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BÉNÉDICTION

La bénédiction est primitivement, comme la malédiction, un procédé (spirituel) de la « prise magique ».

Avec tous les autres peuples de l'antiquité, les Hébreux croient à la puissance secrète de la parole qui réalise déjà les événements qu'elle annonce.

Chez les Assyriens on n'était pas loin de penser que les paroles valaient les actes ; pour les musulmans, les paroles d'un saint sont efficaces, même quand elles sont prononcées sans intention, et les prophètes d'Israël sont convaincus non seulement d'annoncer l'avenir, mais de le réaliser (1Ro 17:1, Jer 1:10 3:12).

Pour ne pas finir par une conclusion triste, qui serait de mauvais augure, beaucoup de Psaumes se terminent par une bénédiction.

Le messager chargé d'annoncer un décès oblige par son langage obscur son auditeur à lui poser des questions, pour ne pas prononcer lui-même la parole funeste, ou bien il donne à sa mauvaise nouvelle la forme d'une bénédiction (2Sa 18:27-32).

Une fois prononcée, la bénédiction ou la malédiction a une existence réelle et tend à se réaliser, même si elle n'est pas conforme aux vraies intentions de celui qui l'a prononcée (No 22:6, Ge 27:33,40).

Dans l'A.T., le caractère magique de la bénédiction s'efface progressivement pour faire place à l'interprétation religieuse. Celle-ci considère la bénédiction comme un voeu prononcé en faveur d'un autre et exaucé par Dieu. D'autre part, c'est précisément à l'abri de cette interprétation religieuse que certaines idées magiques (p. ex. efficacité absolue, triple invocation du nom divin) continuent à s'attacher à la bénédiction comme à la malédiction. Les hommes de Dieu (prêtres, voyants, prophètes) sont, grâce à leur contact avec la divinité, particulièrement aptes à prononcer une bénédiction (Ex 17:11,13, No 23 et 24, Jug 5:12, De 33:1). Le prêtre bénit la viande de l'animal sacrifié (1Sa 9:13), au Temple il termine le culte par la bénédiction sacerdotale (No 6:24,26). Cette célèbre formule liturgique, adoptée plus tard par le culte synagogal et le culte chrétien, contient trois fois le nom de Yahvé.

Tandis que dans des formules analogues le païen polythéiste invoque trois dieux, l'Israélite monothéiste prononce trois fois le nom de son Dieu, l'un et l'autre dans la conviction que tout ce qui se dit ou se fait trois fois est particulièrement efficace et irrévocable (Jos 22:22, Esa 6:3). L'adjonction d'épithètes et d'attributs renforce encore la puissance du nom invoqué (Ge 48:15 et suivant).

Avant l'exil, les prêtres n'avaient pas le privilège exclusif de la bénédiction : dans des circonstances solennelles, les rois aussi bénissaient le peuple (2Sa 6:18,1Ro 8:55). Le père bénit ses enfants avant de mourir en leur imposant les mains (Ge 27:10 et suivants Ge 48:8 et suivants).

Une lointaine réminiscence du culte des ancêtres donne à cette bénédiction paternelle une valeur spéciale, le père mourant est déjà presque un ancêtre divinisé. Les parents ou les amis bénissent celui qui part en voyage (Ge 43:14) ou qui se marie (Ge 24:60, Ru 4 : et suivant).

Dans ces bénédictions de l'A.T. il s'agit généralement de biens matériels, c'est surtout une longue vie et une nombreuse postérité qu'on souhaite ; les bénédictions du N.T. visent avant tout les biens spirituels (Eph 1:3,1Pi 3:9).

La bénédiction sert souvent à détourner les conséquences d'un acte funeste (2Sa 3:28 et suivant) et à annuler une malédiction antérieure après avoir obtenu satisfaction (Ex 12:32, Jug 17:2). L'efficacité des bénédictions était tellement sûre, qu'on expliquait beaucoup d'énigmes et de curiosités, voire des faits très simples, par une ancienne bénédiction. La sainteté du sabbat vient d'une bénédiction divine (Ge 2:3), la fécondité des animaux et des hommes est due à une bénédiction (Ge 1:22,28), renouvelée après le déluge (Ge 9:1 et suivants). La descendance d'Éphraïm est plus nombreuse que celle de Manassé, parce que l'ancêtre en prononçant la bénédiction avait posé la main droite sur la tête du cadet (Ge 48:13-19).

En décrivant la grandeur nationale et les privilèges d'Israël de leur temps et en les expliquant par une bénédiction en forme poétique, placée dans la bouche d'un ancêtre mourant, les poètes hébreux ont créé un véritable genre littéraire, dont nous pouvons observer l'évolution : la bénédiction ne comprend d'abord que quelques vers et forme la partie intégrante d'une tradition populaire, bénédiction de Noé (Ge 9), d'Isaac (Ge 27) ; ensuite elle quitte son cadre et devient poème d'art, bénédiction de Jacob (Ge 49), de Moïse (De 33), de Balaam (No 23 No 24). F. K.

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      Genèse 1

      22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
      28 God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."

      Genèse 2

      3 God blessed the seventh day, and made it holy, because he rested in it from all his work which he had created and made.

      Genèse 9

      1 God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
      2 The fear of you and the dread of you will be on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the sky. Everything that the ground teems with, and all the fish of the sea are delivered into your hand.
      3 Every moving thing that lives will be food for you. As the green herb, I have given everything to you.
      4 But flesh with its life, its blood, you shall not eat.
      5 I will surely require your blood of your lives. At the hand of every animal I will require it. At the hand of man, even at the hand of every man's brother, I will require the life of man.
      6 Whoever sheds man's blood, his blood will be shed by man, for God made man in his own image.
      7 Be fruitful and multiply. Increase abundantly in the earth, and multiply in it."
      8 God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying,
      9 "As for me, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your offspring after you,
      10 and with every living creature that is with you: the birds, the livestock, and every animal of the earth with you, of all that go out of the ship, even every animal of the earth.
      11 I will establish my covenant with you: all flesh will not be cut off any more by the waters of the flood, neither will there ever again be a flood to destroy the earth."
      12 God said, "This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations:
      13 I set my rainbow in the cloud, and it will be for a sign of a covenant between me and the earth.
      14 It will happen, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the rainbow will be seen in the cloud,
      15 and I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh, and the waters will no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.
      16 The rainbow will be in the cloud. I will look at it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth."
      17 God said to Noah, "This is the token of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth."
      18 The sons of Noah who went out from the ship were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Ham is the father of Canaan.
      19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from these, the whole earth was populated.
      20 Noah began to be a farmer, and planted a vineyard.
      21 He drank of the wine and got drunk. He was uncovered within his tent.
      22 Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside.
      23 Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it on both their shoulders, went in backwards, and covered the nakedness of their father. Their faces were backwards, and they didn't see their father's nakedness.
      24 Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his youngest son had done to him.
      25 He said, "Canaan is cursed. He will be servant of servants to his brothers."
      26 He said, "Blessed be Yahweh, the God of Shem. Let Canaan be his servant.
      27 May God enlarge Japheth. Let him dwell in the tents of Shem. Let Canaan be his servant."
      28 Noah lived three hundred fifty years after the flood.
      29 All the days of Noah were nine hundred fifty years, then he died.

      Genèse 24

      60 They blessed Rebekah, and said to her, "Our sister, may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands, and let your seed possess the gate of those who hate them."

      Genèse 27

      1 It happened, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, "My son?" He said to him, "Here I am."
      2 He said, "See now, I am old. I don't know the day of my death.
      3 Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison.
      4 Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die."
      5 Rebekah heard when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.
      6 Rebekah spoke to Jacob her son, saying, "Behold, I heard your father speak to Esau your brother, saying,
      7 'Bring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before Yahweh before my death.'
      8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command you.
      9 Go now to the flock, and get me from there two good young goats. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.
      10 You shall bring it to your father, that he may eat, so that he may bless you before his death."
      11 Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, "Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.
      12 What if my father touches me? I will seem to him as a deceiver, and I would bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing."
      13 His mother said to him, "Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me."
      14 He went, and got them, and brought them to his mother. His mother made savory food, such as his father loved.
      15 Rebekah took the good clothes of Esau, her elder son, which were with her in the house, and put them on Jacob, her younger son.
      16 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.
      17 She gave the savory food and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.
      18 He came to his father, and said, "My father?" He said, "Here I am. Who are you, my son?"
      19 Jacob said to his father, "I am Esau your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me."
      20 Isaac said to his son, "How is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?" He said, "Because Yahweh your God gave me success."
      21 Isaac said to Jacob, "Please come near, that I may feel you, my son, whether you are really my son Esau or not."
      22 Jacob went near to Isaac his father. He felt him, and said, "The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau."
      23 He didn't recognize him, because his hands were hairy, like his brother, Esau's hands. So he blessed him.
      24 He said, "Are you really my son Esau?" He said, "I am."
      25 He said, "Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless you." He brought it near to him, and he ate. He brought him wine, and he drank.
      26 His father Isaac said to him, "Come near now, and kiss me, my son."
      27 He came near, and kissed him. He smelled the smell of his clothing, and blessed him, and said, "Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which Yahweh has blessed.
      28 God give you of the dew of the sky, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and new wine.
      29 Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother's sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you."
      30 It happened, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.
      31 He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, "Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that your soul may bless me."
      32 Isaac his father said to him, "Who are you?" He said, "I am your son, your firstborn, Esau."
      33 Isaac trembled violently, and said, "Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed."
      34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said to his father, "Bless me, even me also, my father."
      35 He said, "Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing."
      36 He said, "Isn't he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing." He said, "Haven't you reserved a blessing for me?"
      37 Isaac answered Esau, "Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers have I given to him for servants. With grain and new wine have I sustained him. What then will I do for you, my son?"
      38 Esau said to his father, "Have you but one blessing, my father? Bless me, even me also, my father." Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.
      39 Isaac his father answered him, "Behold, of the fatness of the earth will be your dwelling, and of the dew of the sky from above.
      40 By your sword will you live, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you shall shake his yoke from off your neck."
      41 Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing with which his father blessed him. Esau said in his heart, "The days of mourning for my father are at hand. Then I will kill my brother Jacob."
      42 The words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebekah. She sent and called Jacob, her younger son, and said to him, "Behold, your brother Esau comforts himself about you by planning to kill you.
      43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice. Arise, flee to Laban, my brother, in Haran.
      44 Stay with him a few days, until your brother's fury turns away;
      45 until your brother's anger turn away from you, and he forgets what you have done to him. Then I will send, and get you from there. Why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?"
      46 Rebekah said to Isaac, "I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth. If Jacob takes a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these, of the daughters of the land, what good will my life do me?"

      Genèse 43

      14 May God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may release to you your other brother and Benjamin. If I am bereaved of my children, I am bereaved."

      Genèse 48

      8 Israel saw Joseph's sons, and said, "Who are these?"
      13 Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near to him.
      14 Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it on Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh's head, guiding his hands knowingly, for Manasseh was the firstborn.
      15 He blessed Joseph, and said, "The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked, the God who has fed me all my life long to this day,
      16 the angel who has redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads, and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac. Let them grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth."
      17 When Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand on the head of Ephraim, it displeased him. He held up his father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head to Manasseh's head.
      18 Joseph said to his father, "Not so, my father; for this is the firstborn; put your right hand on his head."
      19 His father refused, and said, "I know, my son, I know. He also will become a people, and he also will be great. However, his younger brother will be greater than he, and his seed will become a multitude of nations."

      Genèse 49

      1 Jacob called to his sons, and said: "Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which will happen to you in the days to come.
      2 Assemble yourselves, and hear, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father.
      3 "Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength; excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.
      4 Boiling over as water, you shall not excel; because you went up to your father's bed, then defiled it. He went up to my couch.
      5 "Simeon and Levi are brothers. Their swords are weapons of violence.
      6 My soul, don't come into their council. My glory, don't be united to their assembly; for in their anger they killed men. In their self-will they hamstrung cattle.
      7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.
      8 "Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father's sons will bow down before you.
      9 Judah is a lion's cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, as a lioness. Who will rouse him up?
      10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs. To him will the obedience of the peoples be.
      11 Binding his foal to the vine, his donkey's colt to the choice vine; he has washed his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.
      12 His eyes will be red with wine, his teeth white with milk.
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