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PROFANE, PROFANER

L'étymologie de ces mots français est claire. Le latin fanum signifie temple (d'où, par ex., le mot fanatique, lequel s'applique à tout homme qui a un trop fort « esprit de clocher », qui se passionne à l'excès pour une opinion, religieuse ou autre). Tout ce qui est admis à l'intérieur d'un temple est tenu pour sacré, tandis que ce qui reste au dehors, devant (pro) le sanctuaire, est profane, c'est-à-dire considéré comme impur et ne peut y pénétrer sans le souiller. Nos versions de la Bible traduisent par : profane, profaner, les mots hébreux des rac. khâlal (=souiller) et khânéph (=être souillé), et l'adjectif gr. bébêlos avec ses dérivés. Celui-ci correspond assez exactement au latin prof anus, car bêlos désigne le seuil : qui franchit indûment le seuil d'un lieu sacré le souille, c'est donc un profane. Pour la profanation au sens de violation avec pillage d'un sanctuaire, voir Sacrilège.

L'emploi de ces termes au sens cérémoniel est assez fréquent dans l'A.T., où l'antithèse entre saint et profane équivaut, comme dans Le 10:10, à l'antithèse entre pur et souillé (voir Pur et impur ; Saint). Il est parlé de profanation rituelle de l'autel (Ex 20:25), du sanctuaire (Le 21:12,23, Eze 44:7, 1Ma 2:12, Judith 9:8, Ac 21:28 24:6 etc.), des objets consacrés (Le 19:8 22:9,15, No 18:32 etc.), du nom de Dieu (Le 21:6 22:2,32, Mal 1:7,12 etc.). Mais dans tout l'enseignement prophétique c'est le péché qui est le grand profanateur (Am 2:7, Jer 34:16, Eze 20:39 36:20 et suivants, Esa 56:2,6, Mal 2:11, Ps 74:7, cf. Le 18:21, etc.). C'est aussi pour châtier les Israélites infidèles que Dieu profanera leur temple et leur héritage (Eze 7:22, La 2:2, Esa 47:6 etc.). Le verbe profaner est occasionnellement remplacé par : souiller, violer, etc (Jer 16:18, Ps 89:32, Ex 31:14, Mt 12:5, etc.). Les prophètes infidèles sont dénoncés comme profanes (Jer 23:11), comme confondant par leurs crimes le profane et le sacré (Eze 22:26). L'épithète de profane s'applique aussi aux impies (Eze 21:30,1Ti 1:9, Heb 12:16), et, dans les épîtres pastorales, aux doctrines et discussions des hérétiques (1Ti 4:7 6:20,2Ti 2:16 ; voir Pastorales, III, 4).

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      Exode 20

      25 If you make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of cut stones; for if you lift up your tool on it, you have polluted it.

      Exode 31

      14 You shall keep the Sabbath therefore; for it is holy to you. Everyone who profanes it shall surely be put to death; for whoever does any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people.

      Lévitique 10

      10 and that you are to make a distinction between the holy and the common, and between the unclean and the clean;

      Lévitique 18

      21 "'You shall not give any of your children to sacrifice to Molech; neither shall you profane the name of your God: I am Yahweh.

      Lévitique 19

      8 but everyone who eats it shall bear his iniquity, because he has profaned the holy thing of Yahweh, and that soul shall be cut off from his people.

      Lévitique 21

      6 They shall be holy to their God, and not profane the name of their God; for they offer the offerings of Yahweh made by fire, the bread of their God; therefore they shall be holy.
      12 neither shall he go out of the sanctuary, nor profane the sanctuary of his God; for the crown of the anointing oil of his God is upon him. I am Yahweh.
      23 He shall not come near to the veil, nor come near to the altar, because he has a blemish; that he may not profane my sanctuaries, for I am Yahweh who sanctifies them.'"

      Lévitique 22

      2 "Tell Aaron and his sons to separate themselves from the holy things of the children of Israel, which they make holy to me, and that they not profane my holy name. I am Yahweh.
      9 "'They shall therefore follow my requirements, lest they bear sin for it, and die therein, if they profane it. I am Yahweh who sanctifies them.
      15 The priests shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, which they offer to Yahweh,
      32 You shall not profane my holy name, but I will be made holy among the children of Israel. I am Yahweh who makes you holy,

      Nombres 18

      32 You shall bear no sin by reason of it, when you have heaved from it its best: and you shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, that you not die.'"

      Psaumes 74

      7 They have burned your sanctuary to the ground. They have profaned the dwelling place of your Name.

      Psaumes 89

      32 then I will punish their sin with the rod, and their iniquity with stripes.

      Esaïe 47

      6 I was angry with my people, I profaned my inheritance, and gave them into your hand: you showed them no mercy; on the aged you have very heavily laid your yoke.

      Esaïe 56

      2 Blessed is the man who does this, and the son of man who holds it fast; who keeps the Sabbath from profaning it, and keeps his hand from doing any evil."
      6 Also the foreigners who join themselves to Yahweh, to minister to him, and to love the name of Yahweh, to be his servants, everyone who keeps the Sabbath from profaning it, and holds fast my covenant;

      Jérémie 16

      18 First I will recompense their iniquity and their sin double, because they have polluted my land with the carcasses of their detestable things, and have filled my inheritance with their abominations.

      Jérémie 23

      11 for both prophet and priest are profane; yes, in my house have I found their wickedness, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 34

      16 but you turned and profaned my name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom you had let go free at their pleasure, to return; and you brought them into subjection, to be to you for servants and for handmaids.

      Lamentations 2

      2 The Lord has swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and has not pitied: He has thrown down in his wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah; He has brought them down to the ground; he has profaned the kingdom and its princes.

      Ezéchiel 7

      22 My face will I turn also from them, and they shall profane my secret place; and robbers shall enter into it, and profane it.

      Ezéchiel 20

      39 As for you, house of Israel, thus says the Lord Yahweh: Go, serve everyone his idols, and hereafter also, if you will not listen to me; but my holy name you shall no more profane with your gifts, and with your idols.

      Ezéchiel 21

      30 Cause it to return into its sheath. In the place where you were created, in the land of your birth, will I judge you.

      Ezéchiel 22

      26 Her priests have done violence to my law, and have profaned my holy things: they have made no distinction between the holy and the common, neither have they caused men to discern between the unclean and the clean, and have hidden their eyes from my Sabbaths, and I am profaned among them.

      Ezéchiel 36

      20 When they came to the nations, where they went, they profaned my holy name; in that men said of them, These are the people of Yahweh, and are gone forth out of his land.

      Ezéchiel 44

      7 in that you have brought in foreigners, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to profane it, even my house, when you offer my bread, the fat and the blood, and they have broken my covenant, [to add] to all your abominations.

      Amos 2

      7 They trample on the dust of the earth on the head of the poor, and deny justice to the oppressed; and a man and his father use the same maiden, to profane my holy name;

      Malachie 1

      7 You offer polluted bread on my altar. You say, 'How have we polluted you?' In that you say, 'Yahweh's table contemptible.'
      12 "But you profane it, in that you say, 'Yahweh's table is polluted, and its fruit, even its food, is contemptible.'

      Malachie 2

      11 Judah has dealt treacherously, and an abomination is committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah has profaned the holiness of Yahweh which he loves, and has married the daughter of a foreign god.

      Matthieu 12

      5 Or have you not read in the law, that on the Sabbath day, the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath, and are guiltless?

      Actes 21

      28 crying out, "Men of Israel, help! This is the man who teaches all men everywhere against the people, and the law, and this place. Moreover, he also brought Greeks into the temple, and has defiled this holy place!"

      Actes 24

      6 He even tried to profane the temple, and we arrested him.

      1 Timothée 1

      9 as knowing this, that law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and insubordinate, for the ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers,

      1 Timothée 4

      7 But refuse profane and old wives' fables. Exercise yourself toward godliness.

      2 Timothée 2

      16 But shun empty chatter, for it will go further in ungodliness,

      Hébreux 12

      16 lest there be any sexually immoral person, or profane person, like Esau, who sold his birthright for one meal.
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