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AUMÔNE

Ce mot vient du grec éléêmosunê, qui signifiait à peu près « miséricorde » ; il a pris peu à peu son sens spécial d'acte de bienfaisance envers les pauvres, par une évolution un peu analogue à celle du mot « charité ». C'est la piété juive qui lui a donné ce sens particulier.

Dès le III e ou II e siècle av. J. -C, l'aumône était au nombre des obligations religieuses des Juifs pieux, avec la prière et le jeûne (Tob 12:8, Sir 7:10, Ac 10:2-4). Plusieurs passages du Siracide affirment l'efficacité de l'aumône pour racheter les péchés et éviter les malheurs.

Dans le Talmud, l'aumône s'exprime par le mot « justice » et elle est mise sur le même pied que l'observation de la Loi. Il n'est donc pas surprenant que Jésus soit revenu plusieurs fois sur ce point sensible de la piété pharisaïque.

Elle est le premier des trois éléments de la « justice », dont Jésus parle dans le Sermon sur la Montagne (Mt 6). Contrairement à la pratique pharisaïque, Jésus exige le secret, ce simple changement modifiant complètement la signification des actes de piété, puisqu'ils s'adressent ainsi à Dieu et non aux hommes, et obtiennent sa récompense à Lui, et non la flatterie humaine qui entretient la vanité.

L'exemple concret est l'offrande de la veuve (Mr 12:42), bien qu'il s'agisse là non d'une aumône, mais d'une offrande pour le temple. Loin d'être hostile à la pratique de l'aumône véritable, Jésus la recommande souvent. Dans Lu 11:41, texte difficile, peut-être l'oppose-t-il aux « purifications » cérémonielles des Pharisiens, en disant que la bienfaisance est une meilleure manière d'assurer la pureté de leurs repas, que leurs gestes conventionnels sur leurs plats ; d'autres traduisent : « donnez ce qui est en vous », non point la rapacité et la méchanceté (verset 39), mais « donnez vos âmes mêmes, donnez vos coeurs », et non pas seulement de la nourriture ou de l'argent. Dans Lu 12:33, Jésus prescrit l'aumône au « petit troupeau » des fidèles, et il voit qu'elle serait le seul salut du jeune homme riche (Mt 19:21). Il lui donne donc la valeur nouvelle d'un sacrifice, consistant à supprimer l'obstacle qui sépare une âme de son Dieu. Elle est l'application concrète d'une qualité plus vaste, la générosité, sans cesse recommandée sous diverses formes (Mt 5:42), et qui n'est que le reflet parmi les hommes de la générosité de Dieu, laquelle s'appelle la grâce, dont tout l'éclat apparaît dans la parabole de l'enfant prodigue (Lu 15:22) ; comp. Jas 1:5.

Parmi les premiers chrétiens de Jérusalem, le terme d'aumône est insuffisant, puisqu'ils mettaient toutes choses en commun (Ac 2:45 4:32-35). Plus tard, saint Paul organisa dans les Églises de Macédoine et d'Asie une vaste collecte pour les pauvres de Jérusalem (1Co 16:1,2Co 8:20).

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      Matthieu 5

      42 Give to him who asks you, and don't turn away him who desires to borrow from you.

      Matthieu 6

      1 "Be careful that you don't do your charitable giving before men, to be seen by them, or else you have no reward from your Father who is in heaven.
      2 Therefore when you do merciful deeds, don't sound a trumpet before yourself, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may get glory from men. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      3 But when you do merciful deeds, don't let your left hand know what your right hand does,
      4 so that your merciful deeds may be in secret, then your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.
      5 "When you pray, you shall not be as the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen by men. Most certainly, I tell you, they have received their reward.
      6 But you, when you pray, enter into your inner room, and having shut your door, pray to your Father who is in secret, and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.
      7 In praying, don't use vain repetitions, as the Gentiles do; for they think that they will be heard for their much speaking.
      8 Therefore don't be like them, for your Father knows what things you need, before you ask him.
      9 Pray like this: 'Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy.
      10 Let your Kingdom come. Let your will be done, as in heaven, so on earth.
      11 Give us today our daily bread.
      12 Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors.
      13 Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. For yours is the Kingdom, the power, and the glory forever. Amen. '
      14 "For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.
      15 But if you don't forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.
      16 "Moreover when you fast, don't be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      17 But you, when you fast, anoint your head, and wash your face;
      18 so that you are not seen by men to be fasting, but by your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, will reward you.
      19 "Don't lay up treasures for yourselves on the earth, where moth and rust consume, and where thieves break through and steal;
      20 but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust consume, and where thieves don't break through and steal;
      21 for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
      22 "The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light.
      23 But if your eye is evil, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!
      24 "No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You can't serve both God and Mammon.
      25 Therefore I tell you, don't be anxious for your life: what you will eat, or what you will drink; nor yet for your body, what you will wear. Isn't life more than food, and the body more than clothing?
      26 See the birds of the sky, that they don't sow, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns. Your heavenly Father feeds them. Aren't you of much more value than they?
      27 "Which of you, by being anxious, can add one moment to his lifespan?
      28 Why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin,
      29 yet I tell you that even Solomon in all his glory was not dressed like one of these.
      30 But if God so clothes the grass of the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, won't he much more clothe you, you of little faith?
      31 "Therefore don't be anxious, saying, 'What will we eat?', 'What will we drink?' or, 'With what will we be clothed?'
      32 For the Gentiles seek after all these things; for your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things.
      33 But seek first God's Kingdom, and his righteousness; and all these things will be given to you as well.
      34 Therefore don't be anxious for tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Each day's own evil is sufficient.

      Matthieu 19

      21 Jesus said to him, "If you want to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me."

      Marc 12

      42 A poor widow came, and she cast in two small brass coins, which equal a quadrans coin.

      Luc 11

      41 But give for gifts to the needy those things which are within, and behold, all things will be clean to you.

      Luc 12

      33 Sell that which you have, and give gifts to the needy. Make for yourselves purses which don't grow old, a treasure in the heavens that doesn't fail, where no thief approaches, neither moth destroys.

      Luc 15

      22 "But the father said to his servants, 'Bring out the best robe, and put it on him. Put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet.

      Actes 2

      45 They sold their possessions and goods, and distributed them to all, according as anyone had need.

      Actes 4

      32 The multitude of those who believed were of one heart and soul. Not one of them claimed that anything of the things which he possessed was his own, but they had all things in common.

      Actes 10

      2 a devout man, and one who feared God with all his house, who gave gifts for the needy generously to the people, and always prayed to God.
      3 At about the ninth hour of the day , he clearly saw in a vision an angel of God coming to him, and saying to him, "Cornelius!"
      4 He, fastening his eyes on him, and being frightened, said, "What is it, Lord?" He said to him, "Your prayers and your gifts to the needy have gone up for a memorial before God.

      1 Corinthiens 16

      1 Now concerning the collection for the saints, as I commanded the assemblies of Galatia, you do likewise.

      2 Corinthiens 8

      20 We are avoiding this, that any man should blame us concerning this abundance which is administered by us.

      Jacques 1

      5 But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach; and it will be given to him.
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