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ABIMÉLEC

(=le père est roi, ou le roi est père, ou Moloc est père).

1. Nom d'un roi de Guérar à l'époque des patriarches. Buhl (dict. Gesenius) admet qu'il a pu y avoir plusieurs Abimélec. La Vers. Syn. (note à propos de Ps 34:1) émet l'hypothèse qu'Abimélec était un titre que prenaient les rois de Philistie (comme pharaon était un titre des rois d'Egypte). D'après Ge 20:1 le Guérar d'Abimélec serait une oasis du désert du Sud, dans la région de Kadès. D'après Ge 26:1 (cf. Ge 21:32) Guérar se trouverait en pays philistin. Ge 20 raconte qu'Abraham fit un séjour à Guérar avec Sara. Par crainte des gens du pays, il la fit passer pour sa soeur. Ayant remarqué la beauté de la femme du patriarche, Abimélec la fit enlever pour l'introduire dans son harem. Frappé par Dieu d'une maladie, il ne commit pas l'adultère, mais apprit la vérité par un songe que l'Éternel lui envoya. Il rendit immédiatement Sara et comme compensation fit à son mari de riches présents. Il obtint la guérison grâce à l'intercession d'Abraham.

Nous retrouvons avec d'autres variantes la même anecdote dans l'histoire d'Isaac et de Rébecca (Ge 26) ; c'est une seconde version du même récit (donnée par J, alors que Ge 20 est de E). Une troisième en est fournie par Ge 12, mais là Abimélec est remplacé par un pharaon. La forme la plus récente (E) de ce récit, qui n'est en aucune de ses recensions à l'honneur du patriarche, tend à disculper ce dernier : son mensonge (cf. Ge 12:13) n'est plus qu'une restriction mentale (Ge 20:12) et ses calculs intéressés sont passés sous silence.

La Genèse nous raconte également deux fois l'alliance que conclut Abimélec, accompagné de son général Picol, avec un patriarche hébreu. Dans Ge 21 c'est avec Abraham et dans Ge 26 avec Isaac. Le lieu de l'alliance est Béer-Séba et il est question des puits que le patriarche y avait fait creuser. Le récit veut établir les droits des Israélites sur les puits de Béer-Séba, à l'époque du rédacteur (on comprend d'ailleurs l'immense valeur pour des bergers nomades comme les patriarches d'une grande oasis en plein « pays sec » du Négeb). Les traces des documents J et E y sont visibles : deux étymologies sont données du nom de Béer-Séba : puits des sept (agneaux) et puits du serment ; le serment est rapporté deux fois dans Ge 21:27 et Ge 21:31-32.

2. Fils de Gédéon et d'une Cananéenne de Sichem (Jug 8:31). Les habitants de cette ville (Israélites et Cananéens) avaient accepté la suzeraineté du héros israélite. A la mort de son père, Abimélec s'y rendit et, usant de son influence, décida les habitants à prendre parti pour lui contre les soixante-dix autres fils de Gédéon. Il fit assassiner ses frères à Ophra et fut acclamé roi par les Sichémites près du « Chêne du monument » (Jug 9:6), célèbre dans l'histoire comme lieu sacré, vénéré par les Cananéens, puis par les Israélites. (cf. Ge 12:6, Jos 24:26) Au bout de trois ans, Sichem se révolta contre son roi, trop israélite sans doute à son gré (Jug 9:28), sous l'inspiration d'un certain Gaal, fils d'Ébed. Abimélec, prévenu, anéantit ses adversaires et mit le siège devant Sichem ; puis il détruisit la ville de fond en comble. Alors qu'emporté par sa rage destructrice, il assiégeait Thébets, il fut atteint à la tête par une meule que lui lança une femme. Il commanda à son serviteur de l'achever. Toute cette histoire est intimement liée à celle de Gédéon : on y retrouve les mêmes sources, aussi inextricablement mélangées. Mention doit être faite particulièrement de la fable de Jotham, le seul des fils de Gédéon qui ait échappé au massacre d'Ophra (Jug 9:6). Cette fable (Jug 9:7-16) est un vieil apologue populaire, pittoresque et naïf de forme, mais de signification très profonde : toute royauté humaine est un mal. Cette idée se retrouve dans plusieurs livres de l'A.T. (1 Samuel, Osée) : Israël ne doit avoir qu'un seul roi, l'Éternel (ce trait est sous-entendu dans la fable de Jotham). Un rédacteur a dû attribuer ce fragment à Jotham, afin de pouvoir en appliquer la morale à Abimélec, qui brigua la royauté pour le malheur de ses sujets.

3. Fils d'Abiathar (1Ch 18:16), mais il semble qu'il faille lire Akhimélec (voir Ahimélec).

4. Ps 34:1 Le personnage auquel il est ici fait allusion s'appelle, dans 1Sa 21:10-15, Akis.

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      Genèse 12

      1 Now Yahweh said to Abram, "Get out of your country, and from your relatives, and from your father's house, to the land that I will show you.
      2 I will make of you a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great. You will be a blessing.
      3 I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you. All of the families of the earth will be blessed in you."
      4 So Abram went, as Yahweh had spoken to him. Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed out of Haran.
      5 Abram took Sarai his wife, Lot his brother's son, all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls whom they had gotten in Haran, and they went to go into the land of Canaan. Into the land of Canaan they came.
      6 Abram passed through the land to the place of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. The Canaanite was then in the land.
      7 Yahweh appeared to Abram and said, "I will give this land to your seed ." He built an altar there to Yahweh, who appeared to him.
      8 He left from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to Yahweh and called on the name of Yahweh.
      9 Abram traveled, going on still toward the South.
      10 There was a famine in the land. Abram went down into Egypt to live as a foreigner there, for the famine was severe in the land.
      11 It happened, when he had come near to enter Egypt, that he said to Sarai his wife, "See now, I know that you are a beautiful woman to look at.
      12 It will happen, when the Egyptians will see you, that they will say, 'This is his wife.' They will kill me, but they will save you alive.
      13 Please say that you are my sister, that it may be well with me for your sake, and that my soul may live because of you."
      14 It happened that when Abram had come into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful.
      15 The princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house.
      16 He dealt well with Abram for her sake. He had sheep, cattle, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels.
      17 Yahweh plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram's wife.
      18 Pharaoh called Abram and said, "What is this that you have done to me? Why didn't you tell me that she was your wife?
      19 Why did you say, 'She is my sister,' so that I took her to be my wife? Now therefore, see your wife, take her, and go your way."
      20 Pharaoh commanded men concerning him, and they brought him on the way with his wife and all that he had.

      Genèse 20

      1 Abraham traveled from there toward the land of the South, and lived between Kadesh and Shur. He lived as a foreigner in Gerar.
      2 Abraham said about Sarah his wife, "She is my sister." Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah.
      3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and said to him, "Behold, you are a dead man, because of the woman whom you have taken. For she is a man's wife."
      4 Now Abimelech had not come near her. He said, "Lord, will you kill even a righteous nation?
      5 Didn't he tell me, 'She is my sister?' She, even she herself, said, 'He is my brother.' In the integrity of my heart and the innocence of my hands have I done this."
      6 God said to him in the dream, "Yes, I know that in the integrity of your heart you have done this, and I also withheld you from sinning against me. Therefore I didn't allow you to touch her.
      7 Now therefore, restore the man's wife. For he is a prophet, and he will pray for you, and you will live. If you don't restore her, know for sure that you will die, you, and all who are yours."
      8 Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his servants, and told all these things in their ear. The men were very scared.
      9 Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said to him, "What have you done to us? How have I sinned against you, that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin? You have done deeds to me that ought not to be done!"
      10 Abimelech said to Abraham, "What did you see, that you have done this thing?"
      11 Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely the fear of God is not in this place. They will kill me for my wife's sake.'
      12 Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife.
      13 It happened, when God caused me to wander from my father's house, that I said to her, 'This is your kindness which you shall show to me. Everywhere that we go, say of me, "He is my brother."'"
      14 Abimelech took sheep and cattle, male servants and female servants, and gave them to Abraham, and restored Sarah, his wife, to him.
      15 Abimelech said, "Behold, my land is before you. Dwell where it pleases you."
      16 To Sarah he said, "Behold, I have given your brother a thousand pieces of silver. Behold, it is for you a covering of the eyes to all that are with you. In front of all you are vindicated."
      17 Abraham prayed to God. God healed Abimelech, and his wife, and his female servants, and they bore children.
      18 For Yahweh had closed up tight all the wombs of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah, Abraham's wife.

      Genèse 21

      1 Yahweh visited Sarah as he had said, and Yahweh did to Sarah as he had spoken.
      2 Sarah conceived, and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.
      3 Abraham called his son who was born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac.
      4 Abraham circumcised his son, Isaac, when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him.
      5 Abraham was one hundred years old when his son, Isaac, was born to him.
      6 Sarah said, "God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears will laugh with me."
      7 She said, "Who would have said to Abraham, that Sarah would nurse children? For I have borne him a son in his old age."
      8 The child grew, and was weaned. Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.
      9 Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking.
      10 Therefore she said to Abraham, "Cast out this handmaid and her son! For the son of this handmaid will not be heir with my son, Isaac."
      11 The thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight on account of his son.
      12 God said to Abraham, "Don't let it be grievous in your sight because of the boy, and because of your handmaid. In all that Sarah says to you, listen to her voice. For from Isaac will your seed be called.
      13 I will also make a nation of the son of the handmaid, because he is your seed."
      14 Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.
      15 The water in the bottle was spent, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs.
      16 She went and sat down opposite him, a good way off, about a bow shot away. For she said, "Don't let me see the death of the child." She sat over against him, and lifted up her voice, and wept.
      17 God heard the voice of the boy. The angel of God called to Hagar out of the sky, and said to her, "What ails you, Hagar? Don't be afraid. For God has heard the voice of the boy where he is.
      18 Get up, lift up the boy, and hold him in your hand. For I will make him a great nation."
      19 God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went, filled the bottle with water, and gave the boy drink.
      20 God was with the boy, and he grew. He lived in the wilderness, and became, as he grew up, an archer.
      21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt.
      22 It happened at that time, that Abimelech and Phicol the captain of his army spoke to Abraham, saying, "God is with you in all that you do.
      23 Now, therefore, swear to me here by God that you will not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son's son. But according to the kindness that I have done to you, you shall do to me, and to the land in which you have lived as a foreigner."
      24 Abraham said, "I will swear."
      25 Abraham complained to Abimelech because of a water well, which Abimelech's servants had violently taken away.
      26 Abimelech said, "I don't know who has done this thing. You didn't tell me, neither did I hear of it, until today."
      27 Abraham took sheep and cattle, and gave them to Abimelech. Those two made a covenant.
      28 Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves.
      29 Abimelech said to Abraham, "What do these seven ewe lambs which you have set by themselves mean?"
      30 He said, "You shall take these seven ewe lambs from my hand, that it may be a witness to me, that I have dug this well."
      31 Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because they both swore there.
      32 So they made a covenant at Beersheba. Abimelech rose up with Phicol, the captain of his army, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.
      33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God.
      34 Abraham lived as a foreigner in the land of the Philistines many days.

      Genèse 26

      1 There was a famine in the land, besides the first famine that was in the days of Abraham. Isaac went to Abimelech king of the Philistines, to Gerar.
      2 Yahweh appeared to him, and said, "Don't go down into Egypt. Live in the land I will tell you about.
      3 Live in this land, and I will be with you, and will bless you. For to you, and to your seed, I will give all these lands, and I will establish the oath which I swore to Abraham your father.
      4 I will multiply your seed as the stars of the sky, and will give to your seed all these lands. In your seed will all the nations of the earth be blessed,
      5 because Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my requirements, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws."
      6 Isaac lived in Gerar.
      7 The men of the place asked him about his wife. He said, "She is my sister," for he was afraid to say, "My wife," lest, he thought, "the men of the place might kill me for Rebekah, because she is beautiful to look at."
      8 It happened, when he had been there a long time, that Abimelech king of the Philistines looked out at a window, and saw, and, behold, Isaac was caressing Rebekah, his wife.
      9 Abimelech called Isaac, and said, "Behold, surely she is your wife. Why did you say, 'She is my sister?'" Isaac said to him, "Because I said, 'Lest I die because of her.'"
      10 Abimelech said, "What is this you have done to us? One of the people might easily have lain with your wife, and you would have brought guilt on us!"
      11 Abimelech commanded all the people, saying, "He who touches this man or his wife will surely be put to death."
      12 Isaac sowed in that land, and reaped in the same year one hundred times what he planted. Yahweh blessed him.
      13 The man grew great, and grew more and more until he became very great.
      14 He had possessions of flocks, possessions of herds, and a great household. The Philistines envied him.
      15 Now all the wells which his father's servants had dug in the days of Abraham his father, the Philistines had stopped, and filled with earth.
      16 Abimelech said to Isaac, "Go from us, for you are much mightier than we."
      17 Isaac departed from there, encamped in the valley of Gerar, and lived there.
      18 Isaac dug again the wells of water, which they had dug in the days of Abraham his father. For the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abraham. He called their names after the names by which his father had called them.
      19 Isaac's servants dug in the valley, and found there a well of springing water.
      20 The herdsmen of Gerar argued with Isaac's herdsmen, saying, "The water is ours." He called the name of the well Esek, because they contended with him.
      21 They dug another well, and they argued over that, also. He called its name Sitnah.
      22 He left that place, and dug another well. They didn't argue over that one. He called it Rehoboth. He said, "For now Yahweh has made room for us, and we will be fruitful in the land."
      23 He went up from there to Beersheba.
      24 Yahweh appeared to him the same night, and said, "I am the God of Abraham your father. Don't be afraid, for I am with you, and will bless you, and multiply your seed for my servant Abraham's sake."
      25 He built an altar there, and called on the name of Yahweh, and pitched his tent there. There Isaac's servants dug a well.
      26 Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Ahuzzath his friend, and Phicol the captain of his army.
      27 Isaac said to them, "Why have you come to me, since you hate me, and have sent me away from you?"
      28 They said, "We saw plainly that Yahweh was with you. We said, 'Let there now be an oath between us, even between us and you, and let us make a covenant with you,
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