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ANTÉCHRIST

(grec antichristos =adversaire du Christ ; il aurait fallu transcrire Antichrist, et c'est par erreur que le grec anti = contre, confondu avec le latin ante =avant, a donné Antéchrist).

--Personnage dans lequel, selon l'enseignement biblique et la tradition chrétienne, s'incarnera, aux derniers temps, l'opposition au Christ. Plusieurs historiens modernes vont chercher les origines de cette croyance jusque dans les mythes babyloniens et persans qui décrivent les luttes de la lumière et des puissances ténébreuses ; il est en tout cas certain qu'elle plonge ses racines dans le sol de l'A.T. et qu'elle appartint au judaïsme avant de passer dans le christianisme. On verra par ce qui suit qu'il n'est pas facile de ramener à l'unité les divers aspects sous lesquels elle se présente.

Ézéchiel, déjà, annonce (Eze 38) pour la fin des temps une conjuration des peuples contre Israël, conjuration que dirige un personnage symbolique, Gog, roi de Magog, dont Dieu lui-même anéantira les efforts. Même conception chez Zacharie (Zac 12-14), où l'histoire du monde se termine par une sanglante bataille livrée sous les murs mêmes de Jérusalem dans laquelle les ennemis d'Israël et de son Dieu seront écrasés. Même conception surtout chez Daniel (Da 8:9-14,23-26), où les exploits sanguinaires et impies d'Antiochus Épiphane, roi de Syrie (167 av. J. -C), servent de prototype à la révolte finale, qui aboutira à la destruction des empires terrestres et à l'établissement du « royaume des saints ».

Passant au N.T., nous constatons, d'une part, que l'opposition de principe entre Dieu et le monde s'est encore accentuée et, d'autre part, que l'attente messianique s'est débarrassée de ses éléments nationaux et politiques. Israël et ses destinées ont cédé la place à l'Église, et la lutte dans laquelle celle-ci se trouve engagée est la lutte toute spirituelle de la vérité contre l'erreur et le péché ; néanmoins, les visions d'avenir esquissées dans l'A.T. exercent une action sur la façon dont les premiers chrétiens se représentent les bouleversements de la fin. Dès le début de son ministère, Jésus prévient ses disciples des persécutions qui les attendent et qui iront en empirant à mesure que l'on approchera de la fin, mais la figure troublante de l'Antéchrist n'apparaît pas dans ses discours, qui se bornent à annoncer (voir Mt 24 et parallèle) la venue de plusieurs faux prophètes et faux christs, qui seront, dans la détresse finale, la dernière incarnation du messianisme politique juif.

C'est saint Paul qui, sans le nommer encore, décrit pour la première fois le terrible adversaire à. l'apparition duquel les chrétiens doivent se préparer et dont le triomphe momentané montrera que le retour du Seigneur est proche (2Th 2:1-12). Déjà lors de son bref passage à Thessalonique, l'apôtre avait touché à ce sujet (verset 5) ; mais, son enseignement ayant été mal compris et ayant semé le désarroi parmi ses auditeurs, il y revient par écrit et rappelle en termes visiblement empruntés à Da 8 qu'avant que le Christ revienne, il faut que surgisse celui qu'il appelle « l'homme de péché, le fils de perdition, l'adversaire qui s'élève au-dessus de tout ce qu'on appelle Dieu ou qu'on adore, au point de s'asseoir dans le temple de Dieu, en se proclamant Dieu. Il paraîtra avec la puissance de Satan, opérant toute sorte de miracles, de signes et de prodiges menteurs, et séduisant par toute sorte de fraudes ceux qui doivent périr faute d'avoir ouvert leur coeur à la vérité qui les eût sauvés ».

Qui sera cet instrument de l'adversaire par excellence et de quel milieu, juif ou païen, sortira-t-il ? Paul ne juge pas nécessaire de le dire dans sa lettre, mais ses lecteurs savent à quoi s'en tenir sur ces divers points ; ils savent que l'ennemi est déjà à l'oeuvre, autrement dit, sans doute, que la tendance qu'il incarnera influe déjà sur le cours des événements ; mais, pour le moment, il y a encore quelque chose ou quelqu'un (l'apôtre emploie successivement le neutre et le masculin) qui lui fait obstacle. Quand cet obstacle aura disparu, l'Antéchrist, car c'est bien de lui qu'il s'agit, déploiera toutes ses séductions et donnera libre cours à sa rage ; mais l'avènement du Christ viendra brusquement mettre fin à son pouvoir.

Nous n'avons naturellement aucun moyen d'élucider les problèmes que fait naître pareille conception. Les douloureuses expériences que saint Paul avait faites parmi ses compatriotes pouvaient facilement l'avoir amené à penser, comme beaucoup l'ont cru, que ce serait dans les milieux juifs que naîtrait et s'organiserait la révolte suprême ; comme aussi la tentative toute récente de Caligula (37-41 ap. J. -C.) d'ériger sa propre statue dans le temple de Jérusalem, et surtout les indications très précises de Daniel pouvaient l'engager à en chercher le foyer dans les milieux païens. On admet généralement qu'il voyait dans la forte organisation de l'empire romain l'obstacle qui, pour le moment, retardait la manifestation de l'Antéchrist.

Unifiée et fortement individualisée chez saint Paul, l'idée de l'opposition au Christ se diversifie de nouveau dans l'Apocalypse (Ap 13) où elle est symbolisée, à l'exemple encore de ce qu'on trouve chez Daniel, par deux bêtes, dont l'une (verset 1-10) monte de la mer, c'est-à-dire, semble-t-il, du milieu des nations, et figure une puissance politique qui exerce une tyrannie d'une rare violence, et dont l'autre (verset 11-18) monte de la terre, se faisant l'auxiliaire et comme la servante de la première et, par la contrainte autant que par la ruse, obligeant les hommes à porter sa marque et à se soumettre à son autorité ; on se rappelle que c'est à propos de cette « marque » de la bête que l'auteur de l'Apocalypse indique ce nombre de 666 qui a si fort intrigué les commentateurs et que l'on a interprété de tant de façons ; on s'accorde généralement à y voir aujourd'hui la transcription numérique des mots : César Néron. La seconde bête se retrouve dans la suite du livre (Ap 16:13 19:20), sous le nom du faux prophète.

Le mot d'Antéchrist, bien que certainement en usage et compris dans les milieux chrétiens, ne se rencontre, dans la Bible, que dans les ép. de Jean (1Jn 2:18-23 4:3,2Jn 7), et il y est pris dans un autre sens que dans les documents que nous venons de passer en revue. L'Antéchrist, qui vient, qui est déjà là et qui compte plus d'un représentant, est sorti du sein de l'Église elle-même ; ce n'est plus le tyran qui l'opprime et, du dehors, met son existence en danger ; c'est le faux docteur qui répand l'hérésie et notamment celui qui nie que Jésus soit le Christ ou qui ne confesse pas Jésus venu en chair, c-à-d. celui qui distingue entre l'homme Jésus et le Christ céleste, qui aurait fait momentanément de lui son instrument.

Nous n'avons pas à poursuivre, en dehors de la Bible, l'histoire de cette croyance, pas plus que nous n'avons à rechercher l'influence qu'elle a exercée sur la vie de l'Église et sur la doctrine chrétienne. Il va de soi que, surtout aux époques troublées, les impressionnants tableaux de Da 8,2Th 2, Ap 13, ont ému les esprits et donné naissance à bien des spéculations ; les mouvements sectaires se sont, en général, montrés très avides de ce genre de recherches.

L'Église catholique, dans son ensemble, en est restée à la conception exposée dans les ép. johanniques : l'Antéchrist, c'est celui qui propage l'erreur et le schisme. A l'époque de la Réforme, on n'hésite pas à identifier Antéchrist et papauté : l'Église romaine n'était-elle pas clairement visée par les dénonciations de l'Ecriture ? Le pape ne se donne-t-il pas pour le vicaire de Jésus-Christ ? N'a-t-on pas persécuté par son ordre, de la façon la plus cruelle, ceux qui refusaient de reconnaître son autorité ? Cette idée est aujourd'hui encore celle des milieux ultra-protestants. Ailleurs, on s'est remis à chercher l'Antéchrist parmi les représentants de la puissance politique, et il n'est guère de conquérant, de souverain ou d'homme d'État plus ou moins hostile au christianisme, qui n'ait été tenu pour l'Antéchrist. Impossible d'attribuer une valeur quelconque à ces essais de divination.

A l'heure présente, --et il en sera vraisemblablement toujours ainsi, --les théologiens forment deux camps opposés ; on trouve d'un côté (peut-être sont-ils plus rares que jadis) ceux qui regardent les passages bibliques rappelés ci-dessus comme d'authentiques prédictions, faisant corps avec la révélation et attendant encore leur accomplissement ; et de l'autre ceux qui n'y voient que les documents de l'émotion causée dans les âmes croyantes par certains accès de rage persécutrice (Antiochus, Néron), où l'on discernait le prélude de détresses plus terribles encore. Nous croyons bien que les sombres tableaux que nous trouvons dans certaines pages de la Bible sont en rapport étroit avec des circonstances aujourd'hui disparues ; mais nous estimons aussi qu'il faudrait être bien décidé à se bercer d'illusions pour se persuader qu'on ne les reverra plus et que l'antéchristianisme a dit son dernier mot.

Consulter les Comment, sur 2Th et Apo Voir aussi les publications sur le prochain retour du Christ, qui ont foisonné après la guerre, ont recours à des rapprochements arbitraires qui les privent de toute valeur. AUG. Th.

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      Ezéchiel 38

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, set your face toward Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal, and prophesy against him,
      3 and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I am against you, Gog, prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal:
      4 and I will turn you around, and put hooks into your jaws, and I will bring you forth, with all your army, horses and horsemen, all of them clothed in full armor, a great company with buckler and shield, all of them handling swords;
      5 Persia, Cush, and Put with them, all of them with shield and helmet;
      6 Gomer, and all his hordes; the house of Togarmah in the uttermost parts of the north, and all his hordes; even many peoples with you.
      7 Be prepared, yes, prepare yourself, you, and all your companies who are assembled to you, and be a guard to them.
      8 After many days you shall be visited: in the latter years you shall come into the land that is brought back from the sword, that is gathered out of many peoples, on the mountains of Israel, which have been a continual waste; but it is brought forth out of the peoples, and they shall dwell securely, all of them.
      9 You shall ascend, you shall come like a storm, you shall be like a cloud to cover the land, you, and all your hordes, and many peoples with you.
      10 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: It shall happen in that day, that things shall come into your mind, and you shall devise an evil device:
      11 and you shall say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to those who are at rest, who dwell securely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates;
      12 to take the spoil and to take the prey; to turn your hand against the waste places that are [now] inhabited, and against the people who are gathered out of the nations, who have gotten livestock and goods, who dwell in the middle of the earth.
      13 Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions of it, shall tell you, Have you come to take the spoil? have you assembled your company to take the prey? to carry away silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods, to take great spoil?
      14 Therefore, son of man, prophesy, and tell Gog, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: In that day when my people Israel dwells securely, shall you not know it?
      15 You shall come from your place out of the uttermost parts of the north, you, and many peoples with you, all of them riding on horses, a great company and a mighty army;
      16 and you shall come up against my people Israel, as a cloud to cover the land: it shall happen in the latter days, that I will bring you against my land, that the nations may know me, when I shall be sanctified in you, Gog, before their eyes.
      17 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Are you he of whom I spoke in old time by my servants the prophets of Israel, who prophesied in those days for [many] years that I would bring you against them?
      18 It shall happen in that day, when Gog shall come against the land of Israel, says the Lord Yahweh, that my wrath shall come up into my nostrils.
      19 For in my jealousy and in the fire of my wrath have I spoken, Surely in that day there shall be a great shaking in the land of Israel;
      20 so that the fish of the sea, and the birds of the sky, and the animals of the field, and all creeping things who creep on the earth, and all the men who are on the surface of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.
      21 I will call for a sword against him to all my mountains, says the Lord Yahweh: every man's sword shall be against his brother.
      22 With pestilence and with blood will I enter into judgment with him; and I will rain on him, and on his hordes, and on the many peoples who are with him, an overflowing shower, and great hailstones, fire, and sulfur.
      23 I will magnify myself, and sanctify myself, and I will make myself known in the eyes of many nations; and they shall know that I am Yahweh.

      Daniel 8

      1 In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared to me, even to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first.
      2 I saw in the vision; now it was so, that when I saw, I was in the citadel of Susa, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was by the river Ulai.
      3 Then I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last.
      4 I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; and no animals could stand before him, neither was there any who could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and magnified himself.
      5 As I was considering, behold, a male goat came from the west over the surface of the whole earth, and didn't touch the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes.
      6 He came to the ram that had the two horns, which I saw standing before the river, and ran on him in the fury of his power.
      7 I saw him come close to the ram, and he was moved with anger against him, and struck the ram, and broke his two horns; and there was no power in the ram to stand before him; but he cast him down to the ground, and trampled on him; and there was none who could deliver the ram out of his hand.
      8 The male goat magnified himself exceedingly: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and instead of it there came up four notable [horns] toward the four winds of the sky.
      9 Out of one of them came forth a little horn, which grew exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the glorious [land].
      10 It grew great, even to the army of the sky; and some of the army and of the stars it cast down to the ground, and trampled on them.
      11 Yes, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the army; and it took away from him the continual [burnt offering], and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.
      12 The army was given over [to it] together with the continual [burnt offering] through disobedience; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did [its pleasure] and prospered.
      13 Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said to that certain one who spoke, How long shall be the vision [concerning] the continual [burnt offering], and the disobedience that makes desolate, to give both the sanctuary and the army to be trodden under foot?
      14 He said to me, To two thousand and three hundred evenings [and] mornings; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.
      15 It happened, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, that I sought to understand it; and behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man.
      16 I heard a man's voice between [the banks of] the Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.
      17 So he came near where I stood; and when he came, I was frightened, and fell on my face: but he said to me, Understand, son of man; for the vision belongs to the time of the end.
      18 Now as he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep with my face toward the ground; but he touched me, and set me upright.
      19 He said, Behold, I will make you know what shall be in the latter time of the indignation; for it belongs to the appointed time of the end.
      20 The ram which you saw, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia.
      21 The rough male goat is the king of Greece: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.
      22 As for that which was broken, in the place where four stood up, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not with his power.
      23 In the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors have come to the full, a king of fierce face, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up.
      24 His power shall be mighty, but not by his own power; and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper and do [his pleasure]; and he shall destroy the mighty ones and the holy people.
      25 Through his policy he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and in [their] security shall he destroy many: he shall also stand up against the prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.
      26 The vision of the evenings and mornings which has been told is true: but seal up the vision; for it belongs to many days [to come].
      27 I, Daniel, fainted, and was sick certain days; then I rose up, and did the king's business: and I wondered at the vision, but none understood it.

      Zacharie 12

      1 An oracle. The word of Yahweh concerning Israel. Yahweh, who stretches out the heavens, and lays the foundation of the earth, and forms the spirit of man within him says:
      2 "Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of reeling to all the surrounding peoples, and on Judah also will it be in the siege against Jerusalem.
      3 It will happen in that day, that I will make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all the peoples. All who burden themselves with it will be severely wounded, and all the nations of the earth will be gathered together against it.
      4 In that day," says Yahweh, "I will strike every horse with terror, and his rider with madness; and I will open my eyes on the house of Judah, and will strike every horse of the peoples with blindness.
      5 The chieftains of Judah will say in their heart, 'The inhabitants of Jerusalem are my strength in Yahweh of Armies their God.'
      6 In that day I will make the chieftains of Judah like a pan of fire among wood, and like a flaming torch among sheaves; and they will devour all the surrounding peoples, on the right hand and on the left; and Jerusalem will yet again dwell in their own place, even in Jerusalem.
      7 Yahweh also will save the tents of Judah first, that the glory of the house of David and the glory of the inhabitants of Jerusalem not be magnified above Judah.
      8 In that day Yahweh will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem. He who is feeble among them at that day will be like David, and the house of David will be like God, like the angel of Yahweh before them.
      9 It will happen in that day, that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem.
      10 I will pour on the house of David, and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplication; and they will look to me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son, and will grieve bitterly for him, as one grieves for his firstborn.
      11 In that day there will be a great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon.
      12 The land will mourn, every family apart; the family of the house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house of Nathan apart, and their wives apart;
      13 the family of the house of Levi apart, and their wives apart; the family of the Shimeites apart, and their wives apart;
      14 all the families who remain, every family apart, and their wives apart.

      Zacharie 13

      1 "In that day there will be a spring opened to the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin and for uncleanness.
      2 It will come to pass in that day, says Yahweh of Armies, that I will cut off the names of the idols out of the land, and they will be remembered no more. I will also cause the prophets and the spirit of impurity to pass out of the land.
      3 It will happen that, when anyone still prophesies, then his father and his mother who bore him will tell him, 'You must die, because you speak lies in the name of Yahweh;' and his father and his mother who bore him will stab him when he prophesies.
      4 It will happen in that day, that the prophets will each be ashamed of his vision, when he prophesies; neither will they wear a hairy mantle to deceive:
      5 but he will say, 'I am no prophet, I am a tiller of the ground; for I have been made a bondservant from my youth.'
      6 One will say to him, 'What are these wounds between your arms?' Then he will answer, 'Those with which I was wounded in the house of my friends.'
      7 "Awake, sword, against my shepherd, and against the man who is close to me," says Yahweh of Armies. "Strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered; and I will turn my hand against the little ones.
      8 It shall happen that in all the land," says Yahweh, "two parts in it will be cut off and die; but the third will be left in it.
      9 I will bring the third part into the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will test them like gold is tested. They will call on my name, and I will hear them. I will say, 'It is my people;' and they will say, 'Yahweh is my God.'"

      Zacharie 14

      1 Behold, a day of Yahweh comes, when your spoil will be divided in your midst.
      2 For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city will be taken, the houses rifled, and the women ravished. Half of the city will go out into captivity, and the rest of the people will not be cut off from the city.
      3 Then Yahweh will go out and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle.
      4 His feet will stand in that day on the Mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in two, from east to west, making a very great valley. Half of the mountain will move toward the north, and half of it toward the south.
      5 You shall flee by the valley of my mountains; for the valley of the mountains shall reach to Azel; yes, you shall flee, just like you fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Yahweh my God will come, and all the holy ones with you.
      6 It will happen in that day, that there will not be light, cold, or frost.
      7 It will be a unique day which is known to Yahweh; not day, and not night; but it will come to pass, that at evening time there will be light.
      8 It will happen in that day, that living waters will go out from Jerusalem; half of them toward the eastern sea, and half of them toward the western sea; in summer and in winter will it be.
      9 Yahweh will be King over all the earth. In that day Yahweh will be one, and his name one.
      10 All the land will be made like the Arabah, from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem; and she will be lifted up, and will dwell in her place, from Benjamin's gate to the place of the first gate, to the corner gate, and from the tower of Hananel to the king's winepresses.
      11 Men will dwell therein, and there will be no more curse; but Jerusalem will dwell safely.
      12 This will be the plague with which Yahweh will strike all the peoples who have warred against Jerusalem: their flesh will consume away while they stand on their feet, and their eyes will consume away in their sockets, and their tongue will consume away in their mouth.
      13 It will happen in that day, that a great panic from Yahweh will be among them; and they will lay hold everyone on the hand of his neighbor, and his hand will rise up against the hand of his neighbor.
      14 Judah also will fight at Jerusalem; and the wealth of all the surrounding nations will be gathered together: gold, and silver, and clothing, in great abundance.
      15 So will be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the donkey, and of all the animals that will be in those camps, as that plague.
      16 It will happen that everyone who is left of all the nations that came against Jerusalem will go up from year to year to worship the King, Yahweh of Armies, and to keep the feast of tents.
      17 It will be, that whoever of all the families of the earth doesn't go up to Jerusalem to worship the King, Yahweh of Armies, on them there will be no rain.
      18 If the family of Egypt doesn't go up, and doesn't come, neither will it rain on them. This will be the plague with which Yahweh will strike the nations that don't go up to keep the feast of tents.
      19 This will be the punishment of Egypt, and the punishment of all the nations that don't go up to keep the feast of tents.
      20 In that day there will be on the bells of the horses, "HOLY TO YAHWEH"; and the pots in Yahweh's house will be like the bowls before the altar.
      21 Yes, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah will be holy to Yahweh of Armies; and all those who sacrifice will come and take of them, and cook in them. In that day there will no longer be a Canaanite in the house of Yahweh of Armies.

      Matthieu 24

      1 Jesus went out from the temple, and was going on his way. His disciples came to him to show him the buildings of the temple.
      2 But he answered them, "You see all of these things, don't you? Most certainly I tell you, there will not be left here one stone on another, that will not be thrown down."
      3 As he sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately, saying, "Tell us, when will these things be? What is the sign of your coming, and of the end of the age?"
      4 Jesus answered them, "Be careful that no one leads you astray.
      5 For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am the Christ,' and will lead many astray.
      6 You will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you aren't troubled, for all this must happen, but the end is not yet.
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