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CAÏN

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(hébreu Kayin). Ce nom, de par sa racine, veut dire artisan, ouvrier, forgeron. Il évoque l'effort de celui qui compte sur son habileté et sur sa persévérance pour exécuter un travail et en tirer sa subsistance. Il convient à merveille pour désigner l'humanité laborieuse, en marche vers la royauté de la force. Le rapprochement établi par Ge 4:1 entre le nom de Caïn et l'idée d'acquisition, de formation, n'est qu'un jeu de mots populaire, sans valeur étymologique. Le cadre historique, dans lequel le récit de notre narrateur fait évoluer Caïn, suffit à « montrer qu'il ne s'agit pas ici d'un fils du premier couple humain mais d'un personnage typique (voir Chute). On a voulu voir dans Ge 4:11-17 deux Caïn différents, l'un errant, ancêtre éponyme des nomades arabes, l'autre ancêtre d'une tribu sédentaire agricole, à laquelle remonterait le commencement de la vie sociale, de la construction des cités, etc. On a conjecturé aussi, à cause du rapprochement des termes, que Caïn représente les Kéniens (No 24:22, Jug 4:11). Rien de tout cela n'est justifié par les textes, dont l'unité saute aux yeux et dont la préoccupation n'est nullement ethnique, mais simplement d'ordre religieux.

Autour du nom de Caïn, maudit de la terre mais non pas de Dieu qui, au contraire, en même temps qu'il le châtie, lui accorde son assistance miséricordieuse (signe protecteur : Ge 4:13,16), sont groupés les événements relatifs aux terribles effets de la chute, à la valeur sacrée de la vie humaine, à la sainteté morale de Dieu, à la misère de l'homme livré à ses seules forces, et par-dessus tout est mise ici en lumière cette vérité qui ne sera que trop démontrée par l'expérience des siècles, à savoir que le résultat du péché est une disposition à se laisser aller sur la pente et à multiplier les actes mauvais (Ge 4:7 b). Avant d'abandonner à ses propres voies l'humanité qui l'a refusé pour guide, Dieu la remet aux directions de sa conscience et l'avertit que son bonheur dépendra désormais de son effort de volonté à fuir le mal (verset 6 et 7a). C'est bien le cas de rappeler ici le va soli de l'Ecclésiaste (Ec 4:10) et l'apostrophe du Messie aux Juifs qui l'avaient repoussé : « Vous n'avez pas voulu... Maintenant votre demeure va vous être abandonnée, c'est à vous d'y pourvoir ! » (Mt 23, Lu 13). Alex. W.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 4

      1 The man knew Eve his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Cain, and said, "I have gotten a man with Yahweh's help."
      7 If you do well, will it not be lifted up? If you don't do well, sin crouches at the door. Its desire is for you, but you are to rule over it."
      11 Now you are cursed because of the ground, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother's blood from your hand.
      12 From now on, when you till the ground, it won't yield its strength to you. You shall be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth."
      13 Cain said to Yahweh, "My punishment is greater than I can bear.
      14 Behold, you have driven me out this day from the surface of the ground. I will be hidden from your face, and I will be a fugitive and a wanderer in the earth. It will happen that whoever finds me will kill me."
      15 Yahweh said to him, "Therefore whoever slays Cain, vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold." Yahweh appointed a sign for Cain, lest any finding him should strike him.
      16 Cain went out from Yahweh's presence, and lived in the land of Nod, east of Eden.
      17 Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.

      Nombres 24

      22 Nevertheless Kain shall be wasted, until Asshur carries you away captive."

      Juges 4

      11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated himself from the Kenites, even from the children of Hobab the brother-in-law of Moses, and had pitched his tent as far as the oak in Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh.

      Ecclésiaste 4

      10 For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow; but woe to him who is alone when he falls, and doesn't have another to lift him up.

      Malachie 1

      6 "A son honors his father, and a servant his master. If I am a father, then where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is the respect due me? Says Yahweh of Armies to you, priests, who despise my name. You say, 'How have we despised your name?'

      Matthieu 23

      1 Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to his disciples,
      2 saying, "The scribes and the Pharisees sat on Moses' seat.
      3 All things therefore whatever they tell you to observe, observe and do, but don't do their works; for they say, and don't do.
      4 For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them.
      5 But all their works they do to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad, enlarge the fringes of their garments,
      6 and love the place of honor at feasts, the best seats in the synagogues,
      7 the salutations in the marketplaces, and to be called 'Rabbi, Rabbi' by men.
      8 But don't you be called 'Rabbi,' for one is your teacher, the Christ, and all of you are brothers.
      9 Call no man on the earth your father, for one is your Father, he who is in heaven.
      10 Neither be called masters, for one is your master, the Christ.
      11 But he who is greatest among you will be your servant.
      12 Whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted.
      13 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows' houses, and as a pretense you make long prayers. Therefore you will receive greater condemnation.
      14 "But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! Because you shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against men; for you don't enter in yourselves, neither do you allow those who are entering in to enter.
      15 Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you travel around by sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much of a son of Gehenna as yourselves.
      16 "Woe to you, you blind guides, who say, 'Whoever swears by the temple, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple, he is obligated.'
      17 You blind fools! For which is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifies the gold?
      18 'Whoever swears by the altar, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gift that is on it, he is obligated?'
      19 You blind fools! For which is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifies the gift?
      20 He therefore who swears by the altar, swears by it, and by everything on it.
      21 He who swears by the temple, swears by it, and by him who was living in it.
      22 He who swears by heaven, swears by the throne of God, and by him who sits on it.
      23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.
      24 You blind guides, who strain out a gnat, and swallow a camel!
      25 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness.
      26 You blind Pharisee, first clean the inside of the cup and of the platter, that its outside may become clean also.
      27 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitened tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness.
      28 Even so you also outwardly appear righteous to men, but inwardly you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.
      29 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and decorate the tombs of the righteous,
      30 and say, 'If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we wouldn't have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.'
      31 Therefore you testify to yourselves that you are children of those who killed the prophets.
      32 Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers.
      33 You serpents, you offspring of vipers, how will you escape the judgment of Gehenna ?
      34 Therefore behold, I send to you prophets, wise men, and scribes. Some of them you will kill and crucify; and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city;
      35 that on you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zachariah son of Barachiah, whom you killed between the sanctuary and the altar.
      36 Most certainly I tell you, all these things will come upon this generation.
      37 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not!
      38 Behold, your house is left to you desolate.
      39 For I tell you, you will not see me from now on, until you say, 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!'"

      Luc 13

      1 Now there were some present at the same time who told him about the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mixed with their sacrifices.
      2 Jesus answered them, "Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered such things?
      3 I tell you, no, but unless you repent, you will all perish in the same way.
      4 Or those eighteen, on whom the tower in Siloam fell, and killed them; do you think that they were worse offenders than all the men who dwell in Jerusalem?
      5 I tell you, no, but, unless you repent, you will all perish in the same way."
      6 He spoke this parable. "A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it, and found none.
      7 He said to the vine dresser, 'Behold, these three years I have come looking for fruit on this fig tree, and found none. Cut it down. Why does it waste the soil?'
      8 He answered, 'Lord, leave it alone this year also, until I dig around it, and fertilize it.
      9 If it bears fruit, fine; but if not, after that, you can cut it down.'"
      10 He was teaching in one of the synagogues on the Sabbath day.
      11 Behold, there was a woman who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and she was bent over, and could in no way straighten herself up.
      12 When Jesus saw her, he called her, and said to her, "Woman, you are freed from your infirmity."
      13 He laid his hands on her, and immediately she stood up straight, and glorified God.
      14 The ruler of the synagogue, being indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, said to the multitude, "There are six days in which men ought to work. Therefore come on those days and be healed, and not on the Sabbath day!"
      15 Therefore the Lord answered him, "You hypocrites! Doesn't each one of you free his ox or his donkey from the stall on the Sabbath, and lead him away to water?
      16 Ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan had bound eighteen long years, be freed from this bondage on the Sabbath day?"
      17 As he said these things, all his adversaries were disappointed, and all the multitude rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him.
      18 He said, "What is the Kingdom of God like? To what shall I compare it?
      19 It is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and put in his own garden. It grew, and became a large tree, and the birds of the sky lodged in its branches."
      20 Again he said, "To what shall I compare the Kingdom of God?
      21 It is like yeast, which a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, until it was all leavened."
      22 He went on his way through cities and villages, teaching, and traveling on to Jerusalem.
      23 One said to him, "Lord, are they few who are saved?" He said to them,
      24 "Strive to enter in by the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter in, and will not be able.
      25 When once the master of the house has risen up, and has shut the door, and you begin to stand outside, and to knock at the door, saying, 'Lord, Lord, open to us!' then he will answer and tell you, 'I don't know you or where you come from.'
      26 Then you will begin to say, 'We ate and drank in your presence, and you taught in our streets.'
      27 He will say, 'I tell you, I don't know where you come from. Depart from me, all you workers of iniquity.'
      28 There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets, in the Kingdom of God, and yourselves being thrown outside.
      29 They will come from the east, west, north, and south, and will sit down in the Kingdom of God.
      30 Behold, there are some who are last who will be first, and there are some who are first who will be last."
      31 On that same day, some Pharisees came, saying to him, "Get out of here, and go away, for Herod wants to kill you."
      32 He said to them, "Go and tell that fox, 'Behold, I cast out demons and perform cures today and tomorrow, and the third day I complete my mission.
      33 Nevertheless I must go on my way today and tomorrow and the next day, for it can't be that a prophet perish outside of Jerusalem.'
      34 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused!
      35 Behold, your house is left to you desolate. I tell you, you will not see me, until you say, 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!'"
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