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MARQUES ET SIGNES

I Marque.

Nous rendons par ce mot l'hébreu ôt et divers termes grecs (sèméïon, kharagma, stigmata), quand il s'agit d'un signe ou d'une empreinte qui s'attache à la personne même comme sceau d'un pacte ou affirmation d'une souveraineté. Nous sommes peu renseignés sur la nature de la plupart des « marques » mentionnées dans la Bible.

1.

MARQUE DE CAÏN (Ge 4:15).

Le narrateur a-t-il en vue un signe extérieur qui aurait fait connaître partout le meurtrier ? Cela paraît peu probable. L'ancêtre des forgerons passait-il peut-être pour avoir été couvert d'une sorte de tabou par le maniement du feu ? Le défaut d'unité du récit, l'obscurité qui plane sur des coutumes auxquelles il peut être fait allusion, rendent toute conjecture hasardeuse. Ceux qui traduisent « signe » au lieu de « marque » évitent la difficulté en ramenant la sécurité de Caïn à une promesse qu'il reçoit de Dieu et dont il doit reconnaître lui-même le témoignage au moment du danger.

2.

MARQUES DE JESUS (Ga 6:17).

On a beaucoup discuté sur les « stigmates » de saint Paul. Diverses hypothèses sont plausibles. On a pensé aux stigmates des mystiques (s. François d'Assise, etc.). Le plus simple est sans doute de penser aux cicatrices qui rappellent les souffrances et dangers de sa carrière. Il est ainsi « marqué » pour Christ, comme ces esclaves que l'on marquait au fer rouge en les vouant au service de certaines divinités païennes. D'ailleurs, le titre d'esclave est revendiqué par l'apôtre.

3.

MARQUE DE LA BETE (Ap 13:16 et suivant).

On pense en général que cette marque désigne un cachet officiel romain, estampille obligatoire pour commercer (voir les intéressantes citations et reproductions de papyrus ainsi « marqués », dans Deissmann, NBS, pp. 68ss). Mais il peut s'agir aussi d'une attestation accordée à ceux qui sacrifiaient au César divinisé, ou encore d'une marque volontairement reçue (sorte de tatouage) par ceux qui voulaient ainsi montrer leur zèle. Cependant il ne faut pas exclure non plus la pensée d'une marque mystique, correspondant au sceau dont sont marqués les élus (Apo 7:3 13:16 19:20 20:4, Eze 9:4-6), où la marque en question doit être la lettre tav [v. ce mot] ou une sorte de croix. L'une de ces hypothèses n'exclut pas les autres.

Dans certains passages, par ex. dans le dernier cité, les marques sont sans doute considérées comme des tatouages (voir ce mot) ; dans (Za 13:6), il s'agit d'incisions (voir ce mot).

II Signe.

Ce terme, dans nos traductions françaises, correspond d'une manière générale à l'hébreu ôt et au grec sèméïon. On le considère couramment comme l'équivalent de « miracle ». Mais les deux notions ne se recouvrent pas. Le « signe » n'est pas nécessairement un miracle ; il désigne une manifestation particulière de la volonté de Dieu, qui doit être interprétée par ceux à qui elle s'adresse. Ge 9:12, l'arc-en-ciel est présenté comme « signe d'alliance », de même la circoncision (Ge 17:11), le sabbat (Ex 31:13). Tout ce qui atteste ou rappelle une intervention révélatrice ou rédemptrice est un « signe ». (cf. Ex 3:12) Le miracle, la prévision de l'avenir, etc. sont des signes accréditant le message des prophètes. Aussi les signes sont-ils souvent imités par les faux prophètes (De 13:2, Ex 7:11, Ap 12:1 13:13). Dans le ministère des prophètes le sens du signe s'élargit jusqu'à comprendre la vie entière de l'homme de Dieu. Ésaïe ne se borne pas à fournir à l'occasion un signe de la part de Dieu (Esa 38:22 parallèle 2Ro 20:8 et suivant ; voir Cadran d'Achaz) ; mais aussi il devient lui-même, ainsi que les siens, un signe de la part de Jéhovah (Esa 8:18) ; de même Eze 12:6-11 24:24 (Vers. Syn., symbole). Le signe suprême de l'Éternel est l'accomplissement de son salut : c'est par la volonté et le pouvoir de sauver que se révèle la nature de Dieu.

Dès lors il est naturel que dans le N.T. la notion du signe, bien qu'associée au miracle, ait une extension plus grande. La tendance des contemporains de Jésus est de ne voir le signe que dans le miracle, et par suite de rechercher dans le miracle même l'élément prodigieux. Au contraire, Jésus souligne ce qui dans le miracle révèle le caractère de Dieu (miséricorde, vie, pardon) et par suite illustre sa propre mission de Sauveur. Pour Jésus le miracle est un signe parce qu'il est une oeuvre, c'est-à-dire ce qui porte le cachet de l'ouvrier. Plutôt qu'à des preuves matérielles, qui ne persuaderaient pas les esprits prévenus, Jésus fait appel aux données de la Révélation : « Ils ont Moïse et les prophètes... » (Lu 16:29-31). Il refuse d'accorder des signes de nature cosmique, réclamés par les pharisiens et les Sadducéens. Ceux-ci, fidèles à leur tendance rationaliste, demandent un signe venu du ciel ; typiques représentants de leur « génération méchante et adultère », ils sont capables de prédire le temps, mais non point de distinguer les signes annonciateurs de l'avènement du Christ : ils n'auront pas d'autre signe que celui de Jonas, prédicateur de la repentance pour les Ninivites, qui acceptèrent ses appels, comme plus tard les Gentils accepteront le salut (Mt 16:1,4, cf. Mr 8:11 et suivant, Lu 11:29-32). L'accent porte donc sur l'ensemble de la mission du prophète. D'autres voient ici surtout une prédiction de la résurrection, dont l'épisode du grand poisson serait l'image ; mais Mt 12:40 (cf. Lu 11:30) peut aussi n'être que l'explication du signe, aperçue après l'événement. (cf. Jn 2:22) Le 4e évangile emploie exclusivement le grec sèméïon, au sens de signe, pour désigner les miracles de Jésus (Jn 2:11-18-23 3:2 etc.), au lieu du terme des évangiles, syn. : dunamis (=puissance).

Dans l'Église apostolique, signe, miracle, prodige tendent à se confondre (Ac 4:16 6:8 8:6-13,2Co 12:12). Dans le langage apocalyptique le signe est tantôt une apparition dans le ciel (signe du Fils de l'homme se confondant avec l'annonce de sa seconde venue, Mt 24:30), tantôt un phénomène cosmique révélateur (Ap 12:1). Voir Miracle.

Le « signe de la croix », apparu sans doute de bonne heure parmi les chrétiens, probablement à l'origine comme signe de reconnaissance, était très répandu à l'époque de Tertullien (début du III e siècle), qui en parle mais déclare nettement : « Si vous cherchez dans la Bible la raison de cette pratique, vous ne l'y trouverez pas. » (De la couronne, IV).

ET. -C.

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      Genèse 4

      15 Yahweh said to him, "Therefore whoever slays Cain, vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold." Yahweh appointed a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should strike him.

      Genèse 9

      12 God said, "This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations:

      Genèse 17

      11 You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. It will be a token of the covenant between me and you.

      Exode 3

      12 He said, "Certainly I will be with you. This will be the token to you, that I have sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall serve God on this mountain."

      Exode 7

      11 Then Pharaoh also called for the wise men and the sorcerers. They also, the magicians of Egypt, did the same thing with their enchantments.

      Exode 31

      13 "Speak also to the children of Israel, saying, 'Most certainly you shall keep my Sabbaths: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that you may know that I am Yahweh who sanctifies you.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Esaïe 8

      18 Behold, I and the children whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from Yahweh of Armies, who dwells in Mount Zion.

      Esaïe 38

      22 Hezekiah also had said, "What is the sign that I will go up to the house of Yahweh?"

      Ezéchiel 9

      4 Yahweh said to him, Go through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark on the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry over all the abominations that are done in its midst.
      5 To the others he said in my hearing, Go through the city after him, and strike: don't let your eye spare, neither have pity;
      6 kill utterly the old man, the young man and the virgin, and little children and women; but don't come near any man on whom is the mark: and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the old men that were before the house.

      Ezéchiel 12

      6 In their sight you shall bear it on your shoulder, and carry it forth in the dark; you shall cover your face, so that you don't see the land: for I have set you for a sign to the house of Israel.
      7 I did so as I was commanded: I brought forth my stuff by day, as stuff for removing, and in the even I dug through the wall with my hand; I brought it forth in the dark, and bore it on my shoulder in their sight.
      8 In the morning came the word of Yahweh to me, saying,
      9 Son of man, has not the house of Israel, the rebellious house, said to you, What are you doing?
      10 Say to them, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: This burden concerns the prince in Jerusalem, and all the house of Israel among whom they are.
      11 Say, I am your sign: like as I have done, so shall it be done to them; they shall go into exile, into captivity.

      Ezéchiel 24

      24 Thus Ezekiel shall be a sign to you; according to all that he has done, you will do. When this comes, then you will know that I am the Lord Yahweh.

      Zacharie 13

      6 One will say to him, 'What are these wounds between your arms?' Then he will answer, 'Those with which I was wounded in the house of my friends.'

      Matthieu 12

      40 For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

      Matthieu 16

      1 The Pharisees and Sadducees came, and testing him, asked him to show them a sign from heaven.
      4 An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a sign, and there will be no sign given to it, except the sign of the prophet Jonah." He left them, and departed.

      Matthieu 24

      30 and then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky. Then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky with power and great glory.

      Marc 8

      11 The Pharisees came out and began to question him, seeking from him a sign from heaven, and testing him.

      Luc 11

      29 When the multitudes were gathering together to him, he began to say, "This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign. No sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah, the prophet.
      30 For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will also the Son of Man be to this generation.
      31 The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and will condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here.
      32 The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, one greater than Jonah is here.

      Luc 16

      29 "But Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets. Let them listen to them.'
      30 "He said, 'No, father Abraham, but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'
      31 "He said to him, 'If they don't listen to Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded if one rises from the dead.'"

      Jean 2

      11 This beginning of his signs Jesus did in Cana of Galilee, and revealed his glory; and his disciples believed in him.
      12 After this, he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, his brothers, and his disciples; and they stayed there a few days.
      13 The Passover of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.
      14 He found in the temple those who sold oxen, sheep, and doves, and the changers of money sitting.
      15 He made a whip of cords, and threw all out of the temple, both the sheep and the oxen; and he poured out the changers' money, and overthrew their tables.
      16 To those who sold the doves, he said, "Take these things out of here! Don't make my Father's house a marketplace!"
      17 His disciples remembered that it was written, "Zeal for your house will eat me up."
      18 The Jews therefore answered him, "What sign do you show us, seeing that you do these things?"
      22 When therefore he was raised from the dead, his disciples remembered that he said this, and they believed the Scripture, and the word which Jesus had said.
      23 Now when he was in Jerusalem at the Passover, during the feast, many believed in his name, observing his signs which he did.

      Jean 3

      2 The same came to him by night, and said to him, "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him."

      Actes 4

      16 saying, "What shall we do to these men? Because indeed a notable miracle has been done through them, as can be plainly seen by all who dwell in Jerusalem, and we can't deny it.

      Actes 6

      8 Stephen, full of faith and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people.

      Actes 8

      6 The multitudes listened with one accord to the things that were spoken by Philip, when they heard and saw the signs which he did.

      2 Corinthiens 12

      12 Truly the signs of an apostle were worked among you in all patience, in signs and wonders and mighty works.

      Galates 6

      17 From now on, let no one cause me any trouble, for I bear the marks of the Lord Jesus branded on my body.

      Apocalypse 7

      3 saying, "Don't harm the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees, until we have sealed the bondservants of our God on their foreheads!"

      Apocalypse 12

      1 A great sign was seen in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars.

      Apocalypse 13

      13 He performs great signs, even making fire come down out of the sky to the earth in the sight of people.
      16 He causes all, the small and the great, the rich and the poor, and the free and the slave, to be given marks on their right hands, or on their foreheads;

      Apocalypse 19

      20 The beast was taken, and with him the false prophet who worked the signs in his sight, with which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were thrown alive into the lake of fire that burns with sulfur.

      Apocalypse 20

      4 I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was given to them. I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Jesus, and for the word of God, and such as didn't worship the beast nor his image, and didn't receive the mark on their forehead and on their hand. They lived, and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
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