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AMORÉENS

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Définition biblique de Amoréens :

L'origine de ce peuple est assez mal connue. On s'accorde généralement à dire que les Amoréens sont des Sémites de l'Ouest (et non des « Cananéens de l'Est »), dont, au deuxième millénaire, l'empire était bordé par la Méditerranée à l'Ouest, par l'Euphrate et le désert syrien à l'Est.

Sommaire

I. ORIGINES.

L'origine de ce peuple est assez mal connue et à l'heure présente, ce qui le prouve, c'est que les thèses les plus opposées sont soutenues à son sujet. Il est pourtant permis de penser que les théories « régnantes » (Ed. Meyer, Clay, Dhorme) n'ont pas encore à faire place aux conclusions de Landsberger ou de Th. Bauer. Les Amoréens sont des Sémites de l'Ouest (et non des « Cananéens de l'Est »), dont, au deuxième millénaire, l'empire était bordé par la Méditerranée à l'Ouest, par l'Euphrate et le désert syrien à l'Est (sur une inscription de Tiglath-Piléser, 1115-1090 av. J. -C, mention de « Ta-ad-mar qui est au pays d'Amourrou »)

Depuis longtemps on avait remarqué en Babylonie, dans les lettres et contrats de la dyn. d'Hammourabi (vers 1925), des noms d'allure sémitique qui attestaient l'existence d'un peuple non akkadien. Mais bien avant cette dyn. d'Hammourabi, dite d'Amourrou, l'influence de ce peuple ouest-sémitique est signalée en Babylonie. Le peuple des Amoréens est désigné par l'idéogramme Mar-tu qui est identique au babyl. Amurru. Ainsi Kur-Mar-tu = mât A-mur-ri =pays de l'Amoréen. Des textes divinatoires relatant l'expédition que Sargon l'Ancien fit l'an II de son règne (vers 2741 av. J. -C), disent « qu'il alla au pays d'Amourrou ». Autre mention dans un texte trouvé à Boghaz-Keuï, qui donne le nom d'un roi du pays d'A-mur-ri, contemporain de Narâm-Sin (2669-2631 av. J. -C).

II. HISTOIRE.

Autres mentions dans les récits des travaux de Goudéa, qui s'y approvisionne en pierres de taille. Avec la troisième dyn. d'Ur (XXIII e - XXII e siècle av. J. -C), le pays d'Amourrou se fait menaçant. Gimil-Sin (2221-2213) doit construire une muraille pour éloigner l'Amoréen, qui pénètre malgré tout en Caldée, s'installe même à Larsa, au moment où la troisième dyn. d'Ur s'écroule (vers 2187 av. J. -C), à Sippar et à Kish. Babylone ne lui échappera pas et ce sera la première dyn. babylonienne avec l'Amoréen Soumou-Aboum, qui réalise l'unité des deux pays de Sumer et d'Akkad (2225 av. J. -C). Jusqu'en 1760, les Amoréens sont les maîtres du pays. Ils ont senti la menace hittite (vers 1925), mais devront céder la place devant la réaction kassite (vers 1760).

Les tablettes trouvées à Tell-el-Amarna, en Egypte, sont très précieuses pour l'histoire des Amoréens. Si les rois de Babylone et les pharaons sont en bons termes, le pays de Canaan et le pays d'Amourrou (N. de la Syrie et région libanaise) s'efforcent de se débarrasser de la domination égyptienne et de ne pas indisposer la puissance hittite. Ainsi Azirou, prince d'Amourrou, intriguera si bien, qu'il abandonnera l'Egypte pour s'allier au roi hittite Subbiluliuma, devenu un voisin par trop redoutable (pillage du Mitanni, de Qatna, vers 1370). Cette distinction bien nette dans les tabl. d'Él-Amarna entre pays de Canaan et, pays d'Amourrou, n'est pas conservée dans les textes bibliques. Les Amoréens y sont signalés, en général, comme étant les anciens habitants de la Palestine, contre lesquels durent lutter les Israélites, sortis d'Egypte (Jug 6:10,1Sa 7:14,1Ro 21:26,2Ro 21:11). Parfois, le terme désigne plus spécialement les Transjordaniens, sujets de Sinon (No 21, De 1:4 4:46,1Ro 4:19, Ps 135:11 136:19) et de Og (De 8:8,10 4:4). On trouve parfois cette systématisation simpliste, que les Cananéens habitaient la région du Jourdain et du littoral méditerranéen, et les Amoréens la montagne (No 13:29). Ils y sont d'ailleurs en compagnie des Hittites et des Jébusiens (habitants de Jérusalem), et une des listes de peuples, quoique tardive, semble bien avoir été établie en tenant compte de la topographie. L'énumération va en effet du N. au Sud et les Amoréens y sont mentionnés entre les Hittites et les Cananéens (Jos 9:1, De 20:17), ce qui répond assez exactement à ce que nous savons par les tabl. d'El-Amarna. Par contre, dans la table de Ge 10, les Amoréens sont cités comme descendants de Canaan et en compagnie de petits peuples (Ge 10:16).

D'une manière générale, pour l'École J, les Cananéens étaient les anciens habitants du pays dont s'emparèrent les Israélites ; pour l'École E, il s'agissait d'Amoréens (Ge 15:16 48:22 etc.). On en retrouve l'écho chez les prophètes : ainsi Amos (Am 2:9 et suivant). En rattachant Jérusalem à un père amoréen et à une mère hittite, Ézéchiel (Eze 16 3,45) semble bien garder un renseignement précieux, reflet de l'époque où le pays était aux mains des Amoréens et Jérusalem avec un gouverneur hittite, Arta-hipa. La puissance amoréenne, sévèrement maîtrisée par Ramsès III (1200 av. J. -C), reçut un nouveau coup à l'arrivée des Israélites. Elle leur résista pourtant (Jug 1:34 3:5,1Sa 7:14), mais dut renoncer tout à fait à la Palestine, avec l'affermissement de la royauté. Il n'en est plus alors question que comme quelque chose de passé (1Ro 9:20) et qui n'est plus à redouter. --Voir Asianiques. A. P.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 10

      1 Now this is the history of the generations of the sons of Noah and of Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons were born to them after the flood.
      2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
      3 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
      4 The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
      5 Of these were the islands of the nations divided in their lands, everyone after his language, after their families, in their nations.
      6 The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
      7 The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. The sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
      8 Cush became the father of Nimrod. He began to be a mighty one in the earth.
      9 He was a mighty hunter before Yahweh. Therefore it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before Yahweh."
      10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
      11 Out of that land he went into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,
      12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (the same is the great city).
      13 Mizraim became the father of Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim,
      14 Pathrusim, Casluhim (which the Philistines descended from), and Caphtorim.
      15 Canaan became the father of Sidon (his firstborn), Heth,
      16 the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
      17 the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite,
      18 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. Afterward the families of the Canaanites were spread abroad.
      19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, to Gaza; as you go toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, to Lasha.
      20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
      21 To Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, the elder brother of Japheth, to him also were children born.
      22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram.
      23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
      24 Arpachshad became the father of Shelah. Shelah became the father of Eber.
      25 To Eber were born two sons. The name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided. His brother's name was Joktan.
      26 Joktan became the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
      27 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
      28 Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
      29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan.
      30 Their dwelling was from Mesha, as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
      31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their languages, in their lands, after their nations.
      32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations. Of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

      Genèse 15

      16 In the fourth generation they will come here again, for the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full."

      Genèse 48

      22 Moreover I have given to you one portion above your brothers, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow."

      Nombres 13

      29 Amalek dwells in the land of the South: and the Hittite, and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, dwell in the hill country; and the Canaanite dwells by the sea, and along by the side of the Jordan."

      Nombres 21

      1 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard tell that Israel came by the way of Atharim; and he fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.
      2 Israel vowed a vow to Yahweh, and said, "If you will indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities."
      3 Yahweh listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and the name of the place was called Hormah.
      4 They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea , to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way.
      5 The people spoke against God, and against Moses, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, and there is no water; and our soul loathes this light bread."
      6 Yahweh sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and many people of Israel died.
      7 The people came to Moses, and said, "We have sinned, because we have spoken against Yahweh, and against you. Pray to Yahweh, that he take away the serpents from us." Moses prayed for the people.
      8 Yahweh said to Moses, "Make a fiery serpent, and set it on a standard: and it shall happen, that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live."
      9 Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it on the standard: and it happened, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked to the serpent of brass, he lived.
      10 The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in Oboth.
      11 They traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise.
      12 From there they traveled, and encamped in the valley of Zered.
      13 From there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness, that comes out of the border of the Amorites: for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.
      14 Therefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Yahweh, "Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,
      15 the slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab."
      16 From there they traveled to Beer: that is the well of which Yahweh said to Moses, "Gather the people together, and I will give them water."
      17 Then sang Israel this song: "Spring up, well; sing to it:
      18 the well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles." From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;
      19 and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;
      20 and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert.
      21 Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,
      22 "Let me pass through your land: we will not turn aside into field, or into vineyard; we will not drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king's highway, until we have passed your border."
      23 Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz; and he fought against Israel.
      24 Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.
      25 Israel took all these cities: and Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its towns.
      26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon.
      27 Therefore those who speak in proverbs say, "Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established;
      28 for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.
      29 Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites.
      30 We have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba."
      31 Thus Israel lived in the land of the Amorites.
      32 Moses sent to spy out Jazer; and they took its towns, and drove out the Amorites who were there.
      33 They turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.
      34 Yahweh said to Moses, "Don't fear him: for I have delivered him into your hand, and all his people, and his land; and you shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon."
      35 So they struck him, and his sons and all his people, until there was none left him remaining: and they possessed his land.

      Josué 9

      1 It happened, when all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the great sea in front of Lebanon, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard of it

      Juges 1

      34 The Amorites forced the children of Dan into the hill country; for they would not allow them to come down to the valley;

      Juges 3

      5 The children of Israel lived among the Canaanites, the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites:

      Juges 6

      10 and I said to you, "I am Yahweh your God; you shall not fear the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell." But you have not listened to my voice.'"

      1 Samuel 7

      14 The cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel were restored to Israel, from Ekron even to Gath; and Israel recovered its border out of the hand of the Philistines. There was peace between Israel and the Amorites.

      Psaumes 135

      11 Sihon king of the Amorites, Og king of Bashan, and all the kingdoms of Canaan,

      Psaumes 136

      19 Sihon king of the Amorites; for his loving kindness endures forever;

      Ezéchiel 16

      3 and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh to Jerusalem: Your birth and your birth is of the land of the Canaanite; the Amorite was your father, and your mother was a Hittite.
      45 You are the daughter of your mother, who loathes her husband and her children; and you are the sister of your sisters, who loathed their husbands and their children: your mother was a Hittite, and your father an Amorite.

      Amos 2

      9 Yet I destroyed the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath.
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