Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

MALÉDICTION

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La malédiction, malgré l'interprétation religieuse qu'elle reçoit dans l'A.T., a longtemps gardé cette signification : maudire =faire du mal à quelqu'un par des paroles efficaces ; voir (Ge 8:21) Sorcellerie.

Une fois lancée, la malédiction ne pouvait plus être retenue, même par la divinité (Jos 6:26,1Ro 16:34, Ps 109:17-19, Za 5:3).

Ce n'est qu'après l'exil que l'on reconnu qu'une malédiction injustifiée n'a pas d'effet (Pr 26:2), ou que Yahvé peut changer une malédiction en bénédiction (De 23:5 et suivant, Ne 13:2).

L'auteur de No 23-24 pense que dans un tel cas l'intervention divine empêche la prononciation de la malédiction.

On prononce une malédiction contre le coupable pour se protéger contre les conséquences du crime qu'il a commis (2Sa 3:28 et suivant). Cette malédiction force le coupable à se dénoncer pour échapper aux effets de la malédiction.

Expiation faite, on annule la malédiction par une bénédiction (Jug 17:1 et suivant, 2Sa 21:3).

Souvent la malédiction est accompagnée d'un rite de magie imitative : la femme soupçonnée d'infidélité doit avaler la malédiction, c'est-à-dire l'encre qui a servi à l'écrire (No 5:11,31) ; pour conclure une alliance les contractants passent entre les morceaux d'un ou de trois animaux coupés par le milieu : que Dieu les taille en pièces comme ces animaux s'ils ne restent pas fidèles à leurs engagements (Jer 34:17,20, Ge 15:7,17 : Yahvé lui-même se soumet à cette malédiction !).

Chez les prophètes nous retrouvons la même liaison étroite entre la malédiction et l'alliance. Jérémie (Jer 11:3-8) maudit l'homme qui n'observera pas l'alliance renouvelée par le Deutéronome, et Ézéchiel (Eze 16:59) considère la catastrophe de 586 comme une malédiction qui frappe son peuple infracteur du traité d'alliance conclu avec son Dieu.

Le type primitif du serment prononce également une malédiction efficace pour le cas où l'affirmation qu'il s'agit de corroborer ne serait pas vraie (1Sa 14:24-28).

Mais généralement la malédiction est sous-entendue dans la formule du serment (2Sa 19:8,1Ro 1:51), ou bien remplacée par un euphémisme (1Sa 25:22,2Ro 6:31). Car on craint de prononcer une malédiction sans condition comme Ps 7:4,6,2Sa 1:21 ; on spécifie sous quelles conditions la malédiction devra agir (Jug 9:16-20,2Sa 3:9), ou bien on la supprime complètement.

C'est pourquoi l'A. T, ne contient qu'un petit nombre de malédictions, bien que dans un peuple aussi passionné et fougueux qu'Israël la malédiction ait dû jouer un grand rôle ; les quatre synonymes dont dispose l'hébreu pour exprimer l'idée de malédiction et la défense formelle de Ex 20:7 n'admettent aucun doute à ce sujet.

Si la malédiction une fois prononcée se réalise tôt ou tard, à moins d'être neutralisée par une bénédiction, son objet par contre peut changer. Ainsi Rébecca se substitue à Jacob en disant : « Que la malédiction qui pourrait te frapper retombe sur moi ! » (Ge 27:13). Une substitution semblable est le pivot de l'interprétation paulinienne de la rédemption.

En établissant une équivalence entre la malédiction qui résulte de la mort sur la croix (De 21:23) et celle dont la Loi menace le transgresseur, l'apôtre explique la puissance rédemptrice de la mort du Christ (Ga 3:13), conception qui, depuis Anselme de Cantorbéry, joue un grand rôle dans la dogmatique chrétienne.

Dans l'A. T, une malédiction prononcée dans le passé sert souvent à expliquer des faits présents. Le genre de vie du serpent et son inimitié contre l'homme (Ge 3:14), les douleurs de l'enfantement (Ge 3:16), la dureté du travail (Ge 3:17,19), la servitude des Cananéens (Ge 9:25) sont dus à une malédiction.

Le plus haut niveau religieux atteint par le judaïsme permet encore de maudire ses ennemis. (cf. Ne 6:14, Ps 137:8 139:19-22 etc.)

Jésus (Mt 5:44, Lu 6:28) et son grand apôtre (Ro 12:14) sont les premiers à répondre par une bénédiction à ceux qui maudissent.

Mais les « malheur à vous ! » prononcés par le Seigneur ne sont pas des malédictions : ce sont des déclarations prophétiques constatant par anticipation les malheurs auxquels se vouent les pécheurs obstinés (Lu 6:24,26, Mt 11:21 23:13 24:19 26:24 etc.).

F. K.

Révision Yves Petrakian 2005

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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    • Genèse 3

      14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
      16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
      17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
      19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."

      Genèse 8

      21 Yahweh smelled the pleasant aroma. Yahweh said in his heart, "I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake, because the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I ever again strike everything living, as I have done.

      Genèse 9

      25 He said, "Canaan is cursed. He will be servant of servants to his brothers."

      Genèse 15

      7 He said to him, "I am Yahweh who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give you this land to inherit it."
      17 It came to pass that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold, a smoking furnace, and a flaming torch passed between these pieces.

      Genèse 27

      13 His mother said to him, "Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me."

      Exode 20

      7 "You shall not take the name of Yahweh your God in vain, for Yahweh will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.

      Nombres 5

      11 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      31 The man shall be free from iniquity, and that woman shall bear her iniquity.'"

      Nombres 23

      1 Balaam said to Balak, "Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams."
      2 Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bull and a ram.
      3 Balaam said to Balak, "Stand by your burnt offering, and I will go: perhaps Yahweh will come to meet me; and whatever he shows me I will tell you." He went to a bare height.
      4 God met Balaam: and he said to him, "I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bull and a ram on every altar."
      5 Yahweh put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, "Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak."
      6 He returned to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, he, and all the princes of Moab.
      7 He took up his parable, and said, "From Aram has Balak brought me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East. Come, curse Jacob for me. Come, defy Israel.
      8 How shall I curse whom God has not cursed? How shall I defy whom Yahweh has not defied?
      9 For from the top of the rocks I see him. From the hills I see him. Behold, it is a people that dwells alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.
      10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous! Let my last end be like his!"
      11 Balak said to Balaam, "What have you done to me? I took you to curse my enemies, and behold, you have blessed them altogether."
      12 He answered and said, "Must I not take heed to speak that which Yahweh puts in my mouth?"
      13 Balak said to him, "Please come with me to another place, where you may see them; you shall see but the utmost part of them, and shall not see them all: and curse me them from there."
      14 He took him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.
      15 He said to Balak, "Stand here by your burnt offering, while I meet over there."
      16 Yahweh met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, "Return to Balak, and say this."
      17 He came to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. Balak said to him, "What has Yahweh spoken?"
      18 He took up his parable, and said, "Rise up, Balak, and hear! Listen to me, you son of Zippor.
      19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor the son of man, that he should repent. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it good?
      20 Behold, I have received a command to bless. He has blessed, and I can't reverse it.
      21 He has not seen iniquity in Jacob. Neither has he seen perverseness in Israel. Yahweh his God is with him. The shout of a king is among them.
      22 God brings them out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox.
      23 Surely there is no enchantment with Jacob; Neither is there any divination with Israel. Now it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What has God done!
      24 Behold, the people rises up as a lioness, As a lion he lifts himself up. He shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drinks the blood of the slain."
      25 Balak said to Balaam, "Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all."
      26 But Balaam answered Balak, "Didn't I tell you, saying, 'All that Yahweh speaks, that I must do?'"
      27 Balak said to Balaam, "Come now, I will take you to another place; perhaps it will please God that you may curse me them from there."
      28 Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks down on the desert.
      29 Balaam said to Balak, "Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams."
      30 Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.

      Nombres 24

      1 When Balaam saw that it pleased Yahweh to bless Israel, he didn't go, as at the other times, to meet with enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness.
      2 Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel dwelling according to their tribes; and the Spirit of God came on him.
      3 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      4 he says, who hears the words of God, who sees the vision of the Almighty, falling down, and having his eyes open:
      5 How goodly are your tents, Jacob, and your tents, Israel!
      6 As valleys they are spread forth, as gardens by the riverside, as aloes which Yahweh has planted, as cedar trees beside the waters.
      7 Water shall flow from his buckets. His seed shall be in many waters. His king shall be higher than Agag. His kingdom shall be exalted.
      8 God brings him out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox. He shall eat up the nations his adversaries, shall break their bones in pieces, and pierce them with his arrows.
      9 He couched, he lay down as a lion, as a lioness; who shall rouse him up? Everyone who blesses you is blessed. Everyone who curses you is cursed."
      10 Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he struck his hands together; and Balak said to Balaam, "I called you to curse my enemies, and, behold, you have altogether blessed them these three times.
      11 Therefore now flee you to your place! I thought to promote you to great honor; but, behold, Yahweh has kept you back from honor."
      12 Balaam said to Balak, "Didn't I also tell your messengers who you sent to me, saying,
      13 'If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I can't go beyond the word of Yahweh, to do either good or bad of my own mind. I will say what Yahweh says'?
      14 Now, behold, I go to my people: come, I will inform you what this people shall do to your people in the latter days."
      15 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      16 he says, who hears the words of God, knows the knowledge of the Most High, and who sees the vision of the Almighty, Falling down, and having his eyes open:
      17 I see him, but not now. I see him, but not near. A star will come out of Jacob. A scepter will rise out of Israel, and shall strike through the corners of Moab, and break down all the sons of Sheth.
      18 Edom shall be a possession. Seir, his enemies, also shall be a possession, while Israel does valiantly.
      19 Out of Jacob shall one have dominion, and shall destroy the remnant from the city."
      20 He looked at Amalek, and took up his parable, and said, "Amalek was the first of the nations, But his latter end shall come to destruction."
      21 He looked at the Kenite, and took up his parable, and said, "Your dwelling place is strong. Your nest is set in the rock.
      22 Nevertheless Kain shall be wasted, until Asshur carries you away captive."
      23 He took up his parable, and said, "Alas, who shall live when God does this?
      24 But ships shall come from the coast of Kittim. They shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber. He also shall come to destruction."
      25 Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place; and Balak also went his way.

      Josué 6

      1 Now Jericho was tightly shut up because of the children of Israel. No one went out, and no one came in.
      26 Joshua commanded them with an oath at that time, saying, "Cursed is the man before Yahweh, who rises up and builds this city Jericho. With the loss of his firstborn shall he lay its foundation, and with the loss of his youngest son shall he set up its gates."

      Juges 9

      16 "Now therefore, if you have dealt truly and righteously, in that you have made Abimelech king, and if you have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done to him according to the deserving of his hands
      17 (for my father fought for you, and risked his life, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian:
      18 and you have risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, seventy persons, on one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his female servant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother);
      19 if you then have dealt truly and righteously with Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you:
      20 but if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech."

      Juges 17

      1 There was a man of the hill country of Ephraim, whose name was Micah.

      1 Samuel 14

      24 The men of Israel were distressed that day; for Saul had adjured the people, saying, "Cursed is the man who eats any food until it is evening, and I am avenged of my enemies." So none of the people tasted food.
      25 All the people came into the forest; and there was honey on the ground.
      26 When the people had come to the forest, behold, the honey dropped: but no man put his hand to his mouth; for the people feared the oath.
      27 But Jonathan didn't hear when his father commanded the people with the oath: therefore he put forth the end of the rod who was in his hand, and dipped it in the honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.
      28 Then one of the people answered, and said, "Your father directly commanded the people with an oath, saying, 'Cursed is the man who eats food this day.'" The people were faint.

      1 Samuel 25

      22 God do so to the enemies of David, and more also, if I leave of all that belongs to him by the morning light so much as one who urinates on a wall. "

      2 Samuel 1

      21 You mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew nor rain on you, neither fields of offerings; For there the shield of the mighty was vilely cast away, The shield of Saul was not anointed with oil.

      2 Samuel 3

      9 God do so to Abner, and more also, if, as Yahweh has sworn to David, I don't do even so to him;
      28 Afterward, when David heard it, he said, "I and my kingdom are guiltless before Yahweh forever of the blood of Abner the son of Ner.

      2 Samuel 19

      8 Then the king arose, and sat in the gate. They told to all the people, saying, "Behold, the king is sitting in the gate." All the people came before the king. Now Israel had fled every man to his tent.

      2 Samuel 21

      3 and David said to the Gibeonites, "What shall I do for you? And with what shall I make atonement, that you may bless the inheritance of Yahweh?"

      Néhémie 6

      14 "Remember, my God, Tobiah and Sanballat according to these their works, and also the prophetess Noadiah, and the rest of the prophets, that would have put me in fear."

      Néhémie 13

      2 because they didn't meet the children of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Balaam against them, to curse them: however our God turned the curse into a blessing.

      Psaumes 7

      4 if I have rewarded evil to him who was at peace with me (yes, if I have delivered him who without cause was my adversary),
      6 Arise, Yahweh, in your anger. Lift up yourself against the rage of my adversaries. Awake for me. You have commanded judgment.

      Psaumes 109

      17 Yes, he loved cursing, and it came to him. He didn't delight in blessing, and it was far from him.
      18 He clothed himself also with cursing as with his garment. It came into his inward parts like water, like oil into his bones.
      19 Let it be to him as the clothing with which he covers himself, for the belt that is always around him.

      Psaumes 137

      8 Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, he will be happy who rewards you, as you have served us.

      Psaumes 139

      19 If only you, God, would kill the wicked. Get away from me, you bloodthirsty men!

      Proverbes 26

      2 Like a fluttering sparrow, like a darting swallow, so the undeserved curse doesn't come to rest.

      Jérémie 11

      3 and say to them, Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel: Cursed is the man who doesn't hear the words of this covenant,
      4 which I commanded your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the iron furnace, saying, Obey my voice, and do them, according to all which I command you: so you shall be my people, and I will be your God;
      5 that I may establish the oath which I swore to your fathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as at this day. Then answered I, and said, Amen, Yahweh.
      6 Yahweh said to me, Proclaim all these words in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, saying, Hear the words of this covenant, and do them.
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