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Siège du juge (Sir 38:33), ou des juges. Ce terme technique, dans certaines traductions modernes (Vers. Syn.) de l'A.T. (De 25:1, Ec 3:16), doit être interprété en tenant compte de l'évolution de l'appareil judiciaire dans l'antiquité (voir Gouvernement, Justice rendue).

--Dans le N.T., le grec bêma (litt., tribune) désigne le plus souvent le lieu des jugements des autorités romaines : Pilate à Jérusalem (Mt 27:19, Jn 19:13), Gallion à Corinthe (Ac 18:12-16), Festus à Césarée (Ac 25:6-17), César lui-même à Rome ; voir (Ac 25:10) Gouverneur. L'apôtre Paul parle deux fois du tribunal de Dieu, ou du Christ (Ro 14:10,2Co 5:10) en annonçant la comparution de tous les hommes pour le dernier jugement (voir ce mot, et Eschatologie). Dans 1Co 4:3, au contraire, c'est à la sentence de ce tribunal divin qu'il oppose celles d' « un tribunal humain », litt. « un jour humain » par opposition à l'expression eschatologique (de jour de l'Éternel » (voir art.).

--Dans Mr 13:9 parallèle Mt 10:17, les tribunaux (grec sunédria) sont les conseils de justice locaux des villes juives, chargés des menues affaires, les grandes causes religieuses étant portées au Sanhédrin (voir ce mot), Conseil ou Tribunal central. Il se peut que les tribunaux de Jas 2:6 (grec hritêrid) soient aussi ces conseils provinciaux juifs si l'épître est antérieure à la ruine de Jérusalem (voir Jacques, ép. de) ; sinon, il faut sans doute y voir la juridiction romaine. C'est aussi de cette dernière qu'il doit être question dans la réprimande de saint Paul aux chrétiens de Corinthe qui osaient porter leurs différends devant des juges païens (1Co 6:1,8) ; la double allusion qu'il fait, en ce passage, au tribunal des chrétiens qui jugeront soit le monde (1Co 6:2) soit même les anges (1Co 6:3), s'inspire d'une part de textes comme Da 7:22, Sag 3:8, et d'autre part de l'eschatologie juive (Hénoch, etc.), où le jugement par les fidèles des anges déchus (Jude 1:6, interprétation de Ge 6:4) tenait une place considérable.

--L'emploi de ces diverses désignations grecques des tribunaux à l'époque du N.T. est abondamment confirmé par les papyrus populaires du temps.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 6

      4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when God's sons came in to men's daughters. They bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.

      Ecclésiaste 3

      16 Moreover I saw under the sun, in the place of justice, that wickedness was there; and in the place of righteousness, that wickedness was there.

      Daniel 7

      22 until the ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the Most High, and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom.

      Matthieu 10

      17 But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to councils, and in their synagogues they will scourge you.

      Matthieu 27

      19 While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying, "Have nothing to do with that righteous man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him."

      Marc 13

      9 But watch yourselves, for they will deliver you up to councils. You will be beaten in synagogues. You will stand before rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony to them.

      Jean 19

      13 When Pilate therefore heard these words, he brought Jesus out, and sat down on the judgment seat at a place called "The Pavement," but in Hebrew, "Gabbatha."

      Actes 18

      12 But when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia, the Jews with one accord rose up against Paul and brought him before the judgment seat,
      13 saying, "This man persuades men to worship God contrary to the law."
      14 But when Paul was about to open his mouth, Gallio said to the Jews, "If indeed it were a matter of wrong or of wicked crime, you Jews, it would be reasonable that I should bear with you;
      15 but if they are questions about words and names and your own law, look to it yourselves. For I don't want to be a judge of these matters."
      16 He drove them from the judgment seat.

      Actes 25

      6 When he had stayed among them more than ten days, he went down to Caesarea, and on the next day he sat on the judgment seat, and commanded Paul to be brought.
      7 When he had come, the Jews who had come down from Jerusalem stood around him, bringing against him many and grievous charges which they could not prove,
      8 while he said in his defense, "Neither against the law of the Jews, nor against the temple, nor against Caesar, have I sinned at all."
      9 But Festus, desiring to gain favor with the Jews, answered Paul and said, "Are you willing to go up to Jerusalem, and be judged by me there concerning these things?"
      10 But Paul said, "I am standing before Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be tried. I have done no wrong to the Jews, as you also know very well.
      11 For if I have done wrong, and have committed anything worthy of death, I don't refuse to die; but if none of those things is true that they accuse me of, no one can give me up to them. I appeal to Caesar!"
      12 Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, "You have appealed to Caesar. To Caesar you shall go."
      13 Now when some days had passed, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea, and greeted Festus.
      14 As he stayed there many days, Festus laid Paul's case before the king, saying, "There is a certain man left a prisoner by Felix;
      15 about whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, asking for a sentence against him.
      16 To whom I answered that it is not the custom of the Romans to give up any man to destruction, before the accused has met the accusers face to face, and has had opportunity to make his defense concerning the matter laid against him.
      17 When therefore they had come together here, I didn't delay, but on the next day sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought.

      Romains 14

      10 But you, why do you judge your brother? Or you again, why do you despise your brother? For we will all stand before the judgment seat of Christ.

      1 Corinthiens 4

      3 But with me it is a very small thing that I should be judged by you, or by man's judgment. Yes, I don't judge my own self.

      1 Corinthiens 6

      1 Dare any of you, having a matter against his neighbor, go to law before the unrighteous, and not before the saints?
      2 Don't you know that the saints will judge the world? And if the world is judged by you, are you unworthy to judge the smallest matters?
      3 Don't you know that we will judge angels? How much more, things that pertain to this life?

      2 Corinthiens 5

      10 For we must all be revealed before the judgment seat of Christ; that each one may receive the things in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad.

      Jacques 2

      6 But you have dishonored the poor man. Don't the rich oppress you, and personally drag you before the courts?

      Jude 1

      6 Angels who didn't keep their first domain, but deserted their own dwelling place, he has kept in everlasting bonds under darkness for the judgment of the great day.
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