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MOAB, MOABITES

Définition biblique de Moab, Moabites :

Les Moabites habitaient le plateau à l'Est de la mer Morte ; leurs voisins étaient au Sud les Édomites, au Nord les Ammonites et à l'Est les bédouins du désert. 

Sommaire

I. GÉOGRAPHIE.

Les Moabites habitaient le plateau à l'Est de la mer Morte ; leurs voisins étaient au Sud les Édomites, au Nord les Ammonites et à l'Est les bédouins du désert. L'élégie qu'on lit dans Esa 15 décrit le pays de Moab dans son étendue la plus vaste, depuis « les eaux de Nimrim » vis-à-vis de Jérico, jusqu'au « torrent des Saules » au Sud de la mer Morte (presque 100 km.), bien qu'à l'époque de Moïse les Moabites eussent perdu leur territoire au Nord de l'Arnon (No 21:26). Leurs villes principales, du N. au Sud, étaient Hesbon, Médéba, Dibon, Ar-Moab (voir Ar), au Nord de l'Arnon (No 21:27-30) et, au Sud, Kir-Moab (Esa 15) ;

voir Kir-Moab, Kir-Haréseth, Rabbath-Moab. Les villes nommées par Mésa dans son inscription sont toutes, sauf Hauronan, au Nord de l'Arnon, dans le territoire contesté.

II. ORIGINES.

Les Moabites ont certainement occupé leur pays avant 1250 av. J. -C, et probablement après 1400, puisqu'ils ne sont pas nommés dans la correspondance de Tell el-Amarna. Ce sont des Sémites, ou plus exactement des Hébreux comme les Israélites, les Ammonites et les Édomites. D'après une tradition injurieuse (Ge 19:36), les Moabites seraient le produit d'une union incestueuse de Lot (le neveu d'Abraham) avec sa fille aînée (d'après les LXX, ibid., Moab signifie issu du père, en hébreu mê-âb). Les Hébreux nous semblent être d'origine arabe, bien que bon nombre de savants les rattachent aux Araméens. D'après De 2:10 et suivant, avant l'invasion moabite, le pays était habité par des géants, dont le nom était Émim.

III. HISTOIRE.

Ramsès II (1292-1225) nomme les Moabites parmi les peuples qu'il soumit en Syrie. Peu après, lorsque Moïse eut conduit les Israélites à Kadès, Sihon, roi des Amoréens, avait occupé la partie septentrionale de Moab et avait choisi Hesbon comme sa capitale (No 21:26-30). Soit que les Moabites aient appelé les Israélites à leur secours (d'après la géniale hypothèse de Wellhausen), soit que quelques tribus de Kadès aient vu dans ce conflit une occasion pour occuper le territoire dont elles avaient besoin, Israël battit Sihon et Ruben occupa son territoire, tandis que Gad et la moitié de Manassé s'établissaient plus au nord.

Ce résultat de l'intervention des Israélites ne pouvait pas plaire aux Moabites : leur roi Balak eut recours à Balaam pour les maudire (No 22-24), mais sans succès. Ce ne fut qu'après l'invasion du pays de Canaan que Ruben fut décimé et assimilé peu à peu par les Moabites (cf. Ge 49:3 et suivant, De 33:6) qui poussèrent leur conquête même au-delà du Jourdain, jusqu'au jour où Éhud assassina leur roi Églon (Jug 3:12-30)

Les Moabites furent hostiles à Saül (1Sa 14:47) et prêts à rendre service à son adversaire David (1Sa 22:3 et suivant). Quand David devint roi, à la suite de sa guerre contre les Ammonites, il battit les Moabites (fig. 159), tua deux tiers des prisonniers, et imposa un tribut au pays. (d'après 2Sa 8:2, texte rédactionnel) Les Moabites semblent avoir secoué le joug israélite après la mort de David (cf. 1Ro 11:1-7,33) et ils restèrent indépendants jusqu'au règne d'Omri.

Dans sa célèbre inscription, Mésa (voir ce mot) déclare en effet qu'Omri (887-875) occupa la partie du pays de Moab au Nord de l'Arnon, et qu'il fortifia Médéba, Ataroth, Nébo, Jahats. D'abord Mésa paya son lourd tribut à Achab (2Ro 3:4), mais plus tard, au cours des guerres des Israélites contre les Syriens (1Ro 22), il réussit à reconquérir la partie de son territoire qu'Omri avait occupée et il fortifia si bien les points stratégiques (voir la stèle de Mésa) que, dans la suite, cette région fit partie intégrante du pays de Moab. (cf. Am 2:2, Esa 15, Jer 48, Eze 25:9) Tandis que cette révolte de Mésa aurait atteint son but avant la mort d'Achab d'après le compte rendu moabite, elle aurait éclaté sous le successeur d'Achab d'après 2Ro 3:5,27 (sous sa forme laconique, le verset 27 nous fait entrevoir la terreur panique qui s'empara de l'armée israélite à la suite du sacrifice du premier-né de Mésa).

Les petits conflits de frontière ne cessèrent pas, (cf. 2Ro 13:20) mais il n'y eut plus de guerre entre Israël et Moab, à moins que Jéroboam II (785-744) n'ait soumis une partie du pays de Moab, comme le pensent certains historiens d'après 2Ro 14:25. (cf. Am 6:14) Depuis 732 jusqu'à 625, les Moabites furent tributaires de l'Assyrie : Salamanou fit acte de soumission à Téglath-Phalasar III en 732 ; en 711, les Moabites s'allièrent avec les Égyptiens contre Sargon II, mais ils se soumirent bientôt, puisque, en 701, Kemos-Nadab, roi de Moab, paya son tribut à Sennachérib, de même que Moutsouri à Assarhaddon en 673 et Ka[ma]s-Khaltâ à Assourbanipal.

Le tribut des Moabites, sous les derniers rois d'Assyrie, s'élevait à une mine d'or (Harper, Assyrian Letters, n° 632 ; trad. Pfeiffer dans Journ. of Bibl. Liter., 47 , p. 185). Bien qu'en 593 les Moabites eussent été sur le point de se révolter contre Nébucadnetsar (Jer 25:21 27:3), ils se gardèrent bien d'aider les Juifs vaincus dans la catastrophe de 586 : ils restèrent soumis, ne furent point molestés et purent offrir un asile à des fuyards juifs (Jer 40:11). Cependant la nation des Moabites devait disparaître peu à peu, dans le siècle qui suit, devant les incursions des bédouins du désert (Eze 25:8,11). Tandis que les Édomites abandonnèrent leur pays à ces nomades, qui fondèrent là le royaume des Nabatéens (voir ce mot), les Moabites furent peu à peu absorbés ; déjà dans Ne 4:7, les « Arabes » apparaissent à la place des Moabites, bien que l'ancien nom se lise encore dans Da 11:41 et dans Josèphe (Ant., XIII, 13:5 14:2, etc.).

IV. RELIGION.

Le dieu national des Moabites s'appelait Kémos : ils étaient le « peuple de Kémos » (No 21:29) de même que les Israélites étaient le peuple de JHVH. La religion des Moabites est très semblable à celle des Israélites avant Amos (les deux peuples parlaient aussi la même langue) : les sanctuaires s'appelaient « hauts-lieux » ; en guerre, la défaite était attribuée à la colère de la divinité, et, dans des crises exceptionnelles, on avait recours au sacrifice humain (2Ro 3:27) ou à l'interdit (stèle de Mésa) ; dans les sanctuaires on pratiquait la prostitution sacrée (No 25:1-3). Les Moabites adoraient aussi des divinités secondaires, Astar-Kemos (l'épouse de Kémos ?), Dawdoh (divinité de Gad ?), Nébo, et probablement aussi les Baalim ou Baals. BIBLIOGRAPHIE. Voir Mésa, Israël. --G.A. Smith, Hist. Geogr, pp. 557-571 ; Charles-F. Jean, Le Milieu Biblique av. J. -C, 2 vol., 1922-1923. R.H. Pf.

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      Genèse 19

      36 Thus both of Lot's daughters were with child by their father.

      Genèse 36

      35 Husham died, and Hadad, the son of Bedad, who struck Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his place. The name of his city was Avith.

      Genèse 49

      3 "Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength; excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.

      Exode 15

      15 Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed. Trembling takes hold of the mighty men of Moab. All the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.

      Nombres 21

      11 They traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise.
      13 From there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness, that comes out of the border of the Amorites: for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.
      15 the slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab."
      20 and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert.
      26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon.
      27 Therefore those who speak in proverbs say, "Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established;
      28 for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.
      29 Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites.
      30 We have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba."

      Nombres 22

      1 The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan at Jericho.
      2 Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites.
      3 Moab was very afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel.
      4 Moab said to the elders of Midian, "Now this multitude will lick up all that is around us, as the ox licks up the grass of the field." Balak the son of Zippor was king of Moab at that time.
      5 He sent messengers to Balaam the son of Beor, to Pethor, which is by the River, to the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, "Behold, there is a people who came out from Egypt. Behold, they cover the surface of the earth, and they are staying opposite me.
      6 Please come now therefore curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: perhaps I shall prevail, that we may strike them, and that I may drive them out of the land; for I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed."
      7 The elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came to Balaam, and spoke to him the words of Balak.
      8 He said to them, "Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as Yahweh shall speak to me." The princes of Moab stayed with Balaam.
      9 God came to Balaam, and said, "Who are these men with you?"
      10 Balaam said to God, "Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, has said to me,
      11 'Behold, the people that has come out of Egypt, it covers the surface of the earth: now, come curse me them; perhaps I shall be able to fight against them, and shall drive them out.'"
      12 God said to Balaam, "You shall not go with them. You shall not curse the people; for they are blessed."
      13 Balaam rose up in the morning, and said to the princes of Balak, "Go to your land; for Yahweh refuses to permit me to go with you."
      14 The princes of Moab rose up, and they went to Balak, and said, "Balaam refuses to come with us."
      15 Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honorable than they.
      16 They came to Balaam, and said to him, "Thus says Balak the son of Zippor, 'Please let nothing hinder you from coming to me:
      17 for I will promote you to very great honor, and whatever you say to me I will do. Please come therefore, and curse this people for me.'"
      18 Balaam answered the servants of Balak, "If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I can't go beyond the word of Yahweh my God, to do less or more.
      19 Now therefore, please wait also here this night, that I may know what Yahweh will speak to me more."
      20 God came to Balaam at night, and said to him, "If the men have come to call you, rise up, go with them; but only the word which I speak to you, that you shall do."
      21 Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his donkey, and went with the princes of Moab.
      22 God's anger was kindled because he went; and the angel of Yahweh placed himself in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding on his donkey, and his two servants were with him.
      23 The donkey saw the angel of Yahweh standing in the way, with his sword drawn in his hand; and the donkey turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam struck the donkey, to turn her into the way.
      24 Then the angel of Yahweh stood in a narrow path between the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side.
      25 The donkey saw the angel of Yahweh, and she thrust herself to the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall: and he struck her again.
      26 The angel of Yahweh went further, and stood in a narrow place, where there was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left.
      27 The donkey saw the angel of Yahweh, and she lay down under Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and he struck the donkey with his staff.
      28 Yahweh opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, "What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?"
      29 Balaam said to the donkey, "Because you have mocked me, I wish there were a sword in my hand, for now I would have killed you."
      30 The donkey said to Balaam, "Am I not your donkey, on which you have ridden all your life long to this day? Was I ever in the habit of doing so to you?" He said, "No."
      31 Then Yahweh opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of Yahweh standing in the way, with his sword drawn in his hand; and he bowed his head, and fell on his face.
      32 The angel of Yahweh said to him, "Why have you struck your donkey these three times? Behold, I have come forth as an adversary, because your way is perverse before me:
      33 and the donkey saw me, and turned aside before me these three times. Unless she had turned aside from me, surely now I would have killed you, and saved her alive."
      34 Balaam said to the angel of Yahweh, "I have sinned; for I didn't know that you stood in the way against me. Now therefore, if it displeases you, I will go back again."
      35 The angel of Yahweh said to Balaam, "Go with the men; but only the word that I shall speak to you, that you shall speak." So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.
      36 When Balak heard that Balaam had come, he went out to meet him to the City of Moab, which is on the border of the Arnon, which is in the utmost part of the border.
      37 Balak said to Balaam, "Didn't I earnestly send to you to call you? Why didn't you come to me? Am I not able indeed to promote you to honor?"
      38 Balaam said to Balak, "Behold, I have come to you: have I now any power at all to speak anything? The word that God puts in my mouth, that shall I speak."
      39 Balaam went with Balak, and they came to Kiriath Huzoth.
      40 Balak sacrificed cattle and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the princes who were with him.
      41 It happened in the morning, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal; and he saw from there the utmost part of the people.

      Nombres 23

      1 Balaam said to Balak, "Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams."
      2 Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bull and a ram.
      3 Balaam said to Balak, "Stand by your burnt offering, and I will go: perhaps Yahweh will come to meet me; and whatever he shows me I will tell you." He went to a bare height.
      4 God met Balaam: and he said to him, "I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bull and a ram on every altar."
      5 Yahweh put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, "Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak."
      6 He returned to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, he, and all the princes of Moab.
      7 He took up his parable, and said, "From Aram has Balak brought me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East. Come, curse Jacob for me. Come, defy Israel.
      8 How shall I curse whom God has not cursed? How shall I defy whom Yahweh has not defied?
      9 For from the top of the rocks I see him. From the hills I see him. Behold, it is a people that dwells alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.
      10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous! Let my last end be like his!"
      11 Balak said to Balaam, "What have you done to me? I took you to curse my enemies, and behold, you have blessed them altogether."
      12 He answered and said, "Must I not take heed to speak that which Yahweh puts in my mouth?"
      13 Balak said to him, "Please come with me to another place, where you may see them; you shall see but the utmost part of them, and shall not see them all: and curse me them from there."
      14 He took him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.
      15 He said to Balak, "Stand here by your burnt offering, while I meet over there."
      16 Yahweh met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, "Return to Balak, and say this."
      17 He came to him, and behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. Balak said to him, "What has Yahweh spoken?"
      18 He took up his parable, and said, "Rise up, Balak, and hear! Listen to me, you son of Zippor.
      19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor the son of man, that he should repent. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it good?
      20 Behold, I have received a command to bless. He has blessed, and I can't reverse it.
      21 He has not seen iniquity in Jacob. Neither has he seen perverseness in Israel. Yahweh his God is with him. The shout of a king is among them.
      22 God brings them out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox.
      23 Surely there is no enchantment with Jacob; Neither is there any divination with Israel. Now it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What has God done!
      24 Behold, the people rises up as a lioness, As a lion he lifts himself up. He shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drinks the blood of the slain."
      25 Balak said to Balaam, "Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all."
      26 But Balaam answered Balak, "Didn't I tell you, saying, 'All that Yahweh speaks, that I must do?'"
      27 Balak said to Balaam, "Come now, I will take you to another place; perhaps it will please God that you may curse me them from there."
      28 Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks down on the desert.
      29 Balaam said to Balak, "Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bulls and seven rams."
      30 Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered up a bull and a ram on every altar.

      Nombres 24

      1 When Balaam saw that it pleased Yahweh to bless Israel, he didn't go, as at the other times, to meet with enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness.
      2 Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel dwelling according to their tribes; and the Spirit of God came on him.
      3 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      4 he says, who hears the words of God, who sees the vision of the Almighty, falling down, and having his eyes open:
      5 How goodly are your tents, Jacob, and your tents, Israel!
      6 As valleys they are spread forth, as gardens by the riverside, as aloes which Yahweh has planted, as cedar trees beside the waters.
      7 Water shall flow from his buckets. His seed shall be in many waters. His king shall be higher than Agag. His kingdom shall be exalted.
      8 God brings him out of Egypt. He has as it were the strength of the wild ox. He shall eat up the nations his adversaries, shall break their bones in pieces, and pierce them with his arrows.
      9 He couched, he lay down as a lion, as a lioness; who shall rouse him up? Everyone who blesses you is blessed. Everyone who curses you is cursed."
      10 Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he struck his hands together; and Balak said to Balaam, "I called you to curse my enemies, and, behold, you have altogether blessed them these three times.
      11 Therefore now flee you to your place! I thought to promote you to great honor; but, behold, Yahweh has kept you back from honor."
      12 Balaam said to Balak, "Didn't I also tell your messengers who you sent to me, saying,
      13 'If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I can't go beyond the word of Yahweh, to do either good or bad of my own mind. I will say what Yahweh says'?
      14 Now, behold, I go to my people: come, I will inform you what this people shall do to your people in the latter days."
      15 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
      16 he says, who hears the words of God, knows the knowledge of the Most High, and who sees the vision of the Almighty, Falling down, and having his eyes open:
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