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BÉTHEL

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(=maison de Dieu).

1.

A identifier avec Beitîn, localité à 16 km. au Nord de Jérusalem, qui recouvre le nom ancien, alors que les ruines de Khirbet el-Bordj (à 700 m.) indiquent probablement l'emplacement antique. A l'origine, l'emplacement cultuel seul s'appelait Béthel, et Luz (Louz) était le nom de la cité la plus proche (Jos 16:2). Celle-ci prit assez tôt le nom du sanctuaire voisin. (cf. Ge 35:6) Lieu du campement d'Abraham (Ge 12:8 13:3,4), halte de Jacob en route vers Caran (Ge 28:16-19) ou retour de Mésopotamie (Ge 35:6,7,14,15).

Béthel, cité cananéenne (Jos 12:16), marquait la limite entre Éphraïm et Benjamin (Jos 16:2 18:13,22) et finalement devint possession d'Ephraïm (Jug 1:22,1Ch 7:28). Le sanctuaire cananéen fut en grande vénération en Israël, au même titre que Guilgal et Mitspa (1Sa 7:16) et l'on y montait pour sacrifier (1Sa 10:3).

Au moment du schisme, et sous Jéroboam, Béthel fut un des centres du culte du veau d'or (probablement un taureau) et l'un des hauts-lieux les plus en vogue du royaume du Nord (1Ro 12:28,29,32,33). Mentionné à propos d'Élie et d'Elisée (2Ro 2:3,23), probablement résidence royale de Jéroboam II (Am 7:10-13) et l'objet des invectives enflammées d'Amos (Am 3:14 4:4 5:5) et d'Osée (Os 4:15 5:8 10:5,15), le sanctuaire fut détruit par Josias (2Ro 23:15 et suivant).

Pendant la captivité, un prêtre revint s'y installer, par ordre du roi d'Assyrie (2Ro 17:28), et la ville fut réoccupée au retour de l'exil (Esd 2:28). A l'époque macchabéenne, le Syrien Bacchidès la fortifia (1Ma 9:50). Vespasien s'en empara au moment de l'insurrection (Josèphe, G.J., IV, 9:9). A. P.

2.

Ville de Juda ; voir Béthuel, 2.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 12

      8 He left from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to Yahweh and called on the name of Yahweh.

      Genèse 13

      3 He went on his journeys from the South even to Bethel, to the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai,

      Genèse 28

      16 Jacob awakened out of his sleep, and he said, "Surely Yahweh is in this place, and I didn't know it."
      17 He was afraid, and said, "How dreadful is this place! This is none other than God's house, and this is the gate of heaven."
      18 Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil on its top.
      19 He called the name of that place Bethel, but the name of the city was Luz at the first.

      Genèse 31

      13 I am the God of Bethel, where you anointed a pillar, where you vowed a vow to me. Now arise, get out from this land, and return to the land of your birth.'"

      Genèse 35

      1 God said to Jacob, "Arise, go up to Bethel, and live there. Make there an altar to God, who appeared to you when you fled from the face of Esau your brother."
      3 Let us arise, and go up to Bethel. I will make there an altar to God, who answered me in the day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I went."
      6 So Jacob came to Luz (that is, Bethel), which is in the land of Canaan, he and all the people who were with him.
      7 He built an altar there, and called the place El Beth El; because there God was revealed to him, when he fled from the face of his brother.
      8 Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, died, and she was buried below Bethel under the oak; and its name was called Allon Bacuth.
      14 Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he spoke with him, a pillar of stone. He poured out a drink offering on it, and poured oil on it.
      15 Jacob called the name of the place where God spoke with him "Bethel."
      16 They traveled from Bethel. There was still some distance to come to Ephrath, and Rachel travailed. She had hard labor.

      Josué 7

      2 Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which is beside Beth Aven, on the east side of Bethel, and spoke to them, saying, "Go up and spy out the land." The men went up and spied out Ai.

      Josué 8

      9 Joshua sent them out; and they went to set up the ambush, and stayed between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of Ai; but Joshua stayed among the people that night.
      12 He took about five thousand men, and set them in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city.
      17 There was not a man left in Ai or Beth El who didn't go out after Israel. They left the city open, and pursued Israel.

      Josué 12

      9 the king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;
      16 the king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one;

      Josué 16

      1 The lot came out for the children of Joseph from the Jordan at Jericho, at the waters of Jericho on the east, even the wilderness, going up from Jericho through the hill country to Bethel.
      2 It went out from Bethel to Luz, and passed along to the border of the Archites to Ataroth;

      Josué 18

      13 The border passed along from there to Luz, to the side of Luz (the same is Bethel), southward. The border went down to Ataroth Addar, by the mountain that lies on the south of Beth Horon the lower.
      22 Beth Arabah, Zemaraim, Bethel,

      Juges 1

      22 The house of Joseph, they also went up against Bethel; and Yahweh was with them.
      23 The house of Joseph sent to spy out Bethel. (Now the name of the city before was Luz.)

      Juges 4

      5 She lived under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment.

      Juges 20

      18 The children of Israel arose, and went up to Bethel, and asked counsel of God; and they said, "Who shall go up for us first to battle against the children of Benjamin?" Yahweh said, "Judah first."
      26 Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up, and came to Bethel, and wept, and sat there before Yahweh, and fasted that day until evening; and they offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before Yahweh.
      31 The children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and they began to strike and kill of the people, as at other times, in the highways, of which one goes up to Bethel, and the other to Gibeah, in the field, about thirty men of Israel.

      Juges 21

      2 The people came to Bethel, and sat there until evening before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept severely.
      19 They said, "Behold, there is a feast of Yahweh from year to year in Shiloh, which is on the north of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah."

      1 Samuel 7

      16 He went from year to year in circuit to Bethel and Gilgal, and Mizpah; and he judged Israel in all those places.

      1 Samuel 10

      3 "Then you shall go on forward from there, and you shall come to the oak of Tabor; and three men shall meet you there going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three young goats, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine:

      1 Samuel 13

      2 Saul chose for himself three thousand men of Israel, of which two thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in the Mount of Bethel, and one thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin: and the rest of the people he sent every man to his tent.

      1 Samuel 30

      27 He sent it to those who were in Bethel, and to those who were in Ramoth of the South, and to those who were in Jattir,

      1 Chroniques 7

      28 Their possessions and habitations were Bethel and its towns, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with its towns; Shechem also and its towns, to Azzah and its towns;

      2 Chroniques 13

      19 Abijah pursued after Jeroboam, and took cities from him, Bethel with its towns, and Jeshanah with its towns, and Ephron with its towns.

      Esdras 2

      28 The men of Bethel and Ai, two hundred twenty-three.

      Néhémie 7

      32 The men of Bethel and Ai, a hundred twenty-three.

      Néhémie 11

      31 The children of Benjamin also lived from Geba onward, at Michmash and Aija, and at Bethel and its towns,

      Jérémie 48

      13 Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Israel was ashamed of Bethel their confidence.

      Osée 4

      15 "Though you, Israel, play the prostitute, yet don't let Judah offend; and don't come to Gilgal, neither go up to Beth Aven, nor swear, 'As Yahweh lives.'

      Osée 5

      8 "Blow the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah! Sound a battle cry at Beth Aven, behind you, Benjamin!

      Osée 10

      5 The inhabitants of Samaria will be in terror for the calves of Beth Aven; for its people will mourn over it, Along with its priests who rejoiced over it, for its glory, because it has departed from it.
      15 So Bethel will do to you because of your great wickedness. At daybreak the king of Israel will be destroyed.

      Osée 12

      4 Indeed, he struggled with the angel, and prevailed; he wept, and made supplication to him. He found him at Bethel, and there he spoke with us,

      Amos 3

      14 "For in the day that I visit the transgressions of Israel on him, I will also visit the altars of Bethel; and the horns of the altar will be cut off, and fall to the ground.

      Amos 4

      4 "Go to Bethel, and sin; to Gilgal, and sin more. Bring your sacrifices every morning, your tithes every three days,

      Amos 5

      5 but don't seek Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and don't pass to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Bethel shall come to nothing.
      6 Seek Yahweh, and you will live; lest he break out like fire in the house of Joseph, and it devour, and there be no one to quench it in Bethel.

      Amos 7

      10 Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of Israel, saying, "Amos has conspired against you in the midst of the house of Israel. The land is not able to bear all his words.
      11 For Amos says, 'Jeroboam will die by the sword, and Israel shall surely be led away captive out of his land.'"
      12 Amaziah also said to Amos, "You seer, go, flee away into the land of Judah, and there eat bread, and prophesy there:
      13 but don't prophesy again any more at Bethel; for it is the king's sanctuary, and it is a royal house!"

      Zacharie 7

      2 The people of Bethel sent Sharezer and Regem Melech, and their men, to entreat Yahweh's favor,
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