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CHAM ou CAM

Personnage de l'humanité primitive. D'après Ge 5:32 6:10, il fut le deuxième fils de Noé, le frère de Sem et de Japhet. Il était marié au moment du déluge et trouva grâce, ainsi que sa femme, devant Jéhovah, puisqu'il fut admis dans l'arche. Il fut béni avec toute sa famille et eut part à l'alliance conclue entre Dieu et Noé (Ge 9). Nous avons dans Ge 10 une liste de ses descendants. La rédaction de ces faits semble devoir être attribuée à P. Dans Ge 9:20-28 se trouve un récit relatif à Cham, de style et de conception bien plus archaïques que les versets précédents et qui paraît provenir de J ; c'est le passage relatif à l'ivresse de Noé et au manque de respect dont aurait fait preuve son fils à son égard. Le lecteur est obligé de relever quelques contradictions ou incohérences quand il compare ce récit au contexte : alors que, dans Ge 9:18, Cham est le deuxième fils de Noé, dans le verset 24 il est le plus jeune des trois ; Canaan, fils de Cham, est maudit pour la faute commise par son père. Nous pouvons en conclure qu'à côté de la tradition faisant de Cham le deuxième fils de Noé et le frère de Sem et de Japhet, figure une autre source de récits qui connaissaient également trois fils au héros du déluge : Sem, Japhet et Canaan. La faute était commise par Canaan, avant le déluge probablement, car les fils de Noé sont présentés dans ce passage comme jeunes encore et habitant chez leur père. On comprend ainsi fort bien la malédiction de Canaan. Ce vieux récit tendait à expliquer--ou même, dans sa forme primitive et orale, à prédire--l'asservissement des Cananéens par les Israélites, descendants de Sem (verset 26) ; il soulignait l'immoralité des Cananéens, célèbre en Israël (Le 18:3,24,30).

Pour concilier les deux sources de récits dont il avait connaissance, un rédacteur de P fit de Canaan le fils de Cham (Ge 10:6) et dut ajouter à Ge 9:18 ces mots qui ont bien l'allure d'une note rédactionnelle : « Cham était le père de Canaan. » Et c'est peut-être lui encore qui, pour attribuer la faute a un fils de Noé, mit comme sujet au verset 22 : « Cham le père de [Canaan] » à la place de « Canaan ».

L'interprétation qui fait porter sur les nègres les effets de la malédiction de Noé est une invention des commentaires rabbiniques, dont la littérature esclavagiste s'empara au XV e siècle pour les besoins de sa triste cause (cf. R. Allier, Une énigme troublante, Paris 1930).

Le tableau général des peuples de la terre, dressé par Ge 10, nous renseigne sur la descendance de Cham. P en fait l'ancêtre commun des Cananéens, des Égyptiens (Mitsraïm) et des Éthiopiens (Cush), révélant ainsi la trace durable laissée dans les souvenirs de l'ancien Israël par la domination des Pharaons sur la terre de Canaan. Bien plus, dans plusieurs passages poétiques de l'A.T., l'Egypte est désignée par le nom de Cham (Ps 78:5 105:23,27 106:22). Dans la pensée de P, très systématique, Cham est le père d'une partie de l'humanité : à savoir tous les peuples du S., alors que Japhet est l'ancêtre des peuples du N. et Sem celui des peuples résidant au centre du monde connu à cette époque. J de son côté rattache à Cham, outre l'Egypte, tous les grands peuples sédentaires comme l'Assyro-Babylonie (Ge 10:8-12). Voir Table des peuples. A. Ch.

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      Genèse 5

      32 Noah was five hundred years old, and Noah became the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

      Genèse 6

      10 Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

      Genèse 9

      1 God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.
      2 The fear of you and the dread of you will be on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the sky. Everything that the ground teems with, and all the fish of the sea are delivered into your hand.
      3 Every moving thing that lives will be food for you. As the green herb, I have given everything to you.
      4 But flesh with its life, its blood, you shall not eat.
      5 I will surely require your blood of your lives. At the hand of every animal I will require it. At the hand of man, even at the hand of every man's brother, I will require the life of man.
      6 Whoever sheds man's blood, his blood will be shed by man, for God made man in his own image.
      7 Be fruitful and multiply. Increase abundantly in the earth, and multiply in it."
      8 God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying,
      9 "As for me, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your offspring after you,
      10 and with every living creature that is with you: the birds, the livestock, and every animal of the earth with you, of all that go out of the ship, even every animal of the earth.
      11 I will establish my covenant with you: all flesh will not be cut off any more by the waters of the flood, neither will there ever again be a flood to destroy the earth."
      12 God said, "This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations:
      13 I set my rainbow in the cloud, and it will be for a sign of a covenant between me and the earth.
      14 It will happen, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the rainbow will be seen in the cloud,
      15 and I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh, and the waters will no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.
      16 The rainbow will be in the cloud. I will look at it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth."
      17 God said to Noah, "This is the token of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth."
      18 The sons of Noah who went out from the ship were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Ham is the father of Canaan.
      19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from these, the whole earth was populated.
      20 Noah began to be a farmer, and planted a vineyard.
      21 He drank of the wine and got drunk. He was uncovered within his tent.
      22 Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside.
      23 Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it on both their shoulders, went in backwards, and covered the nakedness of their father. Their faces were backwards, and they didn't see their father's nakedness.
      24 Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his youngest son had done to him.
      25 He said, "Canaan is cursed. He will be servant of servants to his brothers."
      26 He said, "Blessed be Yahweh, the God of Shem. Let Canaan be his servant.
      27 May God enlarge Japheth. Let him dwell in the tents of Shem. Let Canaan be his servant."
      28 Noah lived three hundred fifty years after the flood.
      29 All the days of Noah were nine hundred fifty years, then he died.

      Genèse 10

      1 Now this is the history of the generations of the sons of Noah and of Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons were born to them after the flood.
      2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
      3 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
      4 The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
      5 Of these were the islands of the nations divided in their lands, everyone after his language, after their families, in their nations.
      6 The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
      7 The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. The sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
      8 Cush became the father of Nimrod. He began to be a mighty one in the earth.
      9 He was a mighty hunter before Yahweh. Therefore it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before Yahweh."
      10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
      11 Out of that land he went into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,
      12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (the same is the great city).
      13 Mizraim became the father of Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim,
      14 Pathrusim, Casluhim (which the Philistines descended from), and Caphtorim.
      15 Canaan became the father of Sidon (his firstborn), Heth,
      16 the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite,
      17 the Hivite, the Arkite, the Sinite,
      18 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the Hamathite. Afterward the families of the Canaanites were spread abroad.
      19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as you go toward Gerar, to Gaza; as you go toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, to Lasha.
      20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their languages, in their lands, in their nations.
      21 To Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, the elder brother of Japheth, to him also were children born.
      22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram.
      23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
      24 Arpachshad became the father of Shelah. Shelah became the father of Eber.
      25 To Eber were born two sons. The name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided. His brother's name was Joktan.
      26 Joktan became the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
      27 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
      28 Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
      29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan.
      30 Their dwelling was from Mesha, as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.
      31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their languages, in their lands, after their nations.
      32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations. Of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

      Lévitique 18

      3 You shall not do as they do in the land of Egypt, where you lived: and you shall not do as they do in the land of Canaan, where I am bringing you; neither shall you walk in their statutes.
      24 "'Don't defile yourselves in any of these things: for in all these the nations which I am casting out before you were defiled.
      30 Therefore you shall keep my requirements, that you do not practice any of these abominable customs, which were practiced before you, and that you do not defile yourselves with them: I am Yahweh your God.'"

      Psaumes 78

      5 For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a teaching in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children;

      Psaumes 105

      23 Israel also came into Egypt. Jacob lived in the land of Ham.
      27 They performed miracles among them, and wonders in the land of Ham.

      Psaumes 106

      22 Wondrous works in the land of Ham, and awesome things by the Red Sea .
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