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LIER ET DÉLIER

Cette expression est, dans Mt 16:19, l'explication des mots : « Je te donnerai les clefs du royaume des cieux » (voir Clefs [pouvoir des]). Elle montre que le privilège accordé à Pierre n'était pas de faire de lui l'intendant du Seigneur, l'homme qui aurait pour mission de fournir la nourriture aux serviteurs du Maître, mais bien plutôt de tenir les clefs de la maison et de posséder le pouvoir d'admettre dans le Royaume des cieux ou d'en interdire l'accès.

Ce droit, que Pierre a reçu le premier, le premier il l'a exercé. Avant tout autre, il a ouvert aux Juifs (Ac 2:41) et aux païens (Ac 10:34-48) les portes de l'Église du Christ. Mais Pierre ne devait pas exercer seul ce privilège. Bientôt Paul et Barnabas ouvrent aux populations de l'Asie Mineure « les portes de la foi » (Ac 14:27) ; et nul, dans les premiers jours de l'Église, n'a exercé le pouvoir des clefs avec autant de maîtrise que l'apôtre des Gentils.

Le pouvoir de lier et délier les portes des cieux et de façon générale tout ce qui concerne le règlement des affaires de son Royaume, Jésus l'a accordé non seulement à Pierre, non seulement aux Douze, à Paul et Barnabas, mais à toute l'Église, considérée comme une collectivité ayant autorité pour juger, dans l'obéissance aux instructions du Maître et la direction de son Esprit : « Tout ce que vous aurez lié sur la terre sera lié dans le ciel, et tout ce que vous aurez délié sur la terre sera délié dans le ciel » (Mt 18:18).

La procédure donnée par Jésus dans Mt 18:15,17, à propos du droit de lier et de délier, investit de ce pouvoir non un sacerdoce, mais l'Église, autorité souveraine en tant qu'assemblée du Seigneur. C'est aussi à cette autorité que Paul s'en remet dans l'affaire de l'incestueux de Corinthe ; c'est l'Église qui doit retrancher de son sein le coupable impénitent (1Co 5:1,12), c'est aussi l'Église qui a le pouvoir de le réintégrer s'il est revenu dans la bonne voie. « A qui vous pardonnez, je pardonne aussi » (2Co 2:5,10). Ces exemples montrent le caractère essentiellement démocratique de la discipline instituée par le Seigneur.

Le mode prescrit dans Mt 18 exclut toute obligation hiérarchique, toute opération de prêtre par le sacrement de la pénitence. Qu'il s'agisse de l'offense à Dieu ou de l'offense à un membre de son Église, c'est toujours le « vous êtes tous frères » qui régit la communauté. C'est à l'assemblée (ecclésia), à la famille spirituelle dans son ensemble, et non à un pontife ou à une caste sacerdotale, qu'ont été remises par Jésus les destinées de son Royaume sur la terre (voir Confession, II, B, 2 et 3).

Une confirmation de ce qu'enseigne l'évangile de Matthieu se trouve dans l'évangile de Jean (Jn 20:22-23) où le pouvoir de la déclaration de pardon est accordé par Jésus, après le baptême de l'Esprit, à l'Église naissante réunie dans la chambre haute, les apôtres, les saintes femmes, les frères de Jésus, d'autres disciples encore, premier noyau de la société chrétienne sur la terre (Lu 24:33, Ac 1:14). C'est contre cette doctrine évangélique que le concile de Trente, dans sa session 14, a prononcé l'anathème. Par crainte de retomber dans l'erreur de l'absolution romaine, les Églises protestantes se refusent souvent l'exercice de l'absolution évangélique telle que Jésus l'a instituée, et par là, sans s'en rendre compte, elles affaiblissent leur témoignage.

Du moment que l'Évangile est « la puissance de salut » (Ro 1:16), la rémission des péchés est un fait. L'Église, annonciatrice de l'Évangile, doit être aussi l'annonciatrice de l'absolution, conséquence, pour celui qui croit, de l'oeuvre rédemptrice du Christ. « Sachez », dit Paul aux Juifs et aux prosélytes réunis dans la synagogue d'Antioche de Pisidie, « que c'est par Lui (Jésus) que la rémission des péchés est accordée ».

C'est le Christ, non un homme, qui absout ; et cette déclaration de pardon est faite non par un prêtre dominateur de l'Église (1Pi 5:3), mais au nom de l'Église, par celui qu'elle a consacré pour exercer dans son sein les fonctions d'ambassadeur de Christ. Il y a là une prérogative spirituelle, une royauté de l'Église que Calvin a fort bien vue et qui lui avait inspiré sa première liturgie à Strasbourg, où il disait après la confession publique des péchés : « Un chacun de vous se reconnaisse vraiment pécheur, s'humiliant devant Dieu, et croie que le Père céleste lui veut être propice en Jésus-Christ. A tous ceux qui en cette manière se repentent et cherchent Jésus-Christ pour leur salut, je dénonce l'absolution des péchés être faite au nom du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit. Amen ! »

Si les diverses Églises évangéliques appréciaient plus justement leur puissance de délier, trésor qu'elles portent dans des vases de terre, peut-être sentiraient-elles mieux leur parenté par la grandeur de la charge qui leur est commune et, plutôt que de se diviser, mettraient-elles tout en oeuvre pour « conserver l'unité de l'Esprit dans le lien de la paix » (Eph 4:3). Alex. W.

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      Matthieu 16

      19 I will give to you the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will have been bound in heaven; and whatever you release on earth will have been released in heaven."

      Matthieu 18

      1 In that hour the disciples came to Jesus, saying, "Who then is greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven?"
      2 Jesus called a little child to himself, and set him in their midst,
      3 and said, "Most certainly I tell you, unless you turn, and become as little children, you will in no way enter into the Kingdom of Heaven.
      4 Whoever therefore humbles himself as this little child, the same is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven.
      5 Whoever receives one such little child in my name receives me,
      6 but whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to stumble, it would be better for him that a huge millstone should be hung around his neck, and that he should be sunk in the depths of the sea.
      7 "Woe to the world because of occasions of stumbling! For it must be that the occasions come, but woe to that person through whom the occasion comes!
      8 If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life maimed or crippled, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into the eternal fire.
      9 If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into the Gehenna of fire.
      10 See that you don't despise one of these little ones, for I tell you that in heaven their angels always see the face of my Father who is in heaven.
      11 For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.
      12 "What do you think? If a man has one hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, doesn't he leave the ninety-nine, go to the mountains, and seek that which has gone astray?
      13 If he finds it, most certainly I tell you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine which have not gone astray.
      14 Even so it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.
      15 "If your brother sins against you, go, show him his fault between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have gained back your brother.
      16 But if he doesn't listen, take one or two more with you, that at the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.
      17 If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the assembly. If he refuses to hear the assembly also, let him be to you as a Gentile or a tax collector.
      18 Most certainly I tell you, whatever things you bind on earth will have been bound in heaven, and whatever things you release on earth will have been released in heaven.
      19 Again, assuredly I tell you, that if two of you will agree on earth concerning anything that they will ask, it will be done for them by my Father who is in heaven.
      20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in their midst."
      21 Then Peter came and said to him, "Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? Until seven times?"
      22 Jesus said to him, "I don't tell you until seven times, but, until seventy times seven.
      23 Therefore the Kingdom of Heaven is like a certain king, who wanted to reconcile accounts with his servants.
      24 When he had begun to reconcile, one was brought to him who owed him ten thousand talents.
      25 But because he couldn't pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, with his wife, his children, and all that he had, and payment to be made.
      26 The servant therefore fell down and kneeled before him, saying, 'Lord, have patience with me, and I will repay you all!'
      27 The lord of that servant, being moved with compassion, released him, and forgave him the debt.
      28 "But that servant went out, and found one of his fellow servants, who owed him one hundred denarii, and he grabbed him, and took him by the throat, saying, 'Pay me what you owe!'
      29 "So his fellow servant fell down at his feet and begged him, saying, 'Have patience with me, and I will repay you!'
      30 He would not, but went and cast him into prison, until he should pay back that which was due.
      31 So when his fellow servants saw what was done, they were exceedingly sorry, and came and told to their lord all that was done.
      32 Then his lord called him in, and said to him, 'You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt, because you begged me.
      33 Shouldn't you also have had mercy on your fellow servant, even as I had mercy on you?'
      34 His lord was angry, and delivered him to the tormentors, until he should pay all that was due to him.
      35 So my heavenly Father will also do to you, if you don't each forgive your brother from your hearts for his misdeeds."

      Luc 24

      33 They rose up that very hour, returned to Jerusalem, and found the eleven gathered together, and those who were with them,

      Jean 20

      22 When he had said this, he breathed on them, and said to them, "Receive the Holy Spirit!
      23 If you forgive anyone's sins, they have been forgiven them. If you retain anyone's sins, they have been retained."

      Actes 1

      14 All these with one accord continued steadfastly in prayer and supplication, along with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brothers.

      Actes 2

      41 Then those who gladly received his word were baptized. There were added that day about three thousand souls.

      Actes 10

      34 Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism;
      35 but in every nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.
      36 The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching good news of peace by Jesus Christ--he is Lord of all--
      37 you yourselves know what happened, which was proclaimed throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached;
      38 even Jesus of Nazareth, how God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him.
      39 We are witnesses of everything he did both in the country of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they also killed, hanging him on a tree.
      40 God raised him up the third day, and gave him to be revealed,
      41 not to all the people, but to witnesses who were chosen before by God, to us, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead.
      42 He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that this is he who is appointed by God as the Judge of the living and the dead.
      43 All the prophets testify about him, that through his name everyone who believes in him will receive remission of sins."
      44 While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell on all those who heard the word.
      45 They of the circumcision who believed were amazed, as many as came with Peter, because the gift of the Holy Spirit was also poured out on the Gentiles.
      46 For they heard them speaking in other languages and magnifying God. Then Peter answered,
      47 "Can any man forbid the water, that these who have received the Holy Spirit as well as we should not be baptized?"
      48 He commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay some days.

      Actes 14

      27 When they had arrived, and had gathered the assembly together, they reported all the things that God had done with them, and that he had opened a door of faith to the nations.

      Romains 1

      16 For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, for it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes; for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

      1 Corinthiens 5

      1 It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality among you, and such sexual immorality as is not even named among the Gentiles, that one has his father's wife.

      2 Corinthiens 2

      5 But if any has caused sorrow, he has caused sorrow, not to me, but in part (that I not press too heavily) to you all.

      Ephésiens 4

      3 being eager to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace.

      1 Pierre 5

      3 neither as lording it over those entrusted to you, but making yourselves examples to the flock.
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