Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

VÉRITÉ

I Ancien Testament.

Les deux termes hébreux èmeth et èmounâh sont traduits en français par « vérité » ou « foi » ; il y a en effet un lien étroit entre les deux notions : la vérité fait naître la foi, et la foi n'a de base solide que dans la vérité. Le sens primitif des deux mots de l'A. T, est celui de « fermeté » (Ex 17:12) ; ils désignent ce qui est fixe, inébranlable. D'où le sens moral : constance, fidélité, loyauté, probité (De 32:4, Pr 28:20). Ces qualités font naître au coeur de celui qui les rencontre un sentiment de confiance, de sécurité (Esa 39:8).

L'immutabilité de Dieu, sa fidélité, étant un de ses attributs essentiels, son peuple a pleinement raison d'avoir confiance en Lui (Ne 9:33). On peut compter sur Celui qui est fidèle, il est un refuge pour les siens. Cette fidélité de Dieu s'allie à sa bonté (Ps 25:10) aussi bien qu'à sa justice (Ps 45:5). Le Dieu de vérité est celui auquel on peut se fier (Ps 31:6), qui tient loyalement ses promesses (Esa 65:16) ; il s'oppose ainsi aux faux dieux et aux idoles qui ne sont que mensonge et vanité (Jer 10:10). Sa parole seule est digne de foi : (Esa 45:23) connaître par elle sa pensée et sa volonté, c'est saisir la vérité (Ps 25:5 26:3).

Pourtant la vérité ne se présente pas dans l'A.T. avec un sens abstrait ou philosophique ; c'est la vérité pratique, orientation de la conduite humaine.

Dieu veut la voir chez ses serviteurs, chez le juge et le roi (Ex 18:21, Pr 20:28) ; elle sera en particulier la vertu essentielle du Messie promis (Ps 45:4 et suivant, Esa 42:3). Car le Dieu fidèle réclame des siens la fidélité et la foi. C'est cette pensée qu'exprime le célèbre passage Hab 2:4, cité dans les ép. aux Romains, aux Galates et aux Hébreux, et qui devait être pour Luther la parole libératrice (voir Foi).

Dans l'A. T, la vérité reste donc quelque chose de moral ; ce n'est que dans un de ses livres les plus tardifs qu'elle revêt le sens de réalité abstraite (Da 8:12 9:13) ; peut-être faut-il mentionner également Pr 23:23, où elle équivaut à la sagesse. Ces deux sens deviennent fréquents dans les livres apocryphes, sous l'influence de la philosophie grecque (Sir 4:25,28, Sag 3:9 5:6 6:22 15:1, 1Ma 7:18, Tob 1:3 etc.).

La traduction grecque des LXX rend les deux termes de l'hébreu tantôt par pistis (confiance, foi), tantôt par alêthéia (vérité).

II Nouveau Testament.

1.

LIVRES HISTORIQUES.

Ce sont les deux termes des LXX qu'emploie le N.T., et avec la même valeur. Mais alêthéia (vérité, réalité s'opposant à l'apparence, à l'erreur et au mensonge) n'apparaît guère que dans les écrits pauliniens et johanniques ; il ne se trouve que trois fois dans les Synoptiques (Mr 5:33 12:14 parallèle Mt 22:16) et une fois dans les Actes (Ac 26:25) ; deux autres fois il appartient à une locution adverbiale (Lu 22:59, Ac 4:27).

Notons aussi le mot araméen Amen, qui donne un caractère de solennité aux affirmations de Jésus : les Synopt, l'ont 29 fois, dans l'expression : « Je vous dis en vérité... » ; le 4 e évang, l'a 15 fois sous sa forme redoublée : « En vérité, en vérité, je vous le dis... » (voir Amen).

2.

ÉCRITS PAULINIENS.

Chez saint Paul comme dans l'A.T., le même terme a tantôt le sens de fidélité divine (Ro 3:7 15:8), tantôt celui de véracité (1Co 5:8, Eph 4:15-25). Mais souvent aussi alêthéia désigne la pensée de Dieu révélée aux hommes pour leur salut, tantôt par le moyen de l'intelligence et de la conscience (Ro 1:18,25), tantôt par le moyen de l'Évangile (2Co 4:2, Ga 2:5-14). Ainsi, la vérité devient synonyme d'Évangile (Eph 1:13).

Dans les épîtres pastorales, la vérité, la parole de vérité s'appliquent à la doctrine chrétienne (1Ti 3:15,2Ti 2:15). Ce sens se retrouve dans les autres épîtres du N. T (Heb 10:26 Jas 1:18 3:14,1Pi 1:22,2Pi 1:12 2:2).

3.

ÉCRITS JOHANNIQUES.

C'est dans ces livres que le mot alêthéïa désigne, comme dans le grec classique, la vérité opposée à l'erreur. L'homme naturel est dominé par un esprit d'erreur (Jn 8:44), qui le rend incapable de reconnaître et de saisir la vérité : l'esprit de mensonge fait de lui l'esclave du péché ; l'homme ne peut ainsi s'approcher de Dieu en qui tout est vérité. Jésus est venu rendre témoignage à la vérité (Jn 18:37), quiconque est pour la vérité écoute sa voix et reconnaît en lui l'envoyé de Dieu (Jn 14:11). Uni à son Père de telle façon qu'il peut dire : « Le Père et moi nous sommes un » (Jn 10:30), il est la Parole faite chair, pleine de grâce et de vérité (Jn 1:14), c'est par lui que la grâce et la vérité viennent à l'homme (Jn 11:7) ; voilà pourquoi il peut dire : « Je suis la vérité » (Jn 14:6). Il communique aux siens la vérité qui est en lui ; avant de les quitter, il promet de leur envoyer l'Esprit de vérité qui les conduira dans toute la vérité (Jn 16:7). Révélation et communication de réalités spirituelles, cette vérité a une action directe sur la conduite humaine. Pour la saisir il faut être déjà né de Dieu (Jn 1:13), sa possession rend l'homme définitivement libre à l'égard du péché (Jn 8:32), elle le sanctifie (Jn 17:17). Cet enrichissement de l'être moral a pour conséquence une illumination intérieure qui entraîne la certitude (Jn 3:21). Voilà pourquoi la venue du Christ est l'occasion d'un solennel jugement prononcé sur le monde : écouter sa parole, c'est aller des ténèbres à la lumière, du péché à la sainteté, de Terreur criminelle à la possession de la vérité, à la possession de Dieu Lui-même ; le repousser, c'est enfoncer toujours plus dans le péché et dans les ténèbres. D'où la valeur particulière, dans les écrits johanniques, de l'adjectif alêthinos =vrai, véritable, qui exprime les réalités spirituelles : le vrai pain du ciel, le vrai cep, le seul vrai Dieu, le témoin fidèle et véritable, etc (Jn 6:32,55 15:1 17:3,1Jn 5:20, Ap 3:7,14).

La profonde originalité de la notion de vérité que présentent les écrits johanniques, c'est de montrer la vérité comme un objet de connaissance, puis comme une vie qui pénètre l'individu (1Jn 3:19), enfin comme un chemin que suit le fidèle (2Jn 1:1,2,4,3Jn 1:3). Théologie, morale, certitudes de la foi, tout le christianisme est enfermé dans cette conception de la vérité que Dieu communique aux simples et aux petits enfants par la personne de Jésus (voir Connaissance, Révélation). Voir aussi Mensonge, Hypocrisie. R. R.

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    • Exode 17

      12 But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. His hands were steady until sunset.

      Exode 18

      21 Moreover you shall provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God: men of truth, hating unjust gain; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Néhémie 9

      33 However you are just in all that has come on us; for you have dealt truly, but we have done wickedly;

      Psaumes 25

      5 Guide me in your truth, and teach me, For you are the God of my salvation, I wait for you all day long.
      10 All the paths of Yahweh are loving kindness and truth to such as keep his covenant and his testimonies.

      Psaumes 26

      3 For your loving kindness is before my eyes. I have walked in your truth.

      Psaumes 31

      6 I hate those who regard lying vanities, but I trust in Yahweh.

      Psaumes 45

      4 In your majesty ride on victoriously on behalf of truth, humility, and righteousness. Let your right hand display awesome deeds.
      5 Your arrows are sharp. The nations fall under you, with arrows in the heart of the king's enemies.

      Proverbes 20

      28 Love and faithfulness keep the king safe. His throne is sustained by love.

      Proverbes 23

      23 Buy the truth, and don't sell it. Get wisdom, discipline, and understanding.

      Proverbes 28

      20 A faithful man is rich with blessings; but one who is eager to be rich will not go unpunished.

      Esaïe 39

      8 Then Hezekiah said to Isaiah, "Yahweh's word which you have spoken is good." He said moreover, "For there will be peace and truth in my days."

      Esaïe 42

      3 He won't break a bruised reed. He won't quench a dimly burning wick. He will faithfully bring justice.

      Esaïe 45

      23 I have sworn by myself, the word has gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and will not return, that to me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall take an oath.

      Esaïe 65

      16 so that he who blesses himself in the earth shall bless himself in the God of truth; and he who swears in the earth shall swear by the God of truth; because the former troubles are forgotten, and because they are hidden from my eyes.

      Jérémie 10

      10 But Yahweh is the true God; he is the living God, and an everlasting King: at his wrath the earth trembles, and the nations are not able to withstand his indignation.

      Daniel 8

      12 The army was given over [to it] together with the continual [burnt offering] through disobedience; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did [its pleasure] and prospered.

      Daniel 9

      13 As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil has come on us: yet have we not entreated the favor of Yahweh our God, that we should turn from our iniquities, and have discernment in your truth.

      Habacuc 2

      4 Behold, his soul is puffed up. It is not upright in him, but the righteous will live by his faith.

      Matthieu 22

      16 They sent their disciples to him, along with the Herodians, saying, "Teacher, we know that you are honest, and teach the way of God in truth, no matter whom you teach, for you aren't partial to anyone.

      Marc 5

      33 But the woman, fearing and trembling, knowing what had been done to her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth.

      Marc 12

      14 When they had come, they asked him, "Teacher, we know that you are honest, and don't defer to anyone; for you aren't partial to anyone, but truly teach the way of God. Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not?

      Luc 22

      59 After about one hour passed, another confidently affirmed, saying, "Truly this man also was with him, for he is a Galilean!"

      Jean 1

      1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
      4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men.
      13 who were born not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.
      14 The Word became flesh, and lived among us. We saw his glory, such glory as of the one and only Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.

      Jean 3

      19 This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil.
      21 But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his works may be revealed, that they have been done in God."

      Jean 5

      20 For the Father has affection for the Son, and shows him all things that he himself does. He will show him greater works than these, that you may marvel.

      Jean 6

      32 Jesus therefore said to them, "Most certainly, I tell you, it wasn't Moses who gave you the bread out of heaven, but my Father gives you the true bread out of heaven.
      55 For my flesh is food indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.

      Jean 8

      32 You will know the truth, and the truth will make you free."
      44 You are of your father, the devil, and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and doesn't stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks on his own; for he is a liar, and its father.

      Jean 10

      30 I and the Father are one."

      Jean 11

      7 Then after this he said to the disciples, "Let's go into Judea again."

      Jean 14

      6 Jesus said to him, "I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father, except through me.
      11 Believe me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me; or else believe me for the very works' sake.

      Jean 15

      1 "I am the true vine, and my Father is the farmer.

      Jean 16

      7 Nevertheless I tell you the truth: It is to your advantage that I go away, for if I don't go away, the Counselor won't come to you. But if I go, I will send him to you.

      Jean 17

      3 This is eternal life, that they should know you, the only true God, and him whom you sent, Jesus Christ.
      17 Sanctify them in your truth. Your word is truth.

      Jean 18

      37 Pilate therefore said to him, "Are you a king then?" Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king. For this reason I have been born, and for this reason I have come into the world, that I should testify to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth listens to my voice."

      Actes 4

      27 "For truly, in this city against your holy servant, Jesus, whom you anointed, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles and the people of Israel, were gathered together

      Actes 26

      25 But he said, "I am not crazy, most excellent Festus, but boldly declare words of truth and reasonableness.

      Romains 1

      18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,
      25 who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

      Romains 3

      7 For if the truth of God through my lie abounded to his glory, why am I also still judged as a sinner?

      Romains 15

      8 Now I say that Christ has been made a servant of the circumcision for the truth of God, that he might confirm the promises given to the fathers,

      1 Corinthiens 5

      8 Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old yeast, neither with the yeast of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.

      2 Corinthiens 4

      2 But we have renounced the hidden things of shame, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by the manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God.

      Galates 2

      5 to whom we gave no place in the way of subjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the Good News might continue with you.
      6 But from those who were reputed to be important (whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God doesn't show partiality to man)--they, I say, who were respected imparted nothing to me,
      7 but to the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the Good News for the uncircumcision, even as Peter with the Good News for the circumcision
      8 (for he who appointed Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision appointed me also to the Gentiles);
      9 and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, they who were reputed to be pillars, gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision.
      10 They only asked us to remember the poor--which very thing I was also zealous to do.
      11 But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to his face, because he stood condemned.
      12 For before some people came from James, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision.
      13 And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy; so that even Barnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy.
      14 But when I saw that they didn't walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?

      Ephésiens 1

      13 in whom you also, having heard the word of the truth, the Good News of your salvation--in whom, having also believed, you were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise,

      Ephésiens 4

      15 but speaking truth in love, we may grow up in all things into him, who is the head, Christ;
      16 from whom all the body, being fitted and knit together through that which every joint supplies, according to the working in measure of each individual part, makes the body increase to the building up of itself in love.
      17 This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that you no longer walk as the rest of the Gentiles also walk, in the futility of their mind,
      18 being darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardening of their hearts;
      19 who having become callous gave themselves up to lust, to work all uncleanness with greediness.
      20 But you did not learn Christ that way;
      21 if indeed you heard him, and were taught in him, even as truth is in Jesus:
      22 that you put away, as concerning your former way of life, the old man, that grows corrupt after the lusts of deceit;
      23 and that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind,
      24 and put on the new man, who in the likeness of God has been created in righteousness and holiness of truth.
      25 Therefore putting away falsehood, speak truth each one with his neighbor. For we are members of one another.

      1 Timothée 3

      15 but if I wait long, that you may know how men ought to behave themselves in God's house, which is the assembly of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth.

      2 Timothée 2

      15 Give diligence to present yourself approved by God, a workman who doesn't need to be ashamed, properly handling the Word of Truth.

      Hébreux 10

      26 For if we sin willfully after we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remains no more a sacrifice for sins,

      Jacques 1

      18 Of his own will he brought us forth by the word of truth, that we should be a kind of first fruits of his creatures.

      Jacques 3

      14 But if you have bitter jealousy and selfish ambition in your heart, don't boast and don't lie against the truth.

      1 Pierre 1

      22 Seeing you have purified your souls in your obedience to the truth through the Spirit in sincere brotherly affection, love one another from the heart fervently:

      2 Pierre 1

      12 Therefore I will not be negligent to remind you of these things, though you know them, and are established in the present truth.

      1 Jean 3

      19 And by this we know that we are of the truth, and persuade our hearts before him,

      1 Jean 5

      20 We know that the Son of God has come, and has given us an understanding, that we know him who is true, and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life.

      2 Jean 1

      1 The elder, to the chosen lady and her children, whom I love in truth; and not I only, but also all those who know the truth;
      2 for the truth's sake, which remains in us, and it will be with us forever:

      3 Jean 1

      3 For I rejoiced greatly, when brothers came and testified about your truth, even as you walk in truth.

      Apocalypse 3

      7 "To the angel of the assembly in Philadelphia write: "He who is holy, he who is true, he who has the key of David, he who opens and no one can shut, and who shuts and no one opens, says these things:
      14 "To the angel of the assembly in Laodicea write: "The Amen, the Faithful and True Witness, the Head of God's creation, says these things:
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