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ABRAHAM

Le plus célèbre des patriarches, appelé communément le Père des Croyants, (cf. Ro 4:12 etc.) ou encore, par Jas 2:23 et par le Coran, l'Ami de Dieu. Son nom semble avoir été primitivement Abram (cf. les noms hébreu Abiram et babyl. Abiramou). Les récits de la Genèse concernant ce grand ancêtre du peuple hébreu sont essentiellement des traditions populaires. Bien avant d'être mises par écrit, ces traditions ont été transmises oralement d'une génération à une autre ; les vieux conteurs ont amalgamé en elles des souvenirs de faits ou de personnages historiques, des notions sur les origines des peuples, des épisodes épiques, de profondes expériences religieuses ; et tout cet ensemble a traversé les siècles, conservant d'une part (grâce au sérieux des conteurs et aux exigences de leur auditoire habitué à certains traits et à certains effets toujours identiques), une remarquable fixité, et d'autre part s'enrichissant progressivement de nouveaux traits et de nouveaux effets en harmonie avec les dispositions, les goûts, les expériences des auditeurs et des conteurs. Il suit de là que les récits concernant Abraham ne doivent être considérés, ni comme des procès-verbaux minutieusement établis, ni comme des histoires inventées de toutes pièces. Il appartient aux chercheurs de mettre au jour par une étude patiente et éclairée (que les découvertes archéologiques en cours peuvent grandement faciliter) le fond historique solide qui est à la base de ces traditions. Quant aux croyants, les riches expériences religieuses contenues dans ces vieux récits les leur rendront toujours précieux et bienfaisants, quelles que puissent être à leur sujet les hypothèses changeantes des historiens.

Il pourrait sembler au premier abord qu'il y a une tradition concernant Abraham, cohérente et harmonieuse.

En réalité cette tradition est formée d'éléments de provenances diverses dont la plupart paraissent avoir eu, au cours des âges, leur existence propre, et qu'il y a avantage à considérer séparément et successivement :

Voir Atlas 2

Le départ de Babylonie (Ge 12:1-9, J). Sur l'ordre de Dieu, Abraham quitte sa patrie et se met en route « vers le pays que l'Éternel lui montrera ». Le point de départ de ce voyage est, d'après Ge 12:5, Caran (N. -O, de la Mésopotamie) et, d'après Ge 11:31, Our-Kasdim (Our des Caldéens ; voir Ur). Le point d'arrivée est la Palestine centrale (Sichem, Béthel), d'où Abraham pousse ensuite vers le sud. Le narrateur a voulu avant tout mettre en lumière la foi du patriarche. (cf. Heb 11:8)

Le séjour en Egypte (Ge 12:10-20, J). Cette tradition, où ils montraient le grand ancêtre trompant victorieusement le célèbre pharaon d'Egypte, en faisant passer Sara pour sa soeur, était particulièrement chère aux conteurs hébreux. Preuve en soit l'existence de deux doublets où réapparaît la même aventure, mais en relation alors avec Abimélec (Ge 20, E ; 26:7-11, J).

La séparation d'avec Lot (Ge 13, J). Abraham, l'homme de foi, apparaît ici comme un homme de paix. Le narrateur vante la générosité de l'Ancêtre (bientôt récompensée d'ailleurs par une belle promesse), mais il se réserve malicieusement de montrer plus tard qu'en croyant faire une bonne affaire, Lot a en réalité choisi la mauvaise part.

Abraham et les rois (Ge 14). Ce chapitre, qui ne se rattache à aucun des grands documents dont est formée la plus grande partie de la Genèse, paraît contenir, à côté de développements postérieurs, des renseignements historiques de grande valeur. En particulier le souvenir de la rencontre d'Abraham avec Melchisédec, roi de (Jéru) Salem, a dû se conserver vivant dans le cercle des Jérusalémites, (cf. Ps 110:4) et l'antiquité sémitique a connu plusieurs exemples d'individualités croyantes semblables à celle de ce prêtre d'El-Élion que la tradition jugeait digne de bénir Abraham.

Promesses à Abraham (Ge 15, JE). L'Éternel fait à Abraham la promesse inattendue d'une descendance (ici encore le narrateur exalte la foi de l'Ancêtre : Ge 15:6, cf. Ro 4:3, Ga 3:6). Et, dans le cadre d'un rituel sacrificiel très ancien, une véritable alliance est conclue entre Dieu et son serviteur fidèle.

Agar et Ismaël (Ge 16:1-14, J et 21, E). Ces deux récits, nettement parallèles, ont un caractère ethnique très marqué. En faisant d'Ismaël un bâtard d'Abraham, ils expliquent à la fois la parenté et l'hostilité entre Israélites et Ismaélites. Et, en racontant comment Agar et son fils furent chassés au désert, ils rendent compte du caractère nomade de leurs descendants.

La circoncision (Ge 17). Ce fragment appartient à P ; mais en faisant remonter la circoncision jusqu'à Abraham, il semble plus près des faits que les récits de Ex 4 et Jos 5. Ceux-ci en effet paraissent faire de la circoncision un usage spécifiquement israélite, alors qu'en réalité les peuples voisins d'Israël (les Abrahamides) la pratiquaient aussi.

Abraham reçoit une visite divine. (Ge 18:1-15), (J) Récit coloré, vivant, très ancien, mais où se montre clairement le travail de remaniement opéré sur la tradition par les âges successifs. Dans Ge 18:2,4,5,8,16 il est en effet parlé de « trois hommes » qui viennent visiter Abraham, et dans les Ge 18:8,13,14,15 c'est Dieu lui-même qui est le visiteur, sans que l'on puisse savoir si les « trois hommes » ont été introduits pour éviter l'anthropomorphisme choquant d'un Dieu qui mange et boit, ou si c'est le nom de l'Éternel qui a été substitué à la mention jugée trop polythéiste d'une pluralité de visiteurs divins.

L'intercession d'Abraham (Ge 18:16-33, J). Prévenu par l'Éternel de ses intentions à l'égard de Sodome, Abraham prie pour la ville coupable au nom de quelques justes qu'elle peut contenir. Deux grandes pensées inspirent ce récit : celle de la puissance de l'intercession, et celle de la solidarité qui permettrait à dix justes de sauver par leur justice toute une population pécheresse. A de telles hauteurs d'intuition religieuse, les questions de date n'ont plus qu'un très mince intérêt.

10° Sodome et Gomorrhe punies de leur péché, (Ge 19:1-29), (J) Dans cette tradition revivent peut-être de vieux souvenirs relatifs à un cataclysme dont aurait eu à souffrir la région au Sud de la mer Morte. Mais ce qui mérite surtout d'être relevé, c'est le motif de la catastrophe : pour la conscience israélite, bien avant les prophètes, la cause d'une calamité de cette espèce ne peut être qu'un péché.

11° Les filles de Lot (Ge 19:30-38 J). De nouveau une tradition ethnique, très ancienne. Pas plus que les Ismaélites, les Moabites et les Ammonites ne sont de purs Abrahamides : ils descendent de Lot, et de quelle manière !

12° Abraham et Abimêlec. (Ge 20:1-17 21:22-32, E) Séjournant le plus souvent dans le S. de la Palestine (Négeb), Abraham se trouve avoir affaire, à Guérar, au roi (philistin ? Ge 21:31) Abimélec avec lequel, à la suite de divers démêlés, il fait finalement alliance. Cette histoire avait pour les Israélites postérieurs un grand intérêt, parce qu'ils y voyaient la consécration de leurs droits sur Béer-Séba, localité frontière et lieu de culte réputé.

13° Le sacrifice d'Isaac (Ge 22, E). D'autres peuples ont des traditions analogues (Phéniciens, Grecs), mais ici le récit est particulièrement animé et émouvant. A travers le texte actuel semblent transparaître, d'une part, certaines données sur un très antique sanctuaire (l'étymologie de Morija : Ge 22 2,14 est obscure ; Gunkel conclut d'une étude très ingénieuse qu'il devait s'agir primitivement d'un lieu de culte appelé Ieruel), et d'autre part un mouvement de protestation contre les sacrifices d'enfants dont la pratique, extrêmement ancienne, s'est maintenue très longtemps en Israël (la fille de Jephté, Jug 11:34-40, cf. aussi Mic 6:7). Avec la simplicité des anciens âges, le conteur met la demande du sacrifice dans la bouche même de Dieu. Mais c'est afin de mieux montrer ensuite que Dieu lui-même refuse l'offrande contre nature. Le verset 12 est le diamant spirituel auquel tout le récit sert d'écrin : « Parce que tu n'as pas refusé ton fils, ton unique, je reconnais que tu crains Dieu ! »

14° La caverne de Macpela (Ge 23). P, dont les données sur Abraham sont en général squelettiques, raconte ici tout au long, et avec des notations psychologiques très exactes, l'achat de cette caverne (située à Hébron) comme sépulture pour Sara. Il a évidemment trouvé ce récit dans une tradition ancienne, laquelle se plaisait à revendiquer pour Israël la légitime possession de ce lieu saint : le tombeau des grands ancêtres.

15° Le mariage d'Isaac (Ge 24, J). L'une des histoires les plus touchantes de l'A.T. On sent la joie du conteur à décrire la fidélité et la piété du serviteur (qui n'est pas forcément l'Éliézer de Ge 15:2), la bonté et la beauté de la jeune fille qui sera, après Sara, la mère du peuple d'Israël, la réussite d'une entreprise si visiblement conduite par Dieu, la réserve chaste de la fiancée arrivant en vue de son futur époux, la consolation apportée par un mariage si heureux à Isaac orphelin.

16° La mort d'Abraham (Ge 25:1-11). Après que J a mentionné quelques données, très anciennes sans doute, sur des points de détail (verset 1-6), c'est P qui donne la conclusion de l'épopée d'Abraham ; dans son langage hiératique, il montre le patriarche vivant une heureuse vieillesse, puis mourant rassasié de jours, et léguant à son fils Isaac cette bénédiction divine qui ne l'a lui-même jamais abandonné (verset 7-11). A. Ae.

Sur la personnalité d'Abraham, voir encore Genèse, période patriarcale. --Comp. A. Westphal, Jéhovah, II e p. (les Ancêtres) et, dans la Préface, I, le postulat de la foi : comme l'oeuvre des prophètes postule la personnalité de Moïse, l'oeuvre de Moïse postule la personnalité d'Abraham.

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      Genèse 11

      31 Terah took Abram his son, Lot the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife. They went from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan. They came to Haran and lived there.

      Genèse 12

      1 Now Yahweh said to Abram, "Get out of your country, and from your relatives, and from your father's house, to the land that I will show you.
      2 I will make of you a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great. You will be a blessing.
      3 I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you. All of the families of the earth will be blessed in you."
      4 So Abram went, as Yahweh had spoken to him. Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed out of Haran.
      5 Abram took Sarai his wife, Lot his brother's son, all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls whom they had gotten in Haran, and they went to go into the land of Canaan. Into the land of Canaan they came.
      6 Abram passed through the land to the place of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. The Canaanite was then in the land.
      7 Yahweh appeared to Abram and said, "I will give this land to your seed ." He built an altar there to Yahweh, who appeared to him.
      8 He left from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to Yahweh and called on the name of Yahweh.
      9 Abram traveled, going on still toward the South.
      10 There was a famine in the land. Abram went down into Egypt to live as a foreigner there, for the famine was severe in the land.
      11 It happened, when he had come near to enter Egypt, that he said to Sarai his wife, "See now, I know that you are a beautiful woman to look at.
      12 It will happen, when the Egyptians will see you, that they will say, 'This is his wife.' They will kill me, but they will save you alive.
      13 Please say that you are my sister, that it may be well with me for your sake, and that my soul may live because of you."
      14 It happened that when Abram had come into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful.
      15 The princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house.
      16 He dealt well with Abram for her sake. He had sheep, cattle, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels.
      17 Yahweh plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram's wife.
      18 Pharaoh called Abram and said, "What is this that you have done to me? Why didn't you tell me that she was your wife?
      19 Why did you say, 'She is my sister,' so that I took her to be my wife? Now therefore, see your wife, take her, and go your way."
      20 Pharaoh commanded men concerning him, and they brought him on the way with his wife and all that he had.

      Genèse 13

      1 Abram went up out of Egypt: he, his wife, all that he had, and Lot with him, into the South.
      2 Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold.
      3 He went on his journeys from the South even to Bethel, to the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai,
      4 to the place of the altar, which he had made there at the first. There Abram called on the name of Yahweh.
      5 Lot also, who went with Abram, had flocks, and herds, and tents.
      6 The land was not able to bear them, that they might live together: for their substance was great, so that they could not live together.
      7 There was a strife between the herdsmen of Abram's livestock and the herdsmen of Lot's livestock: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite lived in the land at that time.
      8 Abram said to Lot, "Please, let there be no strife between me and you, and between my herdsmen and your herdsmen; for we are relatives.
      9 Isn't the whole land before you? Please separate yourself from me. If you go to the left hand, then I will go to the right. Or if you go to the right hand, then I will go to the left."
      10 Lot lifted up his eyes, and saw all the plain of the Jordan, that it was well-watered everywhere, before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt, as you go to Zoar.
      11 So Lot chose the Plain of the Jordan for himself. Lot traveled east, and they separated themselves the one from the other.
      12 Abram lived in the land of Canaan, and Lot lived in the cities of the plain, and moved his tent as far as Sodom.
      13 Now the men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and sinners against Yahweh.
      14 Yahweh said to Abram, after Lot was separated from him, "Now, lift up your eyes, and look from the place where you are, northward and southward and eastward and westward,
      15 for all the land which you see, I will give to you, and to your offspring forever.
      16 I will make your offspring as the dust of the earth, so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then your seed may also be numbered.
      17 Arise, walk through the land in its length and in its breadth; for I will give it to you."
      18 Abram moved his tent, and came and lived by the oaks of Mamre, which are in Hebron, and built an altar there to Yahweh.

      Genèse 14

      1 It happened in the days of Amraphel, king of Shinar, Arioch, king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of Goiim,
      2 that they made war with Bera, king of Sodom, and with Birsha, king of Gomorrah, Shinab, king of Admah, and Shemeber, king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar).
      3 All these joined together in the valley of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea).
      4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year, they rebelled.
      5 In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer came, and the kings who were with him, and struck the Rephaim in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh Kiriathaim,
      6 and the Horites in their Mount Seir, to Elparan, which is by the wilderness.
      7 They returned, and came to En Mishpat (the same is Kadesh), and struck all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that lived in Hazazon Tamar.
      8 The king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar) went out; and they set the battle in array against them in the valley of Siddim;
      9 against Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings against the five.
      10 Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and those who remained fled to the hills.
      11 They took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food, and went their way.
      12 They took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who lived in Sodom, and his goods, and departed.
      13 One who had escaped came and told Abram, the Hebrew. Now he lived by the oaks of Mamre, the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner; and these were allies of Abram.
      14 When Abram heard that his relative was taken captive, he led out his trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan.
      15 He divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them to Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
      16 He brought back all the goods, and also brought back his relative, Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people.
      17 The king of Sodom went out to meet him, after his return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, at the valley of Shaveh (that is, the King's Valley).
      18 Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine: and he was priest of God Most High.
      19 He blessed him, and said, "Blessed be Abram of God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth:
      20 and blessed be God Most High, who has delivered your enemies into your hand." Abram gave him a tenth of all.
      21 The king of Sodom said to Abram, "Give me the people, and take the goods to yourself."
      22 Abram said to the king of Sodom, "I have lifted up my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth,
      23 that I will not take a thread nor a sandal strap nor anything that is yours, lest you should say, 'I have made Abram rich.'
      24 I will accept nothing from you except that which the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men who went with me: Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre. Let them take their portion."

      Genèse 15

      1 After these things the word of Yahweh came to Abram in a vision, saying, "Don't be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your exceedingly great reward."
      2 Abram said, "Lord Yahweh, what will you give me, since I go childless, and he who will inherit my estate is Eliezer of Damascus?"
      3 Abram said, "Behold, to me you have given no seed: and, behold, one born in my house is my heir."
      4 Behold, the word of Yahweh came to him, saying, "This man will not be your heir, but he who will come out of your own body will be your heir."
      5 Yahweh brought him outside, and said, "Look now toward the sky, and count the stars, if you are able to count them." He said to Abram, "So shall your seed be."
      6 He believed in Yahweh; and he reckoned it to him for righteousness.
      7 He said to him, "I am Yahweh who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give you this land to inherit it."
      8 He said, "Lord Yahweh, how will I know that I will inherit it?"
      9 He said to him, "Bring me a heifer three years old, a female goat three years old, a ram three years old, a turtledove, and a young pigeon."
      10 He brought him all of these, and divided them in the middle, and laid each half opposite the other; but he didn't divide the birds.
      11 The birds of prey came down on the carcasses, and Abram drove them away.
      12 When the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell on Abram. Now terror and great darkness fell on him.
      13 He said to Abram, "Know for sure that your seed will live as foreigners in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them. They will afflict them four hundred years.
      14 I will also judge that nation, whom they will serve. Afterward they will come out with great wealth,
      15 but you will go to your fathers in peace. You will be buried in a good old age.
      16 In the fourth generation they will come here again, for the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full."
      17 It came to pass that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold, a smoking furnace, and a flaming torch passed between these pieces.
      18 In that day Yahweh made a covenant with Abram, saying, "To your seed I have given this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates:
      19 the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites,
      20 the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim,
      21 the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites."

      Genèse 16

      1 Now Sarai, Abram's wife, bore him no children. She had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.
      2 Sarai said to Abram, "See now, Yahweh has restrained me from bearing. Please go in to my handmaid. It may be that I will obtain children by her." Abram listened to the voice of Sarai.
      3 Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to Abram her husband to be his wife.
      4 He went in to Hagar, and she conceived. When she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
      5 Sarai said to Abram, "This wrong is your fault. I gave my handmaid into your bosom, and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes. Yahweh judge between me and you."
      6 But Abram said to Sarai, "Behold, your maid is in your hand. Do to her whatever is good in your eyes." Sarai dealt harshly with her, and she fled from her face.
      7 The angel of Yahweh found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.
      8 He said, "Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, where did you come from? Where are you going?" She said, "I am fleeing from the face of my mistress Sarai."
      9 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "Return to your mistress, and submit yourself under her hands."
      10 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "I will greatly multiply your seed, that they will not be numbered for multitude."
      11 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "Behold, you are with child, and will bear a son. You shall call his name Ishmael, because Yahweh has heard your affliction.
      12 He will be like a wild donkey among men. His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him. He will live opposite all of his brothers."
      13 She called the name of Yahweh who spoke to her, "You are a God who sees," for she said, "Have I even stayed alive after seeing him?"
      14 Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. Behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.

      Genèse 17

      1 When Abram was ninety-nine years old, Yahweh appeared to Abram, and said to him, "I am God Almighty. Walk before me, and be blameless.
      2 I will make my covenant between me and you, and will multiply you exceedingly."
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