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ANNE (Grand-Prêtre)

(grec Annas, venu de l'hébreu Khânân, transcrit Hanan =gracieux ; appelé par Josèphe Ananos, nom voisin d'Ananias)

Grand-prêtre juif, nommé en l'an 6 de l'ère chrétienne par le gouverneur de Syrie Quirinius, déposé en l'an 15 par le procurateur de Judée, Valerius Gratus ; il eut pour successeurs un certain Ismaël, puis son fils Éléazar, puis son fils Simon, puis en l'an 18 son gendre Caïphe (voir ce mot) ; fait sans précédent, il devait avoir cinq fils successivement élevés à cette suprême charge du judaïsme. Celle-ci, qui en principe était accordée à vie, permettait à l'ancien grand-prêtre, même déposé, d'en conserver le titre et certaines prérogatives. C'est pourquoi Anne, personnalité puissante, put exercer une longue et profonde influence pendant le pontificat de ses successeurs, notamment de Caïphe (voir Chronol. du N.T., I, 2).

Lors du procès de Jésus, c'est Caïphe, grand-prêtre en fonctions, qui présida le Sanhédrin (Mt 26:57), mais le 4 e évangile précise qu'avant cette séance officielle, c'est devant Anne que Jésus est mené de nuit, aussitôt après son arrestation, pour un interrogatoire préliminaire et officieux, par le rusé vétéran qui devait être le principal instigateur du complot contre l'homme de Nazareth : il le questionne en effet en dehors des conditions régulières d'un jugement, témoins, adjuration, sentence, etc (Jn 18:13-24).

Ainsi s'expliquent aussi les deux mentions historiques où Luc nomme ensemble les grands-prêtres Anne et Caïphe, au début du ministère de Jésus comme au début du ministère des apôtres (Lu 3:2, Ac 4:6). Il ne faut pourtant pas conclure de l'autorité qu'avait acquise Anne, à sa popularité : arrogant, rusé, avare, sans doute créateur des « bazars des fils de Hanan » dont les scandaleux bénéfices enrichissaient le haut sacerdoce, il passe encore pour avoir corrompu les juges de son temps ; il contribua grandement au discrédit où tomba chez les Juifs la souveraine dignité de leur grand-prêtre.

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Matthieu 26

      57 Those who had taken Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were gathered together.

      Luc 3

      2 in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the wilderness.

      Jean 18

      13 and led him to Annas first, for he was father-in-law to Caiaphas, who was high priest that year.
      14 Now it was Caiaphas who advised the Jews that it was expedient that one man should perish for the people.
      15 Simon Peter followed Jesus, as did another disciple. Now that disciple was known to the high priest, and entered in with Jesus into the court of the high priest;
      16 but Peter was standing at the door outside. So the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, went out and spoke to her who kept the door, and brought in Peter.
      17 Then the maid who kept the door said to Peter, "Are you also one of this man's disciples?" He said, "I am not."
      18 Now the servants and the officers were standing there, having made a fire of coals, for it was cold. They were warming themselves. Peter was with them, standing and warming himself.
      19 The high priest therefore asked Jesus about his disciples, and about his teaching.
      20 Jesus answered him, "I spoke openly to the world. I always taught in synagogues, and in the temple, where the Jews always meet. I said nothing in secret.
      21 Why do you ask me? Ask those who have heard me what I said to them. Behold, these know the things which I said."
      22 When he had said this, one of the officers standing by slapped Jesus with his hand, saying, "Do you answer the high priest like that?"
      23 Jesus answered him, "If I have spoken evil, testify of the evil; but if well, why do you beat me?"
      24 Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas, the high priest.

      Actes 4

      6 Annas the high priest was there, with Caiaphas, John, Alexander, and as many as were relatives of the high priest.
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