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JUIF

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(hébreu Yehoudi, grec Ioudaïos)

Adjectif dérivé du nom de Juda, et équivalent de Judéen ; appliqué à la langue des Israélites, l'hébreu, il est traduit judaïque dans 2Ro 18:26 parallèle Esa 36:11, etc.

Il devient nom de peuple à partir de l'époque de Jérémie, (Jer 32:12 38:19 etc.) par opposition aux Israélites de l'ancien royaume du Nord (Jer 34:9) ou, plus souvent, aux étrangers (2Ro 16:6 25:25, Jer 40:11 41:3, etc. ; voir Jéhtjdi et Jéhudija, qu'il faut peut-être lire : Juif, et Juive). C'est en effet la puissante tribu de Juda qui, après le schisme, donna son nom au royaume du Sud (1Ro 14:29 etc.), alors que celui du Nord, en rompant avec la maison de David, avait accaparé le nom national, Israël (1Ro 12:19 etc.).

Plus tard, tous les exilés de la deuxième déportation à Babylone étant de Juda (2Ro 25), on les appela dès lors assez souvent les Juifs (Esd 4:12, Ne 1:2, Est 4:3, Da 3:8 etc.). La portée de ce titre était aussi religieuse que politique, car c'est du Deutéronome, connu et appliqué en Juda seulement sous Josias (2Ro 22 ss), que sortit le culte israélite au retour de l'Exil (voir Israël, Diaspora).

A l'époque de J. -C, l'appellation de Juif ou Juive est devenue générale : Fl. Josèphe écrit les Antiquités juives et la Guerre juive ; le N.T. sous-entend généralement par ce terme un contraste avec les Gentils ou païens (Mt 2:2 27:29,37, Mr 7:3, Jn 2:6, Ac 10:28 16:1 24:24), ou avec les Samaritains (Jn 4:9-22). Dans le quatrième évangile, à part les trois textes que nous venons d'en citer, l'expression si fréquente « les Juifs » désigne ordinairement le point de vue tragique de l'auteur quand il parle des grands chefs représentatifs du peuple de Dieu et responsables de son crime contre le Fils de Dieu (Jn 1:19 2:13,18 18:14,33,36 19:12,14,21 ; etc).

L'apôtre Paul, dans ses épîtres, dit, au sens général : Israël, les Israélites (Ro 9:3 10:1 etc.), et il semble attacher lui aussi un sens péjoratif au nom de Juif (1Th 2:14,1Co 1:22,2Co 11:24, Ro 3:29, cf. Ap 2:9), et en tout cas au verbe dérivé : judaïser.

--Voir (Ga 2:14) Israélite. Jn L.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Esdras 4

      12 Be it known to the king, that the Jews who came up from you have come to us to Jerusalem; they are building the rebellious and the bad city, and have finished the walls, and repaired the foundations.

      Néhémie 1

      2 that Hanani, one of my brothers, came, he and certain men out of Judah; and I asked them concerning the Jews who had escaped, who were left of the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem.

      Esther 4

      3 In every province, wherever the king's commandment and his decree came, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes.

      Esaïe 36

      11 Then Eliakim, Shebna and Joah said to Rabshakeh, "Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, for we understand it; and don't speak to us in the Jews' language in the hearing of the people who are on the wall."

      Jérémie 32

      12 and I delivered the deed of the purchase to Baruch the son of Neriah, the son of Mahseiah, in the presence of Hanamel my uncle's son, and in the presence of the witnesses who subscribed the deed of the purchase, before all the Jews who sat in the court of the guard.

      Jérémie 34

      9 that every man should let his male servant, and every man his female servant, who is a Hebrew or a Hebrewess, go free; that none should make bondservants of them, of a Jew his brother.

      Jérémie 38

      19 Zedekiah the king said to Jeremiah, I am afraid of the Jews who are fallen away to the Chaldeans, lest they deliver me into their hand, and they mock me.

      Jérémie 40

      11 Likewise when all the Jews who were in Moab, and among the children of Ammon, and in Edom, and who were in all the countries, heard that the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan;

      Jérémie 41

      3 Ishmael also killed all the Jews who were with him, with Gedaliah, at Mizpah, and the Chaldeans who were found there, the men of war.

      Daniel 3

      8 Therefore at that time certain Chaldeans came near, and brought accusation against the Jews.

      Matthieu 2

      2 "Where is he who is born King of the Jews? For we saw his star in the east, and have come to worship him."

      Matthieu 27

      29 They braided a crown of thorns and put it on his head, and a reed in his right hand; and they kneeled down before him, and mocked him, saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
      37 They set up over his head the accusation against him written, "THIS IS JESUS, THE KING OF THE JEWS."

      Marc 7

      3 (For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, don't eat unless they wash their hands and forearms, holding to the tradition of the elders.

      Jean 1

      19 This is John's testimony, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, "Who are you?"

      Jean 2

      6 Now there were six water pots of stone set there after the Jews' way of purifying, containing two or three metretes apiece.
      13 The Passover of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.
      18 The Jews therefore answered him, "What sign do you show us, seeing that you do these things?"

      Jean 4

      9 The Samaritan woman therefore said to him, "How is it that you, being a Jew, ask for a drink from me, a Samaritan woman?" (For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.)
      10 Jesus answered her, "If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, 'Give me a drink,' you would have asked him, and he would have given you living water."
      11 The woman said to him, "Sir, you have nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. From where then have you that living water?
      12 Are you greater than our father, Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank of it himself, as did his children, and his livestock?"
      13 Jesus answered her, "Everyone who drinks of this water will thirst again,
      14 but whoever drinks of the water that I will give him will never thirst again; but the water that I will give him will become in him a well of water springing up to eternal life."
      15 The woman said to him, "Sir, give me this water, so that I don't get thirsty, neither come all the way here to draw."
      16 Jesus said to her, "Go, call your husband, and come here."
      17 The woman answered, "I have no husband." Jesus said to her, "You said well, 'I have no husband,'
      18 for you have had five husbands; and he whom you now have is not your husband. This you have said truly."
      19 The woman said to him, "Sir, I perceive that you are a prophet.
      20 Our fathers worshiped in this mountain, and you Jews say that in Jerusalem is the place where people ought to worship."
      21 Jesus said to her, "Woman, believe me, the hour comes, when neither in this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, will you worship the Father.
      22 You worship that which you don't know. We worship that which we know; for salvation is from the Jews.

      Jean 18

      14 Now it was Caiaphas who advised the Jews that it was expedient that one man should perish for the people.
      33 Pilate therefore entered again into the Praetorium, called Jesus, and said to him, "Are you the King of the Jews?"
      36 Jesus answered, "My Kingdom is not of this world. If my Kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight, that I wouldn't be delivered to the Jews. But now my Kingdom is not from here."

      Jean 19

      12 At this, Pilate was seeking to release him, but the Jews cried out, saying, "If you release this man, you aren't Caesar's friend! Everyone who makes himself a king speaks against Caesar!"
      14 Now it was the Preparation Day of the Passover, at about the sixth hour. He said to the Jews, "Behold, your King!"
      21 The chief priests of the Jews therefore said to Pilate, "Don't write, 'The King of the Jews,' but, 'he said, I am King of the Jews.'"

      Actes 10

      28 He said to them, "You yourselves know how it is an unlawful thing for a man who is a Jew to join himself or come to one of another nation, but God has shown me that I shouldn't call any man unholy or unclean.

      Actes 16

      1 He came to Derbe and Lystra: and behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timothy, the son of a Jewess who believed; but his father was a Greek.

      Actes 24

      24 But after some days, Felix came with Drusilla, his wife, who was a Jewess, and sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ Jesus.

      Romains 3

      29 Or is God the God of Jews only? Isn't he the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also,

      Romains 9

      3 For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brothers' sake, my relatives according to the flesh,

      Romains 10

      1 Brothers, my heart's desire and my prayer to God is for Israel, that they may be saved.

      1 Corinthiens 1

      22 For Jews ask for signs, Greeks seek after wisdom,

      2 Corinthiens 11

      24 Five times from the Jews I received forty stripes minus one.

      Galates 2

      14 But when I saw that they didn't walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?

      1 Thessaloniciens 2

      14 For you, brothers, became imitators of the assemblies of God which are in Judea in Christ Jesus; for you also suffered the same things from your own countrymen, even as they did from the Jews;

      Apocalypse 2

      9 "I know your works, oppression, and your poverty (but you are rich), and the blasphemy of those who say they are Jews, and they are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.
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