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AUTEL

L'autel est la table sacrée sur laquelle on place les offrandes destinées à la divinité. Il peut avoir des formes et des dimensions différentes suivant les temps, les lieux ou les besoins du culte.

A l'origine, c'était simplement un bloc de pierre ou un rocher sortant de terre. On pratiquait sur la pierre ou sur le rocher des enfoncements plus ou moins grands, appelés cupules, qui servaient à recueillir la partie liquide des offrandes. Des autels semblables existaient encore en Palestine au temps des Israélites : Jug 6:19-21 13:19,1Sa 6:14. Comp. 1Sa 14:33 et suivant, mais non pas Ge 28:18, où il s'agit d'une stèle (voir Sanctuaire) et non pas d'un autel. Ces autels primitifs étaient une survivance de temps plus anciens, dans lesquels la pierre ou le rocher étaient envisagés comme servant de demeure à la divinité à laquelle on présentait une offrande.

Beaucoup plus nombreux étaient les autels faits de main d'homme. Le premier qui soit mentionné dans l'A.T. est celui de Noé (Ge 8:20), mais il fut suivi de beaucoup d'autres, attribués aux patriarches, à Moïse, à Josué, etc. La manière de les construire est indiquée Ex 20:24-26. Ils devaient être faits de terre ou de pierres non taillées, et ne pas avoir de degrés pour y monter. Les dimensions ne sont pas prescrites, mais la hauteur résulte de l'absence de degrés « pour que la nudité du sacrifiant ne fût pas découverte ». Les pierres ne devaient pas être taillées, parce que l'homme ne doit pas toucher à ce qui est sacré, une pensée qui, du reste, cessait d'être applicable quand il s'agissait de plus grands monuments. L'ordonnance de Ex 20:24-26 suppose la multiplicité des autels qui a existé en Israël jusqu'à la réforme de Josias (2Ro 23) et n'a pas tardé à reparaître dans les années subséquentes jusqu'à la ruine de Jérusalem. Nous ne savons si, dans tous les sanctuaires, les autels avaient conservé la simplicité prescrite par la loi. Quoique Ex 20 ne dise rien à ce sujet, les autels étaient généralement pourvus sur les côtés ou aux quatre angles de cornes (Ps 118:27, Ap 9:13), c-à-d. de proéminences en forme de corne, comme la plupart des autels antiques (païens) dont nous avons des représentations (fig. 34 et 35), et comme l'autel du tabernacle (Ex 27:2 38:2). Les cornes étaient la partie la plus sacrée de l'autel. On les aspergeait du sang des victimes, en expiation pour le péché (Le 4:30 16:18). Elles rendaient inviolable le criminel qui les avait saisies (1Ro 1:30 2:28). Quand elles étaient brisées, l'autel était considéré comme détruit (Am 3:14).

Il résulte des fouilles pratiquées en Palestine qu'il y avait, dans certains sanctuaires, des autels spéciaux où l'on brûlait des parfums ; voir en particulier le grand autel en terre cuite trouvé à Thaanac, dont on peut lire la description dans tous les manuels récents d'archéologie. Ces autels de parfums ne sont jamais spécialement mentionnés dans l'A.T. en dehors du temple et du tabernacle.

Autels du temple de Jérusalem et du tabernacle du désert. La description du tabernacle dans Ex 25 Ex 26 Ex 27, Ex 30, Ex 36 Ex 37 Ex 38, Ex 40 (de P) est postérieure à l'exil, et l'auteur a pris pour modèle le temple de Jérusalem. Elle ne sert donc qu'à préciser ce qui existait dans le temple ; c'est le cas également de la description du futur temple dans la vision d'Ézéchiel, Eze 40-48.

1. AUTEL DES HOLOCAUSTES, dans le parvis intérieur, en face du portique du temple.

Il servait pour toute espèce de sacrifices. La description manque dans 1Ro 6 et 7. D'après 2Ch 4:1, il était d'airain (indication attestée par d'autres passages : 1Ro 8:64,2Ro 16:14), et avait 20 coudées de long, 20 coudées de large, à la base, et 10 coudées de haut. Il allait sans doute en se rétrécissant par étapes de la base au sommet, comme l'autel de Ézéchiel (Eze 43:13-17). Il avait quatre cornes, une à chaque angle (Eze 43:16, Ex 27:2). On y montait par des degrés (Eze 43:17). Il est évident que le revêtement seul était d'airain. L'intérieur était rempli de terre ou de pierres brutes, comp. Ex 27:8.

L'autel de Salomon fut restauré par Asa (2Ch 15:8) et, au temps d'Achaz, remplacé par un autel nouveau dont le roi avait vu le modèle à Damas ; on le relégua alors plus au nord (2Ro 16:10-15). Après l'exil, l'autel des holocaustes fut immédiatement reconstruit (Esd 3:2-3) et, quand le temple fut rebâti, il retrouva sa place dans le parvis intérieur, en face du portique. Il fut fait alors de pierres non taillées, d'après l'ordonnance Ex 20:24-25 ; voir 1Ma 4:44-47, qui raconte que, souillé par Antiochus Épiphane, il fut détruit par les Juifs et reconstruit avec des pierres nouvelles.

Quand Hérode transforma le second temple, il donna à l'autel, des dimensions plus grandes, mais les chiffres varient suivant les auteurs. Comme pour celui de Zorobabel, on n'employa que des pierres non taillées, qu'on recouvrait deux fois par année d'un nouvel enduit de couleur blanche. On y montait par une pente inclinée. Voir Mischna, traité Middot, 3:1-4

2. TABLE DES PAINS DE PROPOSITION, dans le lieu saint.

Elle est appelée autel : 1Ro 6:20 et suivant, Eze 41:22, et c'était bien un véritable autel. Non seulement on y plaçait chaque semaine les pains de proposition (Le 24:5 et suivant), comme offrande spéciale à l'Éternel, mais elle était pourvue de plats, de coupes, etc., pour servir aux libations (Ex 25:29), et l'offrande des pains était accompagnée d'une offrande d'encens (Le 24:7). Voir No 4:7 et suivant, 2Ch 29:18, et traité Middot pour le temple d'Hérode. Elle est représentée sur l'arc de triomphe de Titus avec le chandelier d'or.

3. AUTEL DES PARFUMS, dans le lieu saint, devant le lieu très saint.

Il a certainement existé à une époque postérieure ; voir 1Ma 1:21 4:49, 2Ma 2:5, Lu 1:9-11, Heb 9:4 (qui le place à tort dans le lieu très saint), mais il n'existait probablement pas dans les temps plus anciens. Il manque dans le temple d'Ézéchiel ; les passages qui le mentionnent, soit dans le temple de Salomon (1Ro 7:48-50), soit dans le tabernacle (Ex 30:1-10 37:25-28 40:5,26), sont en contradiction avec d'autres qui l'ignorent encore (Ex 25, Le 9-10, Le 16) et ont été sans doute ajoutés plus tard à la rédaction primitive. Il résulte de là que l'autel des parfums n'a figuré que dans les derniers siècles avant notre ère à côté de la table des pains de proposition, mais il a rapidement pris une importance particulière. Ap 8:1-5 l'a transporté dans le ciel.

Voir les documents sur les fouilles en Palestine, les manuels récents d'archéologie biblique : Vincent Hugues, Canaan ; Bertholet, Hist Civ. Isr. ; Gaiaing Kurt, Der Altar in den Kulturen des aïten Orient,

L. A.

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      Genèse 8

      20 Noah built an altar to Yahweh, and took of every clean animal, and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.

      Genèse 28

      18 Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil on its top.

      Exode 20

      1 God spoke all these words, saying,
      2 "I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
      3 "You shall have no other gods before me.
      4 "You shall not make for yourselves an idol, nor any image of anything that is in the heavens above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:
      5 you shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, Yahweh your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me,
      6 and showing loving kindness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
      7 "You shall not take the name of Yahweh your God in vain, for Yahweh will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
      8 "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
      9 You shall labor six days, and do all your work,
      10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates;
      11 for in six days Yahweh made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore Yahweh blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.
      12 "Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which Yahweh your God gives you.
      13 "You shall not murder.
      14 "You shall not commit adultery.
      15 "You shall not steal.
      16 "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
      17 "You shall not covet your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor's."
      18 All the people perceived the thunderings, the lightnings, the sound of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking. When the people saw it, they trembled, and stayed at a distance.
      19 They said to Moses, "Speak with us yourself, and we will listen; but don't let God speak with us, lest we die."
      20 Moses said to the people, "Don't be afraid, for God has come to test you, and that his fear may be before you, that you won't sin."
      21 The people stayed at a distance, and Moses drew near to the thick darkness where God was.
      22 Yahweh said to Moses, "This is what you shall tell the children of Israel: 'You yourselves have seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
      23 You shall most certainly not make alongside of me gods of silver, or gods of gold for yourselves.
      24 You shall make an altar of earth for me, and shall sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your cattle. In every place where I record my name I will come to you and I will bless you.
      25 If you make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of cut stones; for if you lift up your tool on it, you have polluted it.
      26 Neither shall you go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness may not be exposed to it.'

      Exode 25

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, that they take an offering for me. From everyone whose heart makes him willing you shall take my offering.
      3 This is the offering which you shall take from them: gold, silver, brass,
      4 blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, goats' hair,
      5 rams' skins dyed red, sea cow hides, acacia wood,
      6 oil for the light, spices for the anointing oil and for the sweet incense,
      7 onyx stones, and stones to be set for the ephod and for the breastplate.
      8 Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.
      9 According to all that I show you, the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all of its furniture, even so you shall make it.
      10 "They shall make an ark of acacia wood. Its length shall be two and a half cubits, its breadth a cubit and a half, and a cubit and a half its height.
      11 You shall overlay it with pure gold. You shall overlay it inside and outside, and you shall make a gold molding around it.
      12 You shall cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in its four feet. Two rings shall be on the one side of it, and two rings on the other side of it.
      13 You shall make poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold.
      14 You shall put the poles into the rings on the sides of the ark to carry the ark.
      15 The poles shall be in the rings of the ark. They shall not be taken from it.
      16 You shall put the testimony which I shall give you into the ark.
      17 You shall make a mercy seat of pure gold. Two and a half cubits shall be its length, and a cubit and a half its breadth.
      18 You shall make two cherubim of hammered gold. You shall make them at the two ends of the mercy seat.
      19 Make one cherub at the one end, and one cherub at the other end. You shall make the cherubim on its two ends of one piece with the mercy seat.
      20 The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat.
      21 You shall put the mercy seat on top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the testimony that I will give you.
      22 There I will meet with you, and I will tell you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are on the ark of the testimony, all that I command you for the children of Israel.
      23 "You shall make a table of acacia wood. Two cubits shall be its length, and a cubit its breadth, and one and a half cubits its height.
      24 You shall overlay it with pure gold, and make a gold molding around it.
      25 You shall make a rim of a handbreadth around it. You shall make a golden molding on its rim around it.
      26 You shall make four rings of gold for it, and put the rings in the four corners that are on its four feet.
      27 the rings shall be close to the rim, for places for the poles to carry the table.
      28 You shall make the poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold, that the table may be carried with them.
      29 You shall make its dishes, its spoons, its ladles, and its bowls to pour out offerings with. You shall make them of pure gold.
      30 You shall set bread of the presence on the table before me always.
      31 "You shall make a lampstand of pure gold. Of hammered work shall the lampstand be made, even its base, its shaft, its cups, its buds, and its flowers, shall be of one piece with it.
      32 There shall be six branches going out of its sides: three branches of the lampstand out of its one side, and three branches of the lampstand out of its other side;
      33 three cups made like almond blossoms in one branch, a bud and a flower; and three cups made like almond blossoms in the other branch, a bud and a flower, so for the six branches going out of the lampstand;
      34 and in the lampstand four cups made like almond blossoms, its buds and its flowers;
      35 and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, and a bud under two branches of one piece with it, for the six branches going out of the lampstand.
      36 Their buds and their branches shall be of one piece with it, all of it one beaten work of pure gold.
      37 You shall make its lamps seven, and they shall light its lamps to give light to the space in front of it.
      38 Its snuffers and its snuff dishes shall be of pure gold.
      39 It shall be made of a talent of pure gold, with all these accessories.
      40 See that you make them after their pattern, which has been shown to you on the mountain.

      Exode 26

      1 "Moreover you shall make the tabernacle with ten curtains; of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman you shall make them.
      2 The length of each curtain shall be twenty-eight cubits, and the breadth of each curtain four cubits: all the curtains shall have one measure.
      3 Five curtains shall be coupled together one to another; and the other five curtains shall be coupled one to another.
      4 You shall make loops of blue on the edge of the one curtain from the edge in the coupling; and likewise you shall make in the edge of the curtain that is outmost in the second coupling.
      5 You shall make fifty loops in the one curtain, and you shall make fifty loops in the edge of the curtain that is in the second coupling. The loops shall be opposite one to another.
      6 You shall make fifty clasps of gold, and couple the curtains one to another with the clasps: and the tabernacle shall be a unit.
      7 "You shall make curtains of goats' hair for a covering over the tabernacle. You shall make them eleven curtains.
      8 The length of each curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of each curtain four cubits: the eleven curtains shall have one measure.
      9 You shall couple five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves, and shall double over the sixth curtain in the forefront of the tent.
      10 You shall make fifty loops on the edge of the one curtain that is outmost in the coupling, and fifty loops on the edge of the curtain which is outmost in the second coupling.
      11 You shall make fifty clasps of brass, and put the clasps into the loops, and couple the tent together, that it may be one.
      12 The overhanging part that remains of the curtains of the tent, the half curtain that remains, shall hang over the back of the tabernacle.
      13 The cubit on the one side, and the cubit on the other side, of that which remains in the length of the curtains of the tent, shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that side, to cover it.
      14 You shall make a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering of sea cow hides above.
      15 "You shall make the boards for the tabernacle of acacia wood, standing up.
      16 Ten cubits shall be the length of a board, and one and a half cubits the breadth of each board.
      17 There shall be two tenons in each board, joined to one another: thus you shall make for all the boards of the tabernacle.
      18 You shall make the boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards for the south side southward.
      19 You shall make forty sockets of silver under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for its two tenons, and two sockets under another board for its two tenons.
      20 For the second side of the tabernacle, on the north side, twenty boards,
      21 and their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board.
      22 For the far part of the tabernacle westward you shall make six boards.
      23 You shall make two boards for the corners of the tabernacle in the far part.
      24 They shall be double beneath, and in the same way they shall be whole to its top to one ring: thus shall it be for them both; they shall be for the two corners.
      25 There shall be eight boards, and their sockets of silver, sixteen sockets; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board.
      26 "You shall make bars of acacia wood: five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle,
      27 and five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the side of the tabernacle, for the far part westward.
      28 The middle bar in the midst of the boards shall pass through from end to end.
      29 You shall overlay the boards with gold, and make their rings of gold for places for the bars: and you shall overlay the bars with gold.
      30 You shall set up the tabernacle according to the way that it was shown to you on the mountain.
      31 "You shall make a veil of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman shall it be made.
      32 You shall hang it on four pillars of acacia overlaid with gold; their hooks shall be of gold, on four sockets of silver.
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