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ISRAËL (Histoire et Religion 4.)

Le royaume uni sous le roi David Voir Atlas 5

3.

Établissement de la royauté.

Nous arrivons à une période moins obscure. Si la documentation est, à la vérité, peu abondante, les dates qui s'y rapportent sont plus dignes de confiance, étant contrôlables par des sources étrangères. Mille ans environ avant l'ère chrétienne, la royauté fut instaurée en Israël. Ce régime, inauguré par Saül le premier roi, fut complété et perfectionné par David ; et bien qu'Israël n'ait à aucun moment joué un rôle important dans la politique mondiale, les résultats de l'oeuvre accomplie par David se font encore sentir et peuvent être rapprochés des hauts faits des Grecs et des Romains. La tradition juive récente exalte en lui l'organisateur du culte et l'auteur des hymnes sacrés. Ces titres n'ajoutent rien à sa renommée. L'oeuvre accomplie par David, même réduite à ses moindres proportions, lui assigne un rang élevé parmi les grands noms de l'humanité. On ne peut nier qu'il fût à la fois musicien et poète. L'élégie composée après la mort de Saül et de Jonathan (2Sa 1:19-27) et déclarée authentique par une critique rigoureuse, l'atteste ; mais elle n'est pas, à strictement parler, un poème religieux. (cf. 2Sa 3:33 et suivant) Le sens poétique et un sentiment de piété délicat s'expriment dans le beau récit de 2Sa 23:15-17 : exposer sa vie comme le firent ces hommes, c'est offrir à Dieu un sacrifice digne de lui. D'autres récits nous montrent en David un homme énergique, habile, capable, en cette période tourmentée, de maintenir ses droits, d'inspirer à ses successeurs confiance et loyauté, de concevoir de vastes projets et de les mettre à exécution. La criminelle tragédie qui marqua le début de son règne le fit juger sévèrement. Mais il est peu vraisemblable qu'un homme au caractère en somme chevaleresque ait pu, pour des fins politiques, pervertir les sources mêmes de la justice (2Sa 21). La conduite des prêtres et du peuple, en cette circonstance, fut conforme à l'esprit du temps. La famine était, croyait-on, le signe du courroux de Jéhovah considéré comme le vengeur de la rupture de l'alliance traitée avec lui, et le châtiment infligé aux fils de Saül semblait être le procédé de vengeance le plus naturel. On n'avait pas encore compris qu'il est injuste que les enfants soient punis pour l'iniquité des pères (2Ro 14:6, De 24:16). La tache la plus sombre qui ternit la mémoire de celui qui est appelé « un homme selon le coeur de Dieu » est celle du meurtre d'Urie le Héthien (2Sa 11). David était agité de passions violentes et incapable de les maîtriser. Un acte aussi vil eût semblé insignifiant aux despotes orientaux d'alors, et même aux rois d'une époque plus rapprochée de nous. Mais en Israël il y avait un prophète, Nathan, qui se dressa en justicier devant le roi et, au moyen d'une admirable parabole, éveilla en lui la repentance et provoqua sa confession (2Sa 12:13). Au sein de sa propre famille, des ferments de discorde et de révolte empoisonnèrent les dernières années de David. L'histoire du fils téméraire Absalom et du chagrin qui brisa le coeur de son père nous offre un tableau des plus pathétiques, remarquable de vigueur et d'émotion (2Sa 18:33). La royauté tint bon et la rébellion fut brisée.

S'il importe de se faire une idée de l'homme que fut David, notre but est avant tout de souligner son oeuvre. Elle eut des conséquences qu'il n'avait pas soupçonnées. Sa vie comprend trois périodes :

A la cour de Saül : ici pas d'histoire suivie, mais une série de récits sans lien entre eux et qu'il est, par suite, difficile d'harmoniser. La mort de Goliath tué par David (1Sa 17, cf. 2Sa 21:19,1Ch 20:5) --si elle est une légende--reflète du moins un fait historique : ce fut David qui mit fin aux provocations et aux menaces des Philistins.

Chassé de la cour de Saül ; il mène alors une vie vagabonde, et il est réputé pour son habileté, son courage et son adresse.

La réunion des tribus et le choix de Jérusalem comme capitale, grande tâche à laquelle il avait été destiné et préparé par les événements si divers de son existence. Voir Atlas 5

Les Cananéens ne comptaient plus comme force organisée à combattre. C'est avec le parti de Saül et avec les Philistins qu'il fallait maintenant se mesurer. L'Egypte et l'Assyrie sont en dehors de l'horizon historique. L'ordre des événements est difficile à établir, mais les résultats en sont clairs. David fut oint à Hébron comme premier roi de Juda (2Sa 2:4). D'après la tradition, David avait trente ans quand il commença à régner. Il régna pendant quarante ans, y compris les sept ans et six mois qu'il passa à Hébron. Juda et Israël furent ainsi réunis ; le royaume s'étendit de Dan à Béer-Séba et les tribus environnantes reconnurent qu'un maître puissant occupait le trône. Jérusalem, enlevée aux trop présomptueux Jébusiens (2Sa 5:6 et suivant), devint une place forte qui n'a cessé depuis de jouer un rôle dans l'histoire du monde. Là fut établi le plus important des sanctuaires ; non pas le seul, mais, en tant que capitale et résidence royale, celui de Jérusalem avait la prééminence. David, sautant et dansant devant l'Éternel (2Sa 6:16), était un adorateur sincère et enthousiaste. Le retour de l'arche à Jérusalem fut un acte politique et sage. Cette époque de guerres et d'instabilité n'était pas favorable à l'éclosion d'oeuvres littéraires, mais le peuple trouvait dans des formes naïves un aliment intellectuel et spirituel.

Les querelles de famille qui troublèrent les dernières années de la vie et du règne de David, les intrigues rattachées à l'avènement au trône de Salomon, ne concernent pas directement notre exposé (1Ro 1-3). De telles façons d'agir étaient pratiquées dans les cours royales et sous la domination des despotes, spécialement en Orient. Salomon hérita de son père un royaume doté d'une organisation nouvelle et de ressources considérables pour la construction de la « Maison de Dieu ». La situation politique était favorable : les petites tribus, sources de difficultés passagères, ne pouvaient causer de sérieux préjudices, les Philistins n'avaient plus aucune chance d'agrandir leur territoire. L'Egypte fraternisait et Hiram, roi de Tyr, offrait ses services (1Ro 3:1 5:1-12). Le fait saillant du règne de Salomon (960-930) fut la construction du. temple, qui resta debout jusqu'à l'exil, au début du VI e siècle av. J. -C. Bien que le culte de Jéhovah ne pût, à cette époque, être limité à un centre particulier, cependant l'existence d'une capitale puissante, d'une forteresse établie sur un point stratégique, d'un temple qui, avec plus de raison que les petits autels environnants, s'affirmait la demeure du Dieu national, contribuait largement au développement de la religion. La capitale et le temple furent pour le peuple juif à la fois une force et une source de tentations. L'une et l'autre connurent les caprices du destin, furent le théâtre d'événements joyeux, de viles intrigues et de hideuses tragédies. Salomon fut le constructeur du temple, et le sort de la cité et celui du temple furent jusqu'à la fin intimement liés. Mille ans environ après Salomon, la catastrophe finale se déchaîna dans une révolte insensée contre Rome. Mais, on l'a dit avec raison, « ce qui semble extraordinaire, c'est que ces hommes atteints de folie ne se trompaient pas entièrement. Les enthousiastes qui, au moment même où Jérusalem était en flammes, la proclamaient éternelle, étaient plus près de la vérité que ceux qui ne voyaient en eux que de vulgaires criminels. Au point de vue militaire et immédiat, ils se trompaient ; ils avaient raison quant aux conséquences religieuses dans un lointain avenir. Cette époque tourmentée fut, en réalité, celle où Jérusalem devint la capitale spirituelle du monde. L'Apocalypse, aux pages inspirées par un brûlant amour, a pris place parmi les livres religieux de l'humanité et fixé à jamais l'image de la Cité bien-aimée » (E. Renan). Salomon avait construit `édifice matériel ; l'oeuvre spirituelle du millénaire suivant fut d'amasser le trésor éternel que ni les guerres, ni les ravages du temps ne peuvent détruire.

L'influence personnelle de Salomon sur ce grand mouvement ne fut pas considérable. A côté du temple s'élevaient des autels consacrés à d'autres dieux. La prospérité croissante de Jérusalem amenait à sa suite des maux sans nombre. La sagesse de Salomon est restée légendaire dans l'histoire et la tradition d'Israël et des peuples voisins, mais, à la lumière d'une critique historique impartiale, elle semble infirmée par les faits. A la fin du règne de son père, une extrême tension éprouvait le royaume. David, affaibli par l'âge, tourmenté par des courtisans turbulents et des querelles de famille, semblait avoir perdu l'ascendant sur son peuple ; toutefois, à l'heure où celui-ci était menacé de sombrer, une vague de loyalisme le souleva et la rébellion fut brisée grâce à la vigoureuse attaque de Joab, le guerrier vaillant. Salomon, au contraire, malgré tous les avantages de la paix et de la prospérité, laissa le royaume en pleine effervescence, peuplé de mécontents et prêt à tomber en ruines. S'il eût employé avec sagesse les trente années que dura son règne, il aurait pu unir plus étroitement les tribus, mais son despotisme et son extravagance ne firent qu'aggraver les divisions latentes. La splendeur croissante de la nouvelle capitale ne pouvait manquer d'exciter la jalousie des villes moins importantes ; les lourds impôts prélevés pour la construction des palais, les enrôlements d'hommes pour de rudes travaux obligatoires (1Ro 5:13-18), la prétention, souvent affichée, d'imiter la pompe et le gouvernement absolu des monarques d'Orient, soulevèrent des mécontentements qui ne purent, tant que Salomon vécut, se donner libre cours (1Ro 11), mais qui éclatèrent comme un incendie aussitôt que sa forte personnalité eut disparu (1Ro 12).

On ne sait pas de façon précise quand les Hébreux commencèrent à faire de leur alphabet un usage littéraire (voir Écriture) ; on peut supposer que, pendant le règne de Salomon qui fut en général paisible et prospère, on s'employa activement à consigner par écrit les lois, les chants, les vieux récits. Une grande partie de cette littérature antique a probablement été perdue. Les peuples primitifs ont des traditions orales. Quelques-unes revêtirent une forme écrite avant d'être incorporées à des compilations plus récentes (Jos 10:13,2Sa 11:7,27, No 21:14 et suivant) - A la cour, des services spéciaux et des registres assuraient la conservation des documents officiels. Il se peut que les codes les plus anciens aient été mis par écrit : Ex 34, de J, ainsi que le « Livre de l'Alliance » (Ex 20:22-23:33), qui fut inséré plus tard dans E, document plus étendu. Le Décalogue, dans son expression la plus simple, peut-il être attribué à Moïse ? Sous sa forme la plus récente et dans ses diverses révisions, il appartient à la période prophétique.

L'art de la codification, comme les autres arts, s'apprit lentement. Ces collections de lois ne sont pas combinées entre elles d'après un système déterminé. Cependant on peut en dégager différents éléments : « Les Paroles », « Les Sentences », ayant chacun son caractère propre et son histoire distincte. A cet égard, la question de l'influence babylonienne a été soulevée, le code d'Hammourapi (2000 av. J. -C.) offrant quelques points de ressemblance avec le code hébreu. Mais il n'y a pas lieu de conclure à un emprunt au sens strict du mot. Le code babylonien (voir Assyrie et Babylonie, parag. 8) avait été élaboré pour un empire fortement organisé, avec des clauses relatives à ses transactions juridiques et commerciales et, bien que plus ancien, il marque un progrès évident sur celui des Hébreux destiné à un petit peuple d'agriculteurs. Le code hébraïque s'est, à n'en pas douter, développé en Palestine, bien qu'on y trouve des réminiscences de la vie au désert. La loi du talion : « OEil pour oeil et dent pour dent, etc. », commune aux deux codes, est un ancien élément d'origine sémitique. Durant les siècles suivants se poursuivit le développement de la législation et de la littérature. Si nous ne pouvons plus attribuer à Salomon tous les Proverbes et le « Livre de la Sagesse », nous n'avons aucune raison de douter que sa cour ne fût devenue un centre littéraire élargi et actif, où l'on cultivait avec prédilection le genre littéraire des allégories, des énigmes, des proverbes. Plus tard, cette époque fut regardée comme l'âge d'or de la richesse et de la splendeur.

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      Exode 20

      22 Yahweh said to Moses, "This is what you shall tell the children of Israel: 'You yourselves have seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
      23 You shall most certainly not make alongside of me gods of silver, or gods of gold for yourselves.
      24 You shall make an altar of earth for me, and shall sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your cattle. In every place where I record my name I will come to you and I will bless you.
      25 If you make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of cut stones; for if you lift up your tool on it, you have polluted it.
      26 Neither shall you go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness may not be exposed to it.'

      Exode 21

      1 "Now these are the ordinances which you shall set before them.
      2 "If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve six years and in the seventh he shall go out free without paying anything.
      3 If he comes in by himself, he shall go out by himself. If he is married, then his wife shall go out with him.
      4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself.
      5 But if the servant shall plainly say, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children. I will not go out free;'
      6 then his master shall bring him to God, and shall bring him to the door or to the doorpost, and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him for ever.
      7 "If a man sells his daughter to be a female servant, she shall not go out as the male servants do.
      8 If she doesn't please her master, who has married her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt deceitfully with her.
      9 If he marries her to his son, he shall deal with her as a daughter.
      10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, and her marital rights.
      11 If he doesn't do these three things for her, she may go free without paying any money.
      12 "One who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death,
      13 but not if it is unintentional, but God allows it to happen: then I will appoint you a place where he shall flee.
      14 If a man schemes and comes presumptuously on his neighbor to kill him, you shall take him from my altar, that he may die.
      15 "Anyone who attacks his father or his mother shall be surely put to death.
      16 "Anyone who kidnaps someone and sells him, or if he is found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
      17 "Anyone who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death.
      18 "If men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he doesn't die, but is confined to bed;
      19 if he rises again and walks around with his staff, then he who struck him shall be cleared: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall provide for his healing until he is thoroughly healed.
      20 "If a man strikes his servant or his maid with a rod, and he dies under his hand, he shall surely be punished.
      21 Notwithstanding, if he gets up after a day or two, he shall not be punished, for he is his property.
      22 "If men fight and hurt a pregnant woman so that she gives birth prematurely, and yet no harm follows, he shall be surely fined as much as the woman's husband demands and the judges allow.
      23 But if any harm follows, then you must take life for life,
      24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
      25 burning for burning, wound for wound, and bruise for bruise.
      26 "If a man strikes his servant's eye, or his maid's eye, and destroys it, he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.
      27 If he strikes out his male servant's tooth, or his female servant's tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake.
      28 "If a bull gores a man or a woman to death, the bull shall surely be stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the bull shall not be held responsible.
      29 But if the bull had a habit of goring in the past, and it has been testified to its owner, and he has not kept it in, but it has killed a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death.
      30 If a ransom is laid on him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is laid on him.
      31 Whether it has gored a son or has gored a daughter, according to this judgment it shall be done to him.
      32 If the bull gores a male servant or a female servant, thirty shekels of silver shall be given to their master, and the ox shall be stoned.
      33 "If a man opens a pit, or if a man digs a pit and doesn't cover it, and a bull or a donkey falls into it,
      34 the owner of the pit shall make it good. He shall give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall be his.
      35 "If one man's bull injures another's, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live bull, and divide its price; and they shall also divide the dead animal.
      36 Or if it is known that the bull was in the habit of goring in the past, and its owner has not kept it in, he shall surely pay bull for bull, and the dead animal shall be his own.

      Exode 22

      1 "If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and kills it, or sells it; he shall pay five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.
      2 If the thief is found breaking in, and is struck so that he dies, there shall be no guilt of bloodshed for him.
      3 If the sun has risen on him, guilt of bloodshed shall be for him; he shall make restitution. If he has nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.
      4 If the stolen property is found in his hand alive, whether it is ox, donkey, or sheep, he shall pay double.
      5 "If a man causes a field or vineyard to be eaten, and lets his animal loose, and it grazes in another man's field, he shall make restitution from the best of his own field, and from the best of his own vineyard.
      6 "If fire breaks out, and catches in thorns so that the shocks of grain, or the standing grain, or the field are consumed; he who kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.
      7 "If a man delivers to his neighbor money or stuff to keep, and it is stolen out of the man's house; if the thief is found, he shall pay double.
      8 If the thief isn't found, then the master of the house shall come near to God, to find out if he hasn't put his hand to his neighbor's goods.
      9 For every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for donkey, for sheep, for clothing, or for any kind of lost thing, about which one says, 'This is mine,' the cause of both parties shall come before God. He whom God condemns shall pay double to his neighbor.
      10 "If a man delivers to his neighbor a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal to keep, and it dies or is injured, or driven away, no man seeing it;
      11 the oath of Yahweh shall be between them both, whether he hasn't put his hand to his neighbor's goods; and its owner shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.
      12 But if it is stolen from him, he shall make restitution to its owner.
      13 If it is torn in pieces, let him bring it for evidence. He shall not make good that which was torn.
      14 "If a man borrows anything of his neighbor's, and it is injured, or dies, its owner not being with it, he shall surely make restitution.
      15 If its owner is with it, he shall not make it good. If it is a leased thing, it came for its lease.
      16 "If a man entices a virgin who isn't pledged to be married, and lies with her, he shall surely pay a dowry for her to be his wife.
      17 If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.
      18 "You shall not allow a sorceress to live.
      19 "Whoever has sex with an animal shall surely be put to death.
      20 "He who sacrifices to any god, except to Yahweh only, shall be utterly destroyed.
      21 "You shall not wrong an alien, neither shall you oppress him, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt.
      22 "You shall not take advantage of any widow or fatherless child.
      23 If you take advantage of them at all, and they cry at all to me, I will surely hear their cry;
      24 and my wrath will grow hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.
      25 "If you lend money to any of my people with you who is poor, you shall not be to him as a creditor; neither shall you charge him interest.
      26 If you take your neighbor's garment as collateral, you shall restore it to him before the sun goes down,
      27 for that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin. What would he sleep in? It will happen, when he cries to me, that I will hear, for I am gracious.
      28 "You shall not blaspheme God, nor curse a ruler of your people.
      29 "You shall not delay to offer from your harvest and from the outflow of your presses. "You shall give the firstborn of your sons to me.
      30 You shall do likewise with your cattle and with your sheep. Seven days it shall be with its mother, then on the eighth day you shall give it to me.
      31 "You shall be holy men to me, therefore you shall not eat any flesh that is torn by animals in the field. You shall cast it to the dogs.

      Exode 23

      1 "You shall not spread a false report. Don't join your hand with the wicked to be a malicious witness.
      2 "You shall not follow a crowd to do evil; neither shall you testify in court to side with a multitude to pervert justice;
      3 neither shall you favor a poor man in his cause.
      4 "If you meet your enemy's ox or his donkey going astray, you shall surely bring it back to him again.
      5 If you see the donkey of him who hates you fallen down under his burden, don't leave him, you shall surely help him with it.
      6 "You shall not deny justice to your poor people in their lawsuits.
      7 "Keep far from a false charge, and don't kill the innocent and righteous: for I will not justify the wicked.
      8 "You shall take no bribe, for a bribe blinds those who have sight and perverts the words of the righteous.
      9 "You shall not oppress an alien, for you know the heart of an alien, since you were aliens in the land of Egypt.
      10 "For six years you shall sow your land, and shall gather in its increase,
      11 but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave the animal of the field shall eat. In the same way, you shall deal with your vineyard and with your olive grove.
      12 "Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, that your ox and your donkey may have rest, and the son of your handmaid, and the alien may be refreshed.
      13 "Be careful to do all things that I have said to you; and don't invoke the name of other gods, neither let them be heard out of your mouth.
      14 "You shall observe a feast to me three times a year.
      15 You shall observe the feast of unleavened bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib (for in it you came out from Egypt), and no one shall appear before me empty.
      16 And the feast of harvest, the first fruits of your labors, which you sow in the field: and the feast of harvest, at the end of the year, when you gather in your labors out of the field.
      17 Three times in the year all your males shall appear before the Lord Yahweh.
      18 "You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread, neither shall the fat of my feast remain all night until the morning.
      19 The first of the first fruits of your ground you shall bring into the house of Yahweh your God. "You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk.
      20 "Behold, I send an angel before you, to keep you by the way, and to bring you into the place which I have prepared.
      21 Pay attention to him, and listen to his voice. Don't provoke him, for he will not pardon your disobedience, for my name is in him.
      22 But if you indeed listen to his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and an adversary to your adversaries.
      23 For my angel shall go before you, and bring you in to the Amorite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Canaanite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite; and I will cut them off.
      24 You shall not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor follow their practices, but you shall utterly overthrow them and demolish their pillars.
      25 You shall serve Yahweh your God, and he will bless your bread and your water, and I will take sickness away from your midst.
      26 No one will miscarry or be barren in your land. I will fulfill the number of your days.
      27 I will send my terror before you, and will confuse all the people to whom you come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.
      28 I will send the hornet before you, which will drive out the Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before you.
      29 I will not drive them out from before you in one year, lest the land become desolate, and the animals of the field multiply against you.
      30 Little by little I will drive them out from before you, until you have increased and inherit the land.
      31 I will set your border from the Red Sea even to the sea of the Philistines, and from the wilderness to the River; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and you shall drive them out before you.
      32 You shall make no covenant with them, nor with their gods.
      33 They shall not dwell in your land, lest they make you sin against me, for if you serve their gods, it will surely be a snare to you."

      Exode 34

      1 Yahweh said to Moses, "Chisel two stone tablets like the first: and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke.
      2 Be ready by the morning, and come up in the morning to Mount Sinai, and present yourself there to me on the top of the mountain.
      3 No one shall come up with you; neither let anyone be seen throughout all the mountain; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mountain."
      4 He chiseled two tablets of stone like the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up to Mount Sinai, as Yahweh had commanded him, and took in his hand two stone tablets.
      5 Yahweh descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of Yahweh.
      6 Yahweh passed by before him, and proclaimed, "Yahweh! Yahweh, a merciful and gracious God, slow to anger, and abundant in loving kindness and truth,
      7 keeping loving kindness for thousands, forgiving iniquity and disobedience and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, and on the children's children, on the third and on the fourth generation."
      8 Moses hurried and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshiped.
      9 He said, "If now I have found favor in your sight, Lord, please let the Lord go in the midst of us; although this is a stiff-necked people; pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for your inheritance."
      10 He said, "Behold, I make a covenant: before all your people I will do marvels, such as have not been worked in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among which you are shall see the work of Yahweh; for it is an awesome thing that I do with you.
      11 Observe that which I command you this day. Behold, I drive out before you the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
      12 Be careful, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it be for a snare in the midst of you:
      13 but you shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and you shall cut down their Asherim;
      14 for you shall worship no other god: for Yahweh, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.
      15 "Don't make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, lest they play the prostitute after their gods, and sacrifice to their gods, and one call you and you eat of his sacrifice;
      16 and you take of their daughters to your sons, and their daughters play the prostitute after their gods, and make your sons play the prostitute after their gods.
      17 "You shall make no cast idols for yourselves.
      18 "You shall keep the feast of unleavened bread. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the time appointed in the month Abib; for in the month Abib you came out from Egypt.
      19 "All that opens the womb is mine; and all your livestock that is male, the firstborn of cow and sheep.
      20 The firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb: and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck. All the firstborn of your sons you shall redeem. No one shall appear before me empty.
      21 "Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall rest: in plowing time and in harvest you shall rest.
      22 "You shall observe the feast of weeks with the first fruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of harvest at the year's end.
      23 Three times in the year all your males shall appear before the Lord Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      24 For I will drive out nations before you and enlarge your borders; neither shall any man desire your land when you go up to appear before Yahweh, your God, three times in the year.
      25 "You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the Passover be left to the morning.
      26 "You shall bring the first of the first fruits of your ground to the house of Yahweh your God. "You shall not boil a young goat in its mother's milk."
      27 Yahweh said to Moses, "Write you these words: for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel."
      28 He was there with Yahweh forty days and forty nights; he neither ate bread, nor drank water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.
      29 It happened, when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mountain, that Moses didn't know that the skin of his face shone by reason of his speaking with him.
      30 When Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come near him.
      31 Moses called to them, and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned to him; and Moses spoke to them.
      32 Afterward all the children of Israel came near, and he gave them all of the commandments that Yahweh had spoken with him on Mount Sinai.
      33 When Moses was done speaking with them, he put a veil on his face.
      34 But when Moses went in before Yahweh to speak with him, he took the veil off, until he came out; and he came out, and spoke to the children of Israel that which he was commanded.
      35 The children of Israel saw Moses' face, that the skin of Moses' face shone: and Moses put the veil on his face again, until he went in to speak with him.

      Nombres 21

      14 Therefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Yahweh, "Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,

      Josué 10

      13 The sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the nation had avenged themselves of their enemies. Isn't this written in the book of Jashar? The sun stayed in the midst of the sky, and didn't hurry to go down about a whole day.

      1 Samuel 17

      1 Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle; and they were gathered together at Socoh, which belongs to Judah, and encamped between Socoh and Azekah, in Ephesdammim.
      2 Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and encamped in the valley of Elah, and set the battle in array against the Philistines.
      3 The Philistines stood on the mountain on the one side, and Israel stood on the mountain on the other side: and there was a valley between them.
      4 There went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span.
      5 He had a helmet of brass on his head, and he was clad with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of brass.
      6 He had brass shin armor on his legs, and a javelin of brass between his shoulders.
      7 The staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and his spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron: and his shield bearer went before him.
      8 He stood and cried to the armies of Israel, and said to them, "Why have you come out to set your battle in array? Am I not a Philistine, and you servants to Saul? Choose a man for yourselves, and let him come down to me.
      9 If he be able to fight with me, and kill me, then will we be your servants; but if I prevail against him, and kill him, then you will be our servants, and serve us."
      10 The Philistine said, "I defy the armies of Israel this day! Give me a man, that we may fight together!"
      11 When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine, they were dismayed, and greatly afraid.
      12 Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem Judah, whose name was Jesse; and he had eight sons: and the man was an old man in the days of Saul, stricken among men.
      13 The three eldest sons of Jesse had gone after Saul to the battle: and the names of his three sons who went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, and next to him Abinadab, and the third Shammah.
      14 David was the youngest; and the three eldest followed Saul.
      15 Now David went back and forth from Saul to feed his father's sheep at Bethlehem.
      16 The Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented himself forty days.
      17 Jesse said to David his son, "Now take for your brothers an ephah of this parched grain, and these ten loaves, and carry them quickly to the camp to your brothers;
      18 and bring these ten cheeses to the captain of their thousand, and see how your brothers are doing, and bring back news."
      19 Now Saul, and they, and all the men of Israel, were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.
      20 David rose up early in the morning, and left the sheep with a keeper, and took, and went, as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the place of the wagons, as the army which was going forth to the fight shouted for the battle.
      21 Israel and the Philistines put the battle in array, army against army.
      22 David left his baggage in the hand of the keeper of the baggage, and ran to the army, and came and greeted his brothers.
      23 As he talked with them, behold, there came up the champion, the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, out of the ranks of the Philistines, and spoke according to the same words: and David heard them.
      24 All the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him, and were terrified.
      25 The men of Israel said, "Have you seen this man who has come up? He has surely come up to defy Israel. It shall be, that the man who kills him, the king will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his daughter, and make his father's house free in Israel."
      26 David spoke to the men who stood by him, saying, "What shall be done to the man who kills this Philistine, and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?"
      27 The people answered him in this way, saying, "So shall it be done to the man who kills him."
      28 Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke to the men; and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, "Why have you come down? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride, and the naughtiness of your heart; for you have come down that you might see the battle."
      29 David said, "What have I now done? Is there not a cause?"
      30 He turned away from him toward another, and spoke like that again; and the people answered him again the same way.
      31 When the words were heard which David spoke, they rehearsed them before Saul; and he sent for him.
      32 David said to Saul, "Let no man's heart fail because of him. Your servant will go and fight with this Philistine."
      33 Saul said to David, "You are not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him; for you are but a youth, and he a man of war from his youth."
      34 David said to Saul, "Your servant was keeping his father's sheep; and when a lion or a bear came, and took a lamb out of the flock,
      35 I went out after him, and struck him, and rescued it out of his mouth. When he arose against me, I caught him by his beard, and struck him, and killed him.
      36 Your servant struck both the lion and the bear. This uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them, since he has defied the armies of the living God."
      37 David said, "Yahweh who delivered me out of the paw of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of the hand of this Philistine." Saul said to David, "Go; and Yahweh shall be with you."
      38 Saul dressed David with his clothing. He put a helmet of brass on his head, and he clad him with a coat of mail.
      39 David strapped his sword on his clothing, and he tried to move; for he had not tested it. David said to Saul, "I can't go with these; for I have not tested them." David took them off.
      40 He took his staff in his hand, and chose for himself five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in the shepherd's bag which he had, even in his wallet. His sling was in his hand; and he drew near to the Philistine.
      41 The Philistine came on and drew near to David; and the man who bore the shield went before him.
      42 When the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him; for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and withal of a fair face.
      43 The Philistine said to David, "Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?" The Philistine cursed David by his gods.
      44 The Philistine said to David, "Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the sky, and to the animals of the field."
      45 Then David said to the Philistine, "You come to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a javelin: but I come to you in the name of Yahweh of Armies, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.
      46 Today, Yahweh will deliver you into my hand. I will strike you, and take your head from off you. I will give the dead bodies of the army of the Philistines this day to the birds of the sky, and to the wild animals of the earth; that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel,
      47 and that all this assembly may know that Yahweh doesn't save with sword and spear: for the battle is Yahweh's, and he will give you into our hand."
      48 It happened, when the Philistine arose, and came and drew near to meet David, that David hurried, and ran toward the army to meet the Philistine.
      49 David put his hand in his bag, took a stone, and slung it, and struck the Philistine in his forehead; and the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth.
      50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and struck the Philistine, and killed him; but there was no sword in the hand of David.
      51 Then David ran, and stood over the Philistine, and took his sword, and drew it out of its sheath, and killed him, and cut off his head therewith. When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled.
      52 The men of Israel and of Judah arose, and shouted, and pursued the Philistines, until you come to Gai, and to the gates of Ekron. The wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim, even to Gath, and to Ekron.
      53 The children of Israel returned from chasing after the Philistines, and they plundered their camp.
      54 David took the head of the Philistine, and brought it to Jerusalem; but he put his armor in his tent.
      55 When Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the captain of the army, "Abner, whose son is this youth?" Abner said, "As your soul lives, O king, I can't tell."
      56 The king said, "Inquire whose son the young man is!"
      57 As David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him, and brought him before Saul with the head of the Philistine in his hand.
      58 Saul said to him, "Whose son are you, you young man?" David answered, "I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite."

      2 Samuel 1

      19 "Your glory, Israel, is slain on your high places! How the mighty have fallen!
      20 Don't tell it in Gath. Don't publish it in the streets of Ashkelon, lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.
      21 You mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew nor rain on you, neither fields of offerings; For there the shield of the mighty was vilely cast away, The shield of Saul was not anointed with oil.
      22 From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, Jonathan's bow didn't turn back. Saul's sword didn't return empty.
      23 Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives. In their death, they were not divided. They were swifter than eagles. They were stronger than lions.
      24 You daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet delicately, who put ornaments of gold on your clothing.
      25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! Jonathan is slain on your high places.
      26 I am distressed for you, my brother Jonathan. You have been very pleasant to me. Your love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.
      27 How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!"

      2 Samuel 2

      4 The men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. They told David, saying, "The men of Jabesh Gilead were those who buried Saul."

      2 Samuel 3

      33 The king lamented for Abner, and said, "Should Abner die as a fool dies?

      2 Samuel 5

      6 The king and his men went to Jerusalem against the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land, who spoke to David, saying, "Unless you take away the blind and the lame, you shall not come in here"; thinking, "David can't come in here."

      2 Samuel 6

      16 It was so, as the ark of Yahweh came into the city of David, that Michal the daughter of Saul looked out at the window, and saw king David leaping and dancing before Yahweh; and she despised him in her heart.

      2 Samuel 11

      1 It happened, at the return of the year, at the time when kings go out, that David sent Joab, and his servants with him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed at Jerusalem.
      2 It happened at evening, that David arose from off his bed, and walked on the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman bathing; and the woman was very beautiful to look on.
      3 David sent and inquired after the woman. One said, "Isn't this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?"
      4 David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in to him, and he lay with her (for she was purified from her uncleanness); and she returned to her house.
      5 The woman conceived; and she sent and told David, and said, "I am with child."
      6 David sent to Joab, "Send me Uriah the Hittite." Joab sent Uriah to David.
      7 When Uriah had come to him, David asked of him how Joab did, and how the people fared, and how the war prospered.
      8 David said to Uriah, "Go down to your house, and wash your feet." Uriah departed out of the king's house, and a gift from the king was sent after him.
      9 But Uriah slept at the door of the king's house with all the servants of his lord, and didn't go down to his house.
      10 When they had told David, saying, "Uriah didn't go down to his house," David said to Uriah, "Haven't you come from a journey? Why didn't you go down to your house?"
      11 Uriah said to David, "The ark, Israel, and Judah, are staying in tents; and my lord Joab, and the servants of my lord, are encamped in the open field. Shall I then go into my house to eat and to drink, and to lie with my wife? As you live, and as your soul lives, I will not do this thing!"
      12 David said to Uriah, "Stay here today also, and tomorrow I will let you depart." So Uriah stayed in Jerusalem that day, and the next day.
      13 When David had called him, he ate and drink before him; and he made him drunk. At evening, he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his lord, but didn't go down to his house.
      14 It happened in the morning, that David wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah.
      15 He wrote in the letter, saying, "Send Uriah to the forefront of the hottest battle, and retreat from him, that he may be struck, and die."
      16 It happened, when Joab kept watch on the city, that he assigned Uriah to the place where he knew that valiant men were.
      17 The men of the city went out, and fought with Joab. Some of the people fell, even of the servants of David; and Uriah the Hittite died also.
      18 Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war;
      19 and he commanded the messenger, saying, "When you have finished telling all the things concerning the war to the king,
      20 it shall be that, if the king's wrath arise, and he asks you, 'Why did you go so near to the city to fight? Didn't you know that they would shoot from the wall?
      21 who struck Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? Didn't a woman cast an upper millstone on him from the wall, so that he died at Thebez? Why did you go so near the wall?' then you shall say, 'Your servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also.'"
      22 So the messenger went, and came and showed David all that Joab had sent him for.
      23 The messenger said to David, "The men prevailed against us, and came out to us into the field, and we were on them even to the entrance of the gate.
      24 The shooters shot at your servants from off the wall; and some of the king's servants are dead, and your servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also."
      25 Then David said to the messenger, "Thus you shall tell Joab, 'Don't let this thing displease you, for the sword devours one as well as another. Make your battle stronger against the city, and overthrow it.' Encourage him."
      26 When the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was dead, she made lamentation for her husband.
      27 When the mourning was past, David sent and took her home to his house, and she became his wife, and bore him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased Yahweh.

      2 Samuel 12

      13 David said to Nathan, "I have sinned against Yahweh." Nathan said to David, "Yahweh also has put away your sin. You will not die.

      2 Samuel 18

      33 The king was much moved, and went up to the room over the gate, and wept. As he went, he said, "My son Absalom! My son, my son Absalom! I wish I had died for you, Absalom, my son, my son!"

      2 Samuel 21

      1 There was a famine in the days of David three years, year after year; and David sought the face of Yahweh. Yahweh said, "It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he put to death the Gibeonites."
      2 The king called the Gibeonites, and said to them (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn to them: and Saul sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah);
      3 and David said to the Gibeonites, "What shall I do for you? And with what shall I make atonement, that you may bless the inheritance of Yahweh?"
      4 The Gibeonites said to him, "It is no matter of silver or gold between us and Saul, or his house; neither is it for us to put any man to death in Israel." He said, "Whatever you say, that will I do for you."
      5 They said to the king, "The man who consumed us, and who devised against us, that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the borders of Israel,
      6 let seven men of his sons be delivered to us, and we will hang them up to Yahweh in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of Yahweh." The king said, "I will give them."
      7 But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of Yahweh's oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul.
      8 But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite.
      9 He delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the mountain before Yahweh, and all seven of them fell together. They were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of barley harvest.
      10 Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her on the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured on them from the sky. She allowed neither the birds of the sky to rest on them by day, nor the animals of the field by night.
      11 It was told David what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done.
      12 David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh Gilead, who had stolen them from the street of Beth Shan, where the Philistines had hanged them, in the day that the Philistines killed Saul in Gilboa;
      13 and he brought up from there the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son: and they gathered the bones of those who were hanged.
      14 They buried the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son in the country of Benjamin in Zela, in the tomb of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. After that God was entreated for the land.
      15 The Philistines had war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines. David grew faint;
      16 and Ishbibenob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being armed with a new sword, thought to have slain David.
      17 But Abishai the son of Zeruiah helped him, and struck the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You shall go no more out with us to battle, that you don't quench the lamp of Israel."
      18 It came to pass after this, that there was again war with the Philistines at Gob: then Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph, who was of the sons of the giant.
      19 There was again war with the Philistines at Gob; and Elhanan the son of Jaareoregim the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite's brother, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam.
      20 There was again war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature, who had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant.
      21 When he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimei, David's brother, killed him.
      22 These four were born to the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.

      2 Samuel 23

      15 David longed, and said, "Oh that one would give me water to drink of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate!"
      16 The three mighty men broke through the army of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but he would not drink of it, but poured it out to Yahweh.
      17 He said, "Be it far from me, Yahweh, that I should do this! Isn't it the blood of the men who went in jeopardy of their lives?" Therefore he would not drink it. The three mighty men did these things.

      1 Chroniques 20

      5 There was again war with the Philistines; and Elhanan the son of Jair killed Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam.
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