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CHAMP

Parmi les divers termes que ce mot représente dans nos traductions, le plus fréquent et de beaucoup est l'hébreu sâdèh ou sâdaï, qui se trouve plus de 300 fois dans l'A.T., avec les différentes significations que nous allons distinguer, et entre lesquelles varient aussi les termes grec du N.T. : agros, khora, khôrion, alors que les autres termes hébreux moins répandus ont un sens ordinairement plus limité.

1.

Campagne. Plus de 100 fois c'est d'elle qu'il s'agit, par opposition à la ville (Ex 8:13 etc.), mais avec un caractère très marqué d'isolement (Ge 24:63 etc.) et même de danger (De 21:1), vu la distance des lieux habités et vu le grand nombre de bêtes sauvages de toutes sortes qui la hantent, quadrupèdes, oiseaux ou reptiles (Ex 22:31,2Sa 17:8, Os 13:8, etc.). C'est ce sens général de rase campagne et de solitudes inhabitées qu'expriment aussi l'hébreu khouts (Job 5:10, Pr 8:28) et l'araméen bar (Da 2:38 4:12,32) ; c'est celui qu'il faut voir dans la parole de Jésus sur les « lis des champs » et l' « herbe des champs » (Mt 6:28-30), fleurettes spontanées des terrains non cultivés. (cf. Ps 103:15) « En dehors du désert qui monte en Judée presque jusqu'aux portes des villes, il est souvent question du champ, la plus grande partie des régions de collines, rude, inculte, mais non pas exclusivement stérile, où les « bêtes des champs », c-à-d. les bêtes sauvages, trouvaient moyen de pulluler et de devenir un sérieux obstacle à la conquête du pays par Israël. Ce champ est un élément du paysage de l'A.T., et nous y reconnaissons aujourd'hui les landes, hauteurs, jungles et rochers qui constituent le sol de presque toutes les régions accidentées, et qui n'ont jamais pu être cultivées, même pour la vigne. » (G.A. Smith, Hist. Geogr. pp. 79-80). Campagne infiniment variable d'aspect suivant la saison (pluies ou sécheresse) ou le climat, comportant des pâturages dans les régions les plus fraîches (Ge 29:2, Ex 9:3, Lu 2:8), mais vite brûlée au soleil d'été et presque aride jusqu'à la saison des pluies. Sur le littoral, c'est toute la flore de la Méditerranée : arbrisseaux toujours verts, plantes printanières vite fanées, lauriers-roses, myrtes, pins d'Italie, oliviers, champs de blé. Sur le plateau, entaillé de nombreux lits de torrents dévalant vers la plaine ou le Jourdain, c'est la végétation des steppes de l'Orient : arbres plus clairsemés (chênes, pistachiers, cèdres, genévriers, cyprès, pins, etc., dans les parties montagneuses), multitude d'arbustes épineux, de buissons, de labiées aromatiques, de petites plantes brillantes et fugaces, de chardons ; même flore sur le plateau au delà du Jourdain. Dans la vallée du Jourdain, c'est une flore tropicale qui rappelle celle de la Nubie et de l'Abyssinie, avec son acacia seyal, son dattier à l'état sauvage et son papyrus.

2.

Champ.

D'abord au sens de terrain spécialement affecté à la culture : c'est le champ proprement dit, comme il n'en existait pas avant la pluie sur le sol et avant le travail de l'homme (Ge 2:5). On y fait pousser les diverses céréales (Ge 37:7, De 24:19, Ru 2:2 et suivants, 1Ch 11:33, Jug 3:3, etc.), les divers légumes (2Sa 23:11, Esa 1:8, Lettre de Jérémie 70, etc.) et même les divers arbres et arbustes, fruitiers ou non (De 20:19, Eze 17:24) ; ainsi, le chdémah est mis plusieurs fois en rapport avec la vigne (De 32:32, Esa 16:8, Hab 3:17). Ce dernier terme désigne aussi les champs cultivés en général (2Ro 23:4, Jer 31:40), comme khôra dans Jas 5:4. Voir Agriculture. C'est dans un champ de blé (litt. « dans les blés ») que Jésus et les Douze passaient un jour de sabbat (Mr 2:23 et parallèle) ; c'est ce genre de champ qui lui a fourni le fond de plusieurs importantes paraboles : le grain de moutarde (Mt 13:31), le trésor caché (Mt 13:44), où le champ n'a guère de valeur symbolique, et surtout le semeur (Mr 4:4 et suivants et parallèle), où sans être nommé le champ est décrit dans ses différents genres de sol, sur lesquels portent les applications spirituelles (verset 15 et suivants) ; enfin l'ivraie, qui montre le champ (Mt 13:24 et suivants), c-à-d. « le monde » (verset 31), ensemencé par le bon semeur et par l'Ennemi (voir IVRAIE). Du même ordre est l'image du « champ que Dieu cultive » (1Co 3:9), et, au point de vue du moissonneur, des « champs (Vers. Syn. : campagnes) qui blanchissent pour la moisson » (Jn 4:35).

Un sens dérivé du précédent est celui de pièce de terre appartenant à un individu ou à une famille, quelque chose comme fonds de terre ou propriété foncière, quel que soit l'usage qui en est fait : celui d'Éphron qu'Abraham acheta (Ge 23:13 25:9 et suivant), ceux des Égyptiens (Ge 47:20), d'Othniel (Jos 15:18), de Josué (1Sa 6:14), de Joab (hébreu khelqâ, 2Sa 14:30 et suivants), de Hanaméel que Jérémie acheta en plein siège de Jérusalem, pour prêcher la foi à ses compatriotes (Jer 32:7 s), de Manassé (Jug 8:3), de Joseph (Jn 4:6), etc. ; ceux qui deviennent tout naturellement des noms de districts ou de localités : le champ du Foulon (Esa 7:3), le champ de la sépulture des rois (2Ch 26:23), le champ du Potier, devenu le champ du Sang (Mt 27:7 ss Ac 1:18), etc., et tous ceux que désignent des expressions générales (Le 27:16, De 5:21, Pr 31:16, Mic 2:2 etc.). C'est parce que ces pièces de terre n'étaient souvent marquées que par quelques bornes (voir ce mot), trop faciles à déplacer (De 19:14, Job 24:2 etc.), ou par un petit mur en pierres sèches sujettes à s'écrouler (Pr 24:31), que tout terrain cultivé non enclos pouvait s'appeler un champ, quels qu'en fussent les dimensions et les produits particuliers.

Une trentaine de fois, sâdèh équivaut à notre territoire, ou district dépendant plus ou moins d'une ville ou d'une tribu (Ge 36:35 41:48, Le 25:34, Jug 5:4, Ru 1:18, Ps 78:12,43, 1Ma 16:10 etc.).

Enfin sâdèh et sâdaï désignent la terre par opposition à la mer, dans 1Ch 16:32, Ps 96:12 (cf. Sag 19:7), et probablement le continent par opposition à l'île de Tyr dans Eze 26:8-8.

Ch. -Ed. M. et Jn L.

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      Genèse 23

      13 He spoke to Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying, "But if you will, please hear me. I will give the price of the field. Take it from me, and I will bury my dead there."

      Genèse 24

      63 Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the evening. He lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, there were camels coming.

      Genèse 25

      9 Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron, the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre,

      Genèse 29

      2 He looked, and behold, a well in the field, and, behold, three flocks of sheep lying there by it. For out of that well they watered the flocks. The stone on the well's mouth was large.

      Genèse 36

      35 Husham died, and Hadad, the son of Bedad, who struck Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his place. The name of his city was Avith.

      Genèse 37

      7 for behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and behold, my sheaf arose and also stood upright; and behold, your sheaves came around, and bowed down to my sheaf."

      Genèse 41

      48 He gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was around every city, he laid up in the same.

      Genèse 47

      20 So Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh, for every man of the Egyptians sold his field, because the famine was severe on them, and the land became Pharaoh's.

      Exode 8

      13 Yahweh did according to the word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the courts, and out of the fields.

      Exode 9

      3 behold, the hand of Yahweh is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence.

      Exode 22

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      Lévitique 25

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      Lévitique 27

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      Josué 15

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      Juges 3

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      Juges 5

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      Juges 8

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      1 Samuel 6

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      2 Samuel 14

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      2 Samuel 17

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      2 Samuel 23

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      1 Chroniques 11

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      1 Chroniques 16

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      2 Chroniques 26

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      Actes 1

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      1 Corinthiens 3

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