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CHAR, CHARIOT

Ces deux mots, plus ou moins interchangeables en français, peuvent désigner deux objets bien différents :

1.

Le chariot, traîné par des boeufs, véhicule assez long et massif, pour transporter personnes (Ge 45:19 ss, No 7:3, Ac 8:28, etc.) ou objets (Am 2:13). C'est un chariot de ce genre qui sert à ramener l'arche (1Sa 6:7-14, cf. 2Sa 6:3).

2.

Le char de guerre (voir Armes), tiré par deux chevaux, très court, monté sur deux roues, et où on ne se tenait que debout.

Il ne fut sans doute pas employé en Israël avant Salomon. Le char d'Absalom (2Sa 15:1) constitua un exemple unique de luxe insolent. Pourtant les peuples voisins l'utilisaient. Les chars de Pharaon en Egypte, et surtout à la mer Rouge, avaient fait aux Hébreux une impression profonde (Ge 41:43, Ex 14:6 et suivant). Les Cananéens les arrêtèrent net avec leurs propres chars (Jos 11:4-9). Dans Jug 1:19, on précise que ce sont des chars de fer : Jabin en a 900 (Jug 4:3), Sisera de même (Jug 4:13 5:28). Du temps de Saül, les Philistins alignaient de nombreux chars (1Sa 13:5, l'hébreu dit 30.000, d'autres versions 3.000 ; peut-être faut-il lire 1.000). David réussit à capturer 700 chars aux Syriens (2Sa 10:18, cf. 1Ro 20:1-21). Ces chars de guerre (fig. 16) sont représentés sur les bas-reliefs hittites, assyriens et égyptiens (ces derniers en figurent même la fabrication). Ils sont tout en bois, ce qui explique qu'on puisse les incendier (Jos 11:6, Ps 46:10), plaqués de fer, sans doute plus tard de faux (2Ma 13:2). Le timon monte obliquement en avant vers deux petites selles reposant sur les garrots des deux chevaux. Il y tient deux personnes debout, trois à la rigueur. Ils sont fermés quelque peu devant et sur les côtés, où se placent le carquois et la lance, mais ouverts par derrière (plus tard protégés aussi en arrière chez les Assyriens). --Salomon, après avoir installé ses chars à Jérusalem, ne tarda pas à les mettre dans des villes de choix (1Ro 9:19), où l'eau et la proximité des frontières devaient mieux leur convenir. Les chars firent désormais partie de l'armement des royaumes d'Israël et de Juda, leur nombre variant sans doute avec les ressources royales et avec les dispositions des États fournisseurs (Egypte). Une inscription assyrienne montre Achab allant attaquer, avec d'autres princes, Salmanasar en 854, et amenant 2.000 chars au combat. C'est sur son char personnel qu'il revient à toute vitesse du Carmel a Jizréel, pourtant devancé par la course extraordinaire d'Élie (1Ro 18:45 et suivant). Josaphat est blessé mortellement dans son char (1Ro 22:35). Le roi de Syrie écrase l'armée de Joachaz en ne lui laissant que 10 chars (2Ro 13:7). Plus tard, Antiochus Épiphane, pris de douleurs intolérables, tombe de son char lancé à toute allure (2Ma 9:7). Le Cantique des Cantiques évoque les chars des rois ou des princes (Ca 1:9 6:12).

Si les Israélites ont tardé à adopter une arme aussi redoutable, dont ils ne constataient que trop les effets, cela tient à plusieurs raisons :

Leur terrain de combat traditionnel était les escarpements, falaises et défilés, où les chars n'ont aucune utilité et où ils excellaient aux coups de main en terrain difficile (1Sa 14:4,13). Ben-Hadad, roi de Syrie, s'écrie après une défaite : « Leur dieu est un dieu de montagnes » (1Ro 20:23).

Le maigre développement de leur industrie du fer (1Sa 13:19, Jug 5:8).

Une vieille tradition religieuse d'après laquelle le char de guerre, y compris le cheval qui dans tout l'Orient ne sert qu'à la `guerre, (cf. 2Sa 13:29, Job 39:22-28) serait un élément païen dont il vaut mieux se priver (voir Cheval). D'où les mesures de Josué (Jos 11:9) et de David (2Sa 8:4), qui après une victoire brûlent les chars et abattent les chevaux. La même idée est noblement exprimée dans Esa 31:1, d'autant plus justement que la possession de chevaux risquait de mener au culte du soleil (Josias dut y mettre fin : 2Ro 23:11).

Le prix élevé des chars et des chevaux, tous devant être achetés au dehors : le livre des Rois insiste sur ce luxe (1Ro 10:28 et suivant). Avant Salomon, semblable dépense était impossible.

La politique d'alliance, donc de dépendance, qu'entraînait l'usage des chars et de la cavalerie, puisqu'il fallait à tout prix s'assurer l'amitié de l'Egypte. Les prophètes ont dénoncé ce danger (Os 14:3, Esa 2:7 30:18 31:1, cf. De 17:16, etc.).

Au figuré, Esa 5:18 parle des « traits de chariot » avec lesquels les impies s'attachent leur péché. La vision inaugurale du livre d'Ézéchiel (voir ce mot), avec les roues et les ailes qui transportent les quatre êtres vivants (Eze 1), est souvent appelée la « vision dû chariot » ; elle rappelle le récit de l'enlèvement d'Élie dans un char de feu (2Ro 2 : et suivants) et symbolise l'omniscience et l'omniprésence de JHVH, glorieux et tout-puissant, tandis que dans la vision du serviteur d'Elisée (2Ro 6:17) chevaux et chars représentaient sa protection. Dans les Psaumes, c'est une image poétique qui fait transporter la majesté divine sur le char des nuages (Ps 68:5-18 104:3, cf. Esa 19:1), comme la mythologie en avait attribué à nombre de dieux ou déesses.

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      Genèse 41

      43 and he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had. They cried before him, "Bow the knee!" He set him over all the land of Egypt.

      Genèse 45

      19 Now you are commanded: do this. Take wagons out of the land of Egypt for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring your father, and come.

      Exode 14

      6 He prepared his chariot, and took his army with him;

      Nombres 7

      3 and they brought their offering before Yahweh, six covered wagons, and twelve oxen; a wagon for every two of the princes, and for each one an ox: and they presented them before the tabernacle.

      Josué 11

      4 They went out, they and all their armies with them, many people, even as the sand that is on the seashore in multitude, with very many horses and chariots.
      5 All these kings met together; and they came and encamped together at the waters of Merom, to fight with Israel.
      6 Yahweh said to Joshua, "Don't be afraid because of them; for tomorrow at this time, I will deliver them up all slain before Israel. You shall hamstring their horses and burn their chariots with fire."
      7 So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against them by the waters of Merom suddenly, and fell on them.
      8 Yahweh delivered them into the hand of Israel, and they struck them, and chased them to great Sidon, and to Misrephoth Maim, and to the valley of Mizpeh eastward. They struck them until they left them none remaining.
      9 Joshua did to them as Yahweh told him. He hamstrung their horses and burnt their chariots with fire.

      Juges 1

      19 Yahweh was with Judah; and drove out the inhabitants of the hill country; for he could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.

      Juges 4

      3 The children of Israel cried to Yahweh: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.
      13 Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people who were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles, to the river Kishon.

      Juges 5

      8 They chose new gods. Then war was in the gates. Was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
      28 "Through the window she looked out, and cried: Sisera's mother looked through the lattice. 'Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why do the wheels of his chariots wait?'

      1 Samuel 6

      7 "Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart, and two milk cows, on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;
      8 and take the ark of Yahweh, and lay it on the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by its side; and send it away, that it may go.
      9 Behold; if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us; it was a chance that happened to us."
      10 The men did so, and took two milk cows, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home;
      11 and they put the ark of Yahweh on the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their tumors.
      12 The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh; they went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn't turn aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them to the border of Beth Shemesh.
      13 They of Beth Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.
      14 The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they split the wood of the cart, and offered up the cows for a burnt offering to Yahweh.

      1 Samuel 13

      5 The Philistines assembled themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the seashore in multitude: and they came up, and encamped in Michmash, eastward of Beth Aven.
      19 Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel; for the Philistines said, "Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears";

      1 Samuel 14

      4 Between the passes, by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistines' garrison, there was a rocky crag on the one side, and a rocky crag on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

      2 Samuel 6

      3 They set the ark of God on a new cart, and brought it out of the house of Abinadab that was in the hill: and Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, drove the new cart.

      2 Samuel 8

      4 David took from him one thousand seven hundred horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: and David hamstrung all the chariot horses, but reserved of them for one hundred chariots.

      2 Samuel 10

      18 The Syrians fled before Israel; and David killed of the Syrians seven hundred charioteers, and forty thousand horsemen, and struck Shobach the captain of their army, so that he died there.

      2 Samuel 13

      29 The servants of Absalom did to Amnon as Absalom had commanded. Then all the king's sons arose, and every man got up on his mule, and fled.

      2 Samuel 15

      1 It happened after this, that Absalom prepared him a chariot and horses, and fifty men to run before him.

      Job 39

      22 He mocks at fear, and is not dismayed, neither does he turn back from the sword.
      23 The quiver rattles against him, the flashing spear and the javelin.
      24 He eats up the ground with fierceness and rage, neither does he stand still at the sound of the trumpet.
      25 As often as the trumpet sounds he snorts, 'Aha!' He smells the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.
      26 "Is it by your wisdom that the hawk soars, and stretches her wings toward the south?
      27 Is it at your command that the eagle mounts up, and makes his nest on high?
      28 On the cliff he dwells, and makes his home, on the point of the cliff, and the stronghold.

      Psaumes 46

      10 "Be still, and know that I am God. I will be exalted among the nations. I will be exalted in the earth."

      Psaumes 68

      5 A father of the fatherless, and a defender of the widows, is God in his holy habitation.
      6 God sets the lonely in families. He brings out the prisoners with singing, but the rebellious dwell in a sun-scorched land.
      7 God, when you went forth before your people, when you marched through the wilderness... Selah.
      8 The earth trembled. The sky also poured down rain at the presence of the God of Sinai-- at the presence of God, the God of Israel.
      9 You, God, sent a plentiful rain. You confirmed your inheritance, when it was weary.
      10 Your congregation lived therein. You, God, prepared your goodness for the poor.
      11 The Lord announced the word. The ones who proclaim it are a great company.
      12 "Kings of armies flee! They flee!" She who waits at home divides the spoil,
      13 while you sleep among the campfires, the wings of a dove sheathed with silver, her feathers with shining gold.
      14 When the Almighty scattered kings in her, it snowed on Zalmon.
      15 The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains. The mountains of Bashan are rugged.
      16 Why do you look in envy, you rugged mountains, at the mountain where God chooses to reign? Yes, Yahweh will dwell there forever.
      17 The chariots of God are tens of thousands and thousands of thousands. The Lord is among them, from Sinai, into the sanctuary.
      18 You have ascended on high. You have led away captives. You have received gifts among men, yes, among the rebellious also, that Yah God might dwell there.

      Psaumes 104

      3 He lays the beams of his rooms in the waters. He makes the clouds his chariot. He walks on the wings of the wind.

      Cantique 1

      9 I have compared you, my love, to a steed in Pharaoh's chariots.

      Cantique 6

      12 Without realizing it, my desire set me with my royal people's chariots. Friends

      Esaïe 2

      7 Their land is full of silver and gold, neither is there any end of their treasures. Their land also is full of horses, neither is there any end of their chariots.

      Esaïe 5

      18 Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and wickedness as with cart rope;

      Esaïe 19

      1 The burden of Egypt: "Behold, Yahweh rides on a swift cloud, and comes to Egypt. The idols of Egypt will tremble at his presence; and the heart of Egypt will melt in its midst.

      Esaïe 30

      18 Therefore Yahweh will wait, that he may be gracious to you; and therefore he will be exalted, that he may have mercy on you, for Yahweh is a God of justice. Blessed are all those who wait for him.

      Esaïe 31

      1 Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they don't look to the Holy One of Israel, and they don't seek Yahweh!

      Ezéchiel 1

      1 Now it happened in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God .
      2 In the fifth of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity,
      3 the word of Yahweh came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of Yahweh was there on him.
      4 I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.
      5 Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man.
      6 Everyone had four faces, and each one of them had four wings.
      7 Their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like burnished brass.
      8 They had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and the four of them had their faces and their wings thus:
      9 their wings were joined one to another; they didn't turn when they went; each one went straight forward.
      10 As for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of a man; and the four of them had the face of a lion on the right side; and the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side; the four of them also had the face of an eagle.
      11 Such were their faces. Their wings were spread out above. Two wings of each one touched another, and two covered their bodies.
      12 Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn't turn when they went.
      13 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, like the appearance of torches: the fire went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning.
      14 The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning.
      15 Now as I saw the living creatures, behold, one wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, for each of the four faces of it.
      16 The appearance of the wheels and their work was like a beryl: and the four of them had one likeness; and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel within a wheel.
      17 When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn't turn when they went.
      18 As for their rims, they were high and dreadful; and the four of them had their rims full of eyes all around.
      19 When the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up.
      20 Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      21 When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      22 Over the head of the living creature there was the likeness of an expanse, like the awesome crystal to look on, stretched forth over their heads above.
      23 Under the expanse were their wings straight, the one toward the other: each one had two which covered on this side, and every one had two which covered on that side, their bodies.
      24 When they went, I heard the noise of their wings like the noise of great waters, like the voice of the Almighty, a noise of tumult like the noise of an army: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      25 There was a voice above the expanse that was over their heads: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      26 Above the expanse that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone; and on the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man on it above.
      27 I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him.
      28 As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of Yahweh. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke.

      Osée 14

      3 Assyria can't save us. We won't ride on horses; neither will we say any more to the work of our hands, 'Our gods!' for in you the fatherless finds mercy."

      Amos 2

      13 Behold, I will crush you in your place, as a cart crushes that is full of grain.

      Actes 8

      28 He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah.
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