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AMMONITES

Groupement de Sémites habitant à l'Est du Jourdain, entre le pays de Gad et le désert arabique. La tradition biblique les rattachait à Lot, et leur père était ce Ben-Ammi (=fils de mon père), né de l'union incestueuse de Lot et de sa fille cadette (Ge 19:38). Il est remarquable que les textes assyr. désignent les Ammonites avec l'expression « Bêt-Ammânou » (de même Bêt-Omri signifie Israël).

Dans l'A.T. on les appelle Bené-Ammon ou Ammonites. (seul, Ps 83:8 dit Ammon) Ben-Ammi était frère puîné de Moab (Ge 19:37) et les deux peuples, Ammonites et Moabites, voisins géographiquement, sont sans cesse nommés ensemble (Jug 10:6,2Ch 20:1).

Les Ammonites avaient exterminé une race de géants, les Zam-zummim (De 2:20), et pris leur territoire, limité sensiblement au Nord par le Jabbok, au Sud par l'Arnon, à l'Ouest par le Jourdain (Jug 11:13). Toute cette région était d'ailleurs très convoitée et les Ammonites durent compter avec les Moabites (au IX e siècle, Mésa domine le pays de l'Arnon), avec les Amoréens qui s'établirent à Hesbon, et finalement avec les Israélites, qui eurent grand'peine à se frayer un passage au milieu de populations très peu accueillantes.

Les Ammonites tenaient solidement la ligne du Jabbok (Nahr-ez-Zerkà), frontière naturelle (No 21:24, De 2:37 3:16), et leur capitale Rabbath était dans un site facile à défendre (De 3:11). Ils ne renonçaient d'ailleurs pas à s'étendre et espéraient profiter de l'état anarchique d'Israël. Avec les Moabites, ils franchirent le Jourdain et prirent Jérico (Jug 3:13 et suivant), mais Éhud rétablit la situation. Peu après, ils se heurtèrent à Jephté qui défendait le pays de Galaad (Jug 11:4-11,32 12:1-3), puis à Saül, venu au secours de Jabès (1Sa 11) ou préoccupé d'affermir sa toute récente royauté (1Sa 14:47). David pratiqua d'abord une politique de conciliation (2Sa 10:2), mais la guerre reprit plus violente que jamais : Rabbath fut occupée (2Sa 11:1) et le pays durement traité. Il témoigna pourtant plus tard sa sympathie à David fuyant Absalom (2Sa 17:27-29), et l'un des siens fut compté au nombre des héros du roi (2Sa 23:37).

Salomon choisit quelques-unes de ses femmes chez les Ammonites (1Ro 11:1) et l'une d'elles, Naama, fut la mère de Roboam (1Ro 14:21,31,2Ch 12:13). Après Salomon, Ammon dut retrouver son indépendance. Il entra dans la coalition générale qui arrêta Salma-nasar II dans ses progrès vers l'Ouest, puis, avec Moab et Édom, fit la guerre à Josaphat, roi de Juda (2Ch 20). D'après les Chroniques, les Ammonites payèrent tribut à Ozias (2Ch 26:8), puis à Jotham (2Ch 27:5). La menace assyr. occupant Israël, Ammon envahit le pays de Galaad et le saccagea (Am 1:13-15).

Profitant toujours des événements et pratiquant la politique de l'opportunisme, les Ammonites occupèrent le territoire de Gad (Jer 49:1), aidèrent Nébucadnetsar II (604-561) à venir à bout de Jéhojakim (2Ro 24:2, cf. Eze 21:28 25:2), mais se retournèrent contre lui (Jer 27:3) et, pendant le siège de Jérusalem, accueillirent chez eux des Juifs fuyards (Jer 40:11). Ce qui ne les empêcha pas de faire assassiner Guédalia (Jer 40:13 et suivant 41:1-3), ainsi que les Juifs de son entourage. Les Ammonites étaient plus que jamais en exécration (De 23:3). et s'opposèrent, par tous les moyens, à la reconstruction des murs de Jérusalem (Ne 2:10,19 4:3,7 6:17-18). Néhémie et Esdras déclarèrent illégaux tous les mariages conclus avec les Ammonites (Ne 13:23, Esd 9:12), ce qui n'améliora évidemment pas les rapports. Les Ammonites eurent d'ailleurs leur attention ramenée vers l'Est et le S. de leur pays, par la menace nabatéenne. Ils n'échappèrent pas non plus aux contre-coups de la suprématie des Ptolémées ou des Séleucides. Leur capitale, Rab-bath, fut reconstruite au III e siècle av. J. -C, par Ptolémée Philadelphe, qui l'appela de son nom : Philadelphie. Au II e siècle av. J. -C, Judas Macchabée franchit le Jourdain, pour livrer de nombreuses batailles aux Ammonites commandés par Timothée (1Ma 56-8,31,37-44).

A l'époque romaine, Philadelphie fit partie de la Décapole et connut une grande prospérité. Les ruines nombreuses de Philadelphie (aujourd'hui Amman) en témoignent (un magnifique théâtre est bien conservé). Justin Martyr parle encore d'Ammonites (Dial. Tryph., 19). Finalement leur nom même disparut. Nous ne connaissons rien de la civilisation proprement ammonite. La langue était probablement très proche de l'hébreu (l'hébreu ancien dérive très exactement du phénicien, comme le seul exemplaire de la langue moabite, à ce jour connu, la stèle de Mésa ; et Moab était voisin d'Ammon). Le dieu des Ammonites était Milkom (Melek =roi), véritable dieu national, comme Kamos pour Moab (1Ro 11:7) ; il eut un haut-lieu à Jérusalem (2Ro 23:13). Divinité redoutable, à qui l'on immolait des enfants, et qui reçut cette preuve de vénération à Jérusalem même. Des rois donnèrent l'exemple et firent « passer leurs enfants par le feu » (2Ro 16:3 17:17 21:6) en l'honneur de Moloch. Les prophètes avaient protesté (Jer 7:31) ; Josias souilla l'emplacement qui se trouvait dans la vallée de Hinnom (2Ro 23:10). La civilisation ammonite ne dut pas arriver à un bien grand développement et celle de Moab lui fut certainement supérieure. Elle put disparaître sans laisser grande trace. Sans les vestiges de l'époque romaine, rien d'elle n'aurait subsisté, et pourtant la puissance ammonite fut redoutable. Avec elle, Israël eut toujours à compter. A. P.

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      Genèse 19

      37 The firstborn bore a son, and named him Moab. He is the father of the Moabites to this day.
      38 The younger also bore a son, and called his name Ben Ammi. He is the father of the children of Ammon to this day.

      Nombres 21

      24 Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.

      Juges 3

      13 He gathered to him the children of Ammon and Amalek; and he went and struck Israel, and they possessed the city of palm trees.

      Juges 10

      6 The children of Israel again did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, and served the Baals, and the Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Sidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; and they forsook Yahweh, and didn't serve him.

      Juges 11

      4 It happened after a while, that the children of Ammon made war against Israel.
      5 It was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah out of the land of Tob;
      6 and they said to Jephthah, "Come and be our chief, that we may fight with the children of Ammon."
      7 Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, "Didn't you hate me, and drive me out of my father's house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?"
      8 The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, "Therefore we have turned again to you now, that you may go with us, and fight with the children of Ammon; and you shall be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead."
      9 Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, "If you bring me home again to fight with the children of Ammon, and Yahweh deliver them before me, shall I be your head?"
      10 The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, "Yahweh shall be witness between us; surely according to your word so will we do."
      11 Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and chief over them: and Jephthah spoke all his words before Yahweh in Mizpah.
      13 The king of the children of Ammon answered to the messengers of Jephthah, "Because Israel took away my land, when he came up out of Egypt, from the Arnon even to the Jabbok, and to the Jordan: now therefore restore that territory again peaceably."
      32 So Jephthah passed over to the children of Ammon to fight against them; and Yahweh delivered them into his hand.

      Juges 12

      1 The men of Ephraim were gathered together, and passed northward; and they said to Jephthah, "Why did you pass over to fight against the children of Ammon, and didn't call us to go with you? We will burn your house around you with fire!"

      1 Samuel 11

      1 Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabesh Gilead: and all the men of Jabesh said to Nahash, "Make a covenant with us, and we will serve you."
      2 Nahash the Ammonite said to them, "On this condition I will make it with you, that all your right eyes be put out; and I will lay it for a reproach on all Israel."
      3 The elders of Jabesh said to him, "Give us seven day, that we may send messengers to all the borders of Israel; and then, if there is no one to save us, we will come out to you."
      4 Then the messengers came to Gibeah of Saul, and spoke these words in the ears of the people: and all the people lifted up their voice, and wept.
      5 Behold, Saul came following the oxen out of the field; and Saul said, "What ails the people that they weep?" They told him the words of the men of Jabesh.
      6 The Spirit of God came mightily on Saul when he heard those words, and his anger was kindled greatly.
      7 He took a yoke of oxen, and cut them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the borders of Israel by the hand of messengers, saying, "Whoever doesn't come forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done to his oxen." The dread of Yahweh fell on the people, and they came out as one man.
      8 He numbered them in Bezek; and the children of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand.
      9 They said to the messengers who came, "Thus you shall tell the men of Jabesh Gilead, 'Tomorrow, by the time the sun is hot, you shall have deliverance.'" The messengers came and told the men of Jabesh; and they were glad.
      10 Therefore the men of Jabesh said, "Tomorrow we will come out to you, and you shall do with us all that seems good to you."
      11 It was so on the next day, that Saul put the people in three companies; and they came into the midst of the camp in the morning watch, and struck the Ammonites until the heat of the day: and it happened, that those who remained were scattered, so that no two of them were left together.
      12 The people said to Samuel, "Who is he who said, 'Shall Saul reign over us?' Bring those men, that we may put them to death!"
      13 Saul said, "There shall not a man be put to death this day; for today Yahweh has worked deliverance in Israel."
      14 Then Samuel said to the people, "Come, and let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there."
      15 All the people went to Gilgal; and there they made Saul king before Yahweh in Gilgal; and there they offered sacrifices of peace offerings before Yahweh; and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly.

      1 Samuel 14

      47 Now when Saul had taken the kingdom over Israel, he fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and wherever he turned himself, he defeated them.

      2 Samuel 10

      2 David said, "I will show kindness to Hanun the son of Nahash, as his father showed kindness to me." So David sent by his servants to comfort him concerning his father. David's servants came into the land of the children of Ammon.

      2 Samuel 11

      1 It happened, at the return of the year, at the time when kings go out, that David sent Joab, and his servants with him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the children of Ammon, and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed at Jerusalem.

      2 Samuel 17

      27 It happened, when David had come to Mahanaim, that Shobi the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and Machir the son of Ammiel of Lodebar, and Barzillai the Gileadite of Rogelim,
      28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain,
      29 honey, butter, sheep, and cheese of the herd, for David, and for the people who were with him, to eat: for they said, "The people are hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness."

      2 Samuel 23

      37 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite, armor bearers to Joab the son of Zeruiah,

      2 Chroniques 12

      13 So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem, and reigned: for Rehoboam was forty-one years old when he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which Yahweh had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there: and his mother's name was Naamah the Ammonitess.

      2 Chroniques 20

      1 It happened after this, that the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them some of the Ammonites, came against Jehoshaphat to battle.
      2 Then some came who told Jehoshaphat, saying, "A great multitude is coming against you from beyond the sea from Syria. Behold, they are in Hazazon Tamar" (that is, En Gedi).
      3 Jehoshaphat was alarmed, and set himself to seek to Yahweh. He proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah.
      4 Judah gathered themselves together, to seek help from Yahweh. They came out of all the cities of Judah to seek Yahweh.
      5 Jehoshaphat stood in the assembly of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of Yahweh, before the new court;
      6 and he said, "Yahweh, the God of our fathers, aren't you God in heaven? Aren't you ruler over all the kingdoms of the nations? Power and might are in your hand, so that no one is able to withstand you.
      7 Didn't you, our God, drive out the inhabitants of this land before your people Israel, and give it to the seed of Abraham your friend forever?
      8 They lived in it, and have built you a sanctuary in it for your name, saying,
      9 'If evil comes on us--the sword, judgment, pestilence, or famine--we will stand before this house, and before you, (for your name is in this house), and cry to you in our affliction, and you will hear and save.'
      10 Now, behold, the children of Ammon and Moab and Mount Seir, whom you would not let Israel invade, when they came out of the land of Egypt, but they turned aside from them, and didn't destroy them;
      11 behold, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of your possession, which you have given us to inherit.
      12 Our God, will you not judge them? For we have no might against this great company that comes against us; neither know we what to do, but our eyes are on you."
      13 All Judah stood before Yahweh, with their little ones, their wives, and their children.
      14 Then the Spirit of Yahweh came on Jahaziel the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the son of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, the Levite, of the sons of Asaph, in the midst of the assembly;
      15 and he said, "Listen, all Judah, and you inhabitants of Jerusalem, and you king Jehoshaphat. Thus says Yahweh to you, 'Don't be afraid, neither be dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not yours, but God's.
      16 Tomorrow go down against them. Behold, they are coming up by the ascent of Ziz. You shall find them at the end of the valley, before the wilderness of Jeruel.
      17 You will not need to fight this battle. Set yourselves, stand still, and see the salvation of Yahweh with you, O Judah and Jerusalem. Don't be afraid, nor be dismayed. Go out against them tomorrow, for Yahweh is with you.'"
      18 Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his face to the ground; and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell down before Yahweh, worshipping Yahweh.
      19 The Levites, of the children of the Kohathites and of the children of the Korahites, stood up to praise Yahweh, the God of Israel, with an exceeding loud voice.
      20 They rose early in the morning, and went forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, "Listen to me, Judah, and you inhabitants of Jerusalem! Believe in Yahweh your God, so you shall be established! Believe his prophets, so you shall prosper."
      21 When he had taken counsel with the people, he appointed those who should sing to Yahweh, and give praise in holy array, as they went out before the army, and say, Give thanks to Yahweh; for his loving kindness endures forever.
      22 When they began to sing and to praise, Yahweh set ambushers against the children of Ammon, Moab, and Mount Seir, who had come against Judah; and they were struck.
      23 For the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against the inhabitants of Mount Seir, utterly to kill and destroy them: and when they had made an end of the inhabitants of Seir, everyone helped to destroy another.
      24 When Judah came to the place overlooking the wilderness, they looked at the multitude; and behold, they were dead bodies fallen to the earth, and there were none who escaped.
      25 When Jehoshaphat and his people came to take their spoil, they found among them in abundance both riches and dead bodies, and precious jewels, which they stripped off for themselves, more than they could carry away: and they were three days in taking the spoil, it was so much.
      26 On the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of Beracah; for there they blessed Yahweh: therefore the name of that place was called The valley of Beracah to this day.
      27 Then they returned, every man of Judah and Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in their forefront, to go again to Jerusalem with joy; for Yahweh had made them to rejoice over their enemies.
      28 They came to Jerusalem with stringed instruments and harps and trumpets to the house of Yahweh.
      29 The fear of God was on all the kingdoms of the countries, when they heard that Yahweh fought against the enemies of Israel.
      30 So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet; for his God gave him rest all around.
      31 Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he was thirty-five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem: and his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
      32 He walked in the way of Asa his father, and didn't turn aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of Yahweh.
      33 However the high places were not taken away; neither as yet had the people set their hearts to the God of their fathers.
      34 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are written in the history of Jehu the son of Hanani, which is inserted in the book of the kings of Israel.
      35 After this Jehoshaphat king of Judah joined himself with Ahaziah king of Israel. The same did very wickedly:
      36 and he joined himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish; and they made the ships in Ezion Geber.
      37 Then Eliezer the son of Dodavahu of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, "Because you have joined yourself with Ahaziah, Yahweh has destroyed your works." The ships were broken, so that they were not able to go to Tarshish.

      2 Chroniques 26

      8 The Ammonites gave tribute to Uzziah: and his name spread abroad even to the entrance of Egypt; for he grew exceeding strong.

      2 Chroniques 27

      5 He fought also with the king of the children of Ammon, and prevailed against them. The children of Ammon gave him the same year one hundred talents of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, and ten thousand of barley. The children of Ammon gave that much to him in the second year also, and in the third.

      Esdras 9

      12 Now therefore don't give your daughters to their sons, neither take their daughters to your sons, nor seek their peace or their prosperity forever; that you may be strong, and eat the good of the land, and leave it for an inheritance to your children forever.'

      Néhémie 2

      10 When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, heard of it, it grieved them exceedingly, because a man had come to seek the welfare of the children of Israel.
      19 But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian, heard it, they ridiculed us, and despised us, and said, "What is this thing that you are doing? Will you rebel against the king?"

      Néhémie 4

      3 Now Tobiah the Ammonite was by him, and he said, "What they are building, if a fox climbed up it, he would break down their stone wall."
      7 But it happened that when Sanballat, Tobiah, the Arabians, the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites heard that the repairing of the walls of Jerusalem went forward, and that the breaches began to be filled, then they were very angry;

      Néhémie 6

      17 Moreover in those days the nobles of Judah sent many letters to Tobiah, and Tobiah's letters came to them.

      Néhémie 13

      23 In those days also saw I the Jews who had married women of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab:

      Psaumes 83

      8 Assyria also is joined with them. They have helped the children of Lot. Selah.

      Jérémie 7

      31 They have built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire; which I didn't command, nor did it come into my mind.

      Jérémie 27

      3 and send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the children of Ammon, and to the king of Tyre, and to the king of Sidon, by the hand of the messengers who come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah;

      Jérémie 40

      11 Likewise when all the Jews who were in Moab, and among the children of Ammon, and in Edom, and who were in all the countries, heard that the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan;
      13 Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces who were in the fields, came to Gedaliah to Mizpah,

      Jérémie 49

      1 Of the children of Ammon. Thus says Yahweh: Has Israel no sons? has he no heir? why then does Malcam possess Gad, and his people well in its cities?

      Ezéchiel 21

      28 You, son of man, prophesy, and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh concerning the children of Ammon, and concerning their reproach; and say, A sword, a sword is drawn, for the slaughter it is furbished, to cause it to devour, that it may be as lightning;

      Ezéchiel 25

      2 Son of man, set your face toward the children of Ammon, and prophesy against them:

      Amos 1

      13 Thus says Yahweh: "For three transgressions of the children of Ammon, yes, for four, I will not turn away its punishment; because they have ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead, that they may enlarge their border.
      14 But I will kindle a fire in the wall of Rabbah, and it will devour its palaces, with shouting in the day of battle, with a storm in the day of the whirlwind;
      15 and their king will go into captivity, he and his princes together," says Yahweh.
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