother will be childless among women!" Samuel cut Agag in pieces before Yahweh in Gilgal.

      2 Samuel 19

      15 So the king returned, and came to the Jordan. Judah came to Gilgal, to go to meet the king, to bring the king over the Jordan.
      40 So the king went over to Gilgal, and Chimham went over with him. All the people of Judah brought the king over, and also half the people of Israel.

      Néhémie 12

      29 also from Beth Gilgal, and out of the fields of Geba and Azmaveth: for the singers had built them villages around Jerusalem.

      Osée 4

      15 "Though you, Israel, play the prostitute, yet don't let Judah offend; and don't come to Gilgal, neither go up to Beth Aven, nor swear, 'As Yahweh lives.'

      Osée 9

      15 "All their wickedness is in Gilgal; for there I hated them. Because of the wickedness of their deeds I will drive them out of my house! I will love them no more. All their princes are rebels.

      Osée 12

      11 If Gilead is wicked, surely they are worthless. In Gilgal they sacrifice bulls. Indeed, their altars are like heaps in the furrows of the field.
      12 Jacob fled into the country of Aram, and Israel served to get a wife, and for a wife he tended flocks and herds.

      Amos 4

      4 "Go to Bethel, and sin; to Gilgal, and sin more. Bring your sacrifices every morning, your tithes every three days,

      Amos 5

      5 but don't seek Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and don't pass to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nothing.

      Michée 6

      5 My people, remember now what Balak king of Moab devised, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim to Gilgal, that you may know the righteous acts of Yahweh."
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