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Dans l'A.T., est surtout employé pour traduire le mot hébreu khôchèq, qui se rencontre 78 fois dans ce sens (20 fois dans Job). Dans le N.T., il traduit les mots grecs skotia, employé 14 fois (dont 7 dans Jean et 5 dans 1Jean), et skolos, employé 31 fois (dont 6 dans Matthieu et 11 dans les ép. de Paul).

Les ténèbres, c'est, au sens propre, l'obscurité, la nuit, dans le récit de la création (Ge 1:4), ou dans Mr 15:33 et parallèle, Ac 13:11, Jn 6:17 20:1. Mais le plus souvent ce mot est pris dans un sens figuré : tantôt il signifie « en secret » (Ps 139 : et suivant, Mt 10:27), tantôt il désigne un état d'ignorance (Ps 18:29 107:10, Mt 6:23), et, par extension, le paganisme (Ac 26:18) ; tantôt un état de péché (Esa 5:20 60:2, Jn 12:35,1Jn 2:9), tantôt la puissance du mal, opposée à Dieu qui est lumière (acception plus familière à saint Paul et à Jean), le monde ou l'humanité asservie au péché (Jn 1:5), enfin un état de terreur ou de châtiment (Am 5:18, Joe 2:2, Soph, 1:15, Mt 8:12 22:13 25:30, Jude 1:13).

Ce terme exprime donc, dans des proportions difficiles à déterminer, les notions de crainte, d'ignorance, de péché ou de mal en général. Son emploi dans le domaine moral ou spirituel s'explique très facilement.

Personne n'ignore combien l'obscurité peut créer de dangers imaginaires ou augmenter les terreurs de dangers réels, alors que la lumière dissipe les uns, ramène les autres à de justes mesures.

Cette crainte s'explique encore mieux chez les primitifs, entourés de risques très réels que la nuit rend encore plus pressants ; par exemple la crainte des fauves, particulièrement redoutables pour l'homme qui sortirait sans lumière.

Ces grands dangers, les bruits mystérieux que la nuit amplifie, l'incertitude de l'homme à retrouver son chemin dans l'obscurité, de même que la longueur troublante des heures silencieuses d'insomnie, tout explique pourquoi les ténèbres ont toujours représenté les puissances mauvaises, comme les puissances bonnes étaient représentées par la lumière.

En ce cas comme en beaucoup d'autres, la Bible a repris une très vieille idée humaine, commune aux religions païennes, mais en la spiritualisant de plus en plus. Il vaut la peine de remarquer que cette image, qui répond aux terreurs de l'enfance de l'humanité, est employée dans l'évangile le plus spirituel (voir Johannisme), pour exprimer la plus haute révélation : Jésus est la véritable lumière, qui dissipe tout ce que représentent les ténèbres, ignorance, crainte et péché.

Pour Jean, les ténèbres sont en même temps toutes les puissances mauvaises qui asservissent l'humanité et le monde esclave du mal. Mais cette conception n'est point exclusivement johannique, car on la trouve déjà en germe chez les Synoptiques (cf. Mt 6:23, Lu 11:35 22:53) et plus encore dans les épîtres de Paul (cf. 1Th 5:4 et suivant, Ro 13:12,1Co 4:5,2Co 6:14, Eph 5:11-6:12, Col 1:13). Voir Lumière.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 1

      4 God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.

      Psaumes 18

      29 For by you, I advance through a troop. By my God, I leap over a wall.

      Psaumes 107

      10 Some sat in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound in affliction and iron,

      Psaumes 139

      1 <> Yahweh, you have searched me, and you know me.
      2 You know my sitting down and my rising up. You perceive my thoughts from afar.
      3 You search out my path and my lying down, and are acquainted with all my ways.
      4 For there is not a word on my tongue, but, behold, Yahweh, you know it altogether.
      5 You hem me in behind and before. You laid your hand on me.
      6 This knowledge is beyond me. It's lofty. I can't attain it.
      7 Where could I go from your Spirit? Or where could I flee from your presence?
      8 If I ascend up into heaven, you are there. If I make my bed in Sheol , behold, you are there!
      9 If I take the wings of the dawn, and settle in the uttermost parts of the sea;
      10 Even there your hand will lead me, and your right hand will hold me.
      11 If I say, "Surely the darkness will overwhelm me; the light around me will be night";
      12 even the darkness doesn't hide from you, but the night shines as the day. The darkness is like light to you.
      13 For you formed my inmost being. You knit me together in my mother's womb.
      14 I will give thanks to you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Your works are wonderful. My soul knows that very well.
      15 My frame wasn't hidden from you, when I was made in secret, woven together in the depths of the earth.
      16 Your eyes saw my body. In your book they were all written, the days that were ordained for me, when as yet there were none of them.
      17 How precious to me are your thoughts, God! How vast is their sum!
      18 If I would count them, they are more in number than the sand. When I wake up, I am still with you.
      19 If only you, God, would kill the wicked. Get away from me, you bloodthirsty men!
      20 For they speak against you wickedly. Your enemies take your name in vain.
      21 Yahweh, don't I hate those who hate you? Am I not grieved with those who rise up against you?
      22 I hate them with perfect hatred. They have become my enemies.
      23 Search me, God, and know my heart. Try me, and know my thoughts.
      24 See if there is any wicked way in me, and lead me in the everlasting way.

      Esaïe 5

      20 Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!

      Esaïe 60

      2 For, behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the peoples; but Yahweh will arise on you, and his glory shall be seen on you.

      Joël 2

      2 A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness. As the dawn spreading on the mountains, a great and strong people; there has never been the like, neither will there be any more after them, even to the years of many generations.

      Amos 5

      18 "Woe to you who desire the day of Yahweh! Why do you long for the day of Yahweh? It is darkness, and not light.

      Sophonie 1

      15 That day is a day of wrath, a day of distress and anguish, a day of trouble and ruin, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness,

      Matthieu 6

      23 But if your eye is evil, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!

      Matthieu 8

      12 but the children of the Kingdom will be thrown out into the outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth."

      Matthieu 10

      27 What I tell you in the darkness, speak in the light; and what you hear whispered in the ear, proclaim on the housetops.

      Matthieu 11

      1 It happened that when Jesus had finished directing his twelve disciples, he departed from there to teach and preach in their cities.
      2 Now when John heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples
      3 and said to him, "Are you he who comes, or should we look for another?"
      4 Jesus answered them, "Go and tell John the things which you hear and see:
      5 the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have good news preached to them.
      6 Blessed is he who finds no occasion for stumbling in me."
      7 As these went their way, Jesus began to say to the multitudes concerning John, "What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind?
      8 But what did you go out to see? A man in soft clothing? Behold, those who wear soft clothing are in king's houses.
      9 But why did you go out? To see a prophet? Yes, I tell you, and much more than a prophet.
      10 For this is he, of whom it is written, 'Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.'
      11 Most certainly I tell you, among those who are born of women there has not arisen anyone greater than John the Baptizer; yet he who is least in the Kingdom of Heaven is greater than he.
      12 From the days of John the Baptizer until now, the Kingdom of Heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by force.
      13 For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John.
      14 If you are willing to receive it, this is Elijah, who is to come.
      15 He who has ears to hear, let him hear.
      16 "But to what shall I compare this generation? It is like children sitting in the marketplaces, who call to their companions
      17 and say, 'We played the flute for you, and you didn't dance. We mourned for you, and you didn't lament.'
      18 For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, 'He has a demon.'
      19 The Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say, 'Behold, a gluttonous man and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!' But wisdom is justified by her children. "
      20 Then he began to denounce the cities in which most of his mighty works had been done, because they didn't repent.
      21 "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
      22 But I tell you, it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon on the day of judgment than for you.
      23 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, you will go down to Hades. For if the mighty works had been done in Sodom which were done in you, it would have remained until this day.
      24 But I tell you that it will be more tolerable for the land of Sodom, on the day of judgment, than for you."
      25 At that time, Jesus answered, "I thank you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you hid these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to infants.
      26 Yes, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in your sight.
      27 All things have been delivered to me by my Father. No one knows the Son, except the Father; neither does anyone know the Father, except the Son, and he to whom the Son desires to reveal him.
      28 "Come to me, all you who labor and are heavily burdened, and I will give you rest.
      29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart; and you will find rest for your souls.
      30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light."

      Matthieu 22

      13 Then the king said to the servants, 'Bind him hand and foot, take him away, and throw him into the outer darkness; there is where the weeping and grinding of teeth will be.'

      Matthieu 25

      30 Throw out the unprofitable servant into the outer darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.'

      Marc 15

      33 When the sixth hour had come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour.

      Luc 11

      35 Therefore see whether the light that is in you isn't darkness.

      Luc 22

      53 When I was with you in the temple daily, you didn't stretch out your hands against me. But this is your hour, and the power of darkness."

      Jean 1

      5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness hasn't overcome it.

      Jean 2

      9 When the ruler of the feast tasted the water now become wine, and didn't know where it came from (but the servants who had drawn the water knew), the ruler of the feast called the bridegroom,

      Jean 5

      1 After these things, there was a feast of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.
      2 Now in Jerusalem by the sheep gate, there is a pool, which is called in Hebrew, "Bethesda," having five porches.
      3 In these lay a great multitude of those who were sick, blind, lame, or paralyzed, waiting for the moving of the water;
      4 for an angel went down at certain times into the pool, and stirred up the water. Whoever stepped in first after the stirring of the water was made whole of whatever disease he had.
      5 A certain man was there, who had been sick for thirty-eight years.
      6 When Jesus saw him lying there, and knew that he had been sick for a long time, he asked him, "Do you want to be made well?"
      7 The sick man answered him, "Sir, I have no one to put me into the pool when the water is stirred up, but while I'm coming, another steps down before me."
      8 Jesus said to him, "Arise, take up your mat, and walk."
      9 Immediately, the man was made well, and took up his mat and walked. Now it was the Sabbath on that day.
      10 So the Jews said to him who was cured, "It is the Sabbath. It is not lawful for you to carry the mat."
      11 He answered them, "He who made me well, the same said to me, 'Take up your mat, and walk.'"
      12 Then they asked him, "Who is the man who said to you, 'Take up your mat, and walk'?"
      13 But he who was healed didn't know who it was, for Jesus had withdrawn, a crowd being in the place.
      14 Afterward Jesus found him in the temple, and said to him, "Behold, you are made well. Sin no more, so that nothing worse happens to you."
      15 The man went away, and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well.
      16 For this cause the Jews persecuted Jesus, and sought to kill him, because he did these things on the Sabbath.
      17 But Jesus answered them, "My Father is still working, so I am working, too."
      18 For this cause therefore the Jews sought all the more to kill him, because he not only broke the Sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God.
      19 Jesus therefore answered them, "Most certainly, I tell you, the Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing. For whatever things he does, these the Son also does likewise.
      20 For the Father has affection for the Son, and shows him all things that he himself does. He will show him greater works than these, that you may marvel.
      21 For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the Son also gives life to whom he desires.
      22 For the Father judges no one, but he has given all judgment to the Son,
      23 that all may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He who doesn't honor the Son doesn't honor the Father who sent him.
      24 "Most certainly I tell you, he who hears my word, and believes him who sent me, has eternal life, and doesn't come into judgment, but has passed out of death into life.
      25 Most certainly, I tell you, the hour comes, and now is, when the dead will hear the Son of God's voice; and those who hear will live.
      26 For as the Father has life in himself, even so he gave to the Son also to have life in himself.
      27 He also gave him authority to execute judgment, because he is a son of man.
      28 Don't marvel at this, for the hour comes, in which all that are in the tombs will hear his voice,
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