CHEF

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Ce mot franc., comme le latin caput qui l'a formé, et comme l'hébreu rôch et le grec kèphali qu'il traduit souvent dans l'A.T. et le N.T., peut avoir le sens original de tête (voir ce mot), ou celui de commandant.

L'apôtre Paul tire parti de ce double sens, dans deux développements différents.

1. Il compare l'Église au corps dont le Christ est la tête, ou le chef (Eph 1:22 4:16 5:23, Col 1:18 2:18,19).

2. Parlant de la coiffure des chrétiens dans les assemblées de Corinthe, il prescrit aux hommes d'avoir la tête nue et aux femmes la tête couverte (1Co 11:3 et suivants) ; autrement, dit-il, c'est « déshonorer son chef », c-à-d., en même temps que donner une allure indécente à sa tête, manquer à l'honneur que l'on doit à celui dont on est le subordonné : l'homme à son chef, Christ, la femme à son chef, l'homme. (cf. Eph 5:22)

Au sens courant de maître ou directeur, ce terme est fréquent dans la Bible et n'a guère besoin d'explication. Il peut désigner le chef du peuple d'Israël, quel que soit son régime de gouvernement : Moïse, Aaron ou Josué (No 14:4, Jos 9:18, Ne 9:17), Jephté le juge (Jug 11:11), Saül (1Sa 9:16 15:17), David et ses successeurs (1Sa 13:14,2Sa 6:21), un prince héritier (2Ch 11:22) ; de même les chefs de tribus ou les princes étrangers (No 22:15, Jug 7, Da 10:13, etc.), les souverains en général (Job 12:24), et le Messie. (Mt 2:6 ; grec higoumênos ) Sont aussi des chefs : les subordonnés de Moïse (Ex 18:21,26, No 13:3, De 1:15 etc.), les ministres royaux (2Ch 12:5 17:7, Jer 37:15, Da 2:48). les dirigeants responsables (Esa 1:10 3:4-6, Eze 22:27, Za 10:4 12:5 et suivant) ; les chefs peuvent être les autorités dans tous les domaines, politique, judiciaire, militaire et religieux (Os 3:4 8:4, Sop 3:3).

Les chefs du temple apparaissent ainsi dans le N.T. (grec archontes), comme les membres du Sanhédrin (Jn 7:26,48 12:42, Ac 3:17 4:5,8), et « le chef du peuple » en est le grand-prêtre (Ac 23:5).

On trouve aussi :

-des chefs de bandes (1Sa 22:3,2Sa 4:2, Pr 28:2),

-des chefs de corvée ou surveillants (Ex 1:11, Pr 6:7),

-des chefs de milliers et de centaines (No 31:14,1Sa 18:13, 1Ma 3:55 etc.),

-un chef de secte (Ac 24:5),, grec prôto-statês etc.

Dans Eze 38:2, les uns traduisent rôch : « prince et chef de Mésec... » (Ost.), « prince souverain de M. » (Vers. Syn.), d'autres y lisent un nom pr. : « prince de Rosch, de Méschec... » (Sg.).

--Dans Ge 36:15,29, il s'agit d'ancêtres, que l'hébreu désigne, non comme « têtes », mais comme « pères ».

--Pour les chefs militaires, voir Armée, Capitaine, Officier ; pour les chefs de familles, de gardes, de prêtres, de synagogue, etc., voir ces divers mots.

Le grec archegos signifie prince (Ac 5:31), et ailleurs, auteur : de la vie (Ac 3:15), du salut (Heb 2:10). Pour le double titre de Jésus dans Heb 12:2 « chef et consommateur de la foi », les interprètes se partagent entre ces deux sens : soit auteur (Ost., Stapf.), soit chef (Sg., VS.), prince (Laus.), « initiateur, chef de file, celui qui entraîne les croyants... et les conduit au but » (Bbl. Cent.). Les deux traductions peuvent se soutenir par des analogies littéraires ; mais les écrits non littéraires favoriseraient plutôt le sens d'auteur : « Il est devenu l' auteur de tout le désordre » (édit de proconsul, II e siècle av. J. -C) ; « les anniversaires sont pour tous la source de beaucoup de bienfaits » (pierre de `Rosette, II e et suivant.) ; « ô magistrat (crie une foule), auteur de nos biens ! » (papyrus Oxyr., III e -IV e siècle ap. J. -C). A la lumière de Heb 5:9, Heb 12:2 peut donc se paraphraser : « Celui en qui la foi trouve son commencement... et son couronnement, sa raison d'être et sa récompense » (Westphal, Apôtres)

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  Genèse 36
  
  15 These are the chiefs of the sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn of Esau: chief Teman, chief Omar, chief Zepho, chief Kenaz,
  
  29 These are the chiefs who came of the Horites: chief Lotan, chief Shobal, chief Zibeon, chief Anah,
  
  Exode 1
  
  11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses.
  
  Exode 18
  
  21 Moreover you shall provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God: men of truth, hating unjust gain; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.
  
  26 They judged the people at all times. They brought the hard causes to Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.
  
  Nombres 13
  
  3 Moses sent them from the wilderness of Paran according to the commandment of Yahweh: all of them men who were heads of the children of Israel.
  
  Nombres 14
  
  4 They said one to another, "Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt."
  
  Nombres 22
  
  15 Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honorable than they.
  
  Nombres 31
  
  14 Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war.
  
  Josué 9
  
  18 The children of Israel didn't strike them, because the princes of the congregation had sworn to them by Yahweh, the God of Israel. All the congregation murmured against the princes.
  
  Juges 7
  
  1 Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the people who were with him, rose up early, and encamped beside the spring of Harod: and the camp of Midian was on the north side of them, by the hill of Moreh, in the valley.
  
  2 Yahweh said to Gideon, "The people who are with you are too many for me to give the Midianites into their hand, lest Israel vaunt themselves against me, saying, 'My own hand has saved me.'
  
  3 Now therefore proclaim in the ears of the people, saying, 'Whoever is fearful and trembling, let him return and depart from Mount Gilead.'" Twenty-two thousand of the people returned, and ten thousand remained.
  
  4 Yahweh said to Gideon, "The people are still too many. Bring them down to the water, and I will test them for you there. It shall be, that of whom I tell you, 'This shall go with you,' the same shall go with you; and of whoever I tell you, 'This shall not go with you,' the same shall not go."
  
  5 So he brought down the people to the water; and Yahweh said to Gideon, "Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, like a dog laps, you shall set him by himself; likewise everyone who bows down on his knees to drink."
  
  6 The number of those who lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, was three hundred men; but all the rest of the people bowed down on their knees to drink water.
  
  7 Yahweh said to Gideon, "By the three hundred men who lapped will I save you, and deliver the Midianites into your hand. Let all the other people go, each to his own place."
  
  8 So the people took food in their hand, and their trumpets; and he sent all the men of Israel every man to his tent, but retained the three hundred men: and the camp of Midian was beneath him in the valley.
  
  9 It happened the same night, that Yahweh said to him, "Arise, go down into the camp; for I have delivered it into your hand.
  
  10 But if you are afraid to go down, go with Purah your servant down to the camp:
  
  11 and you shall hear what they say; and afterward your hands will be strengthened to go down into the camp." Then went he down with Purah his servant to the outermost part of the armed men who were in the camp.
  
  12 The Midianites and the Amalekites and all the children of the east lay along in the valley like locusts for multitude; and their camels were without number, as the sand which is on the seashore for multitude.
  
  13 When Gideon had come, behold, there was a man telling a dream to his fellow; and he said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and behold, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian, and came to the tent, and struck it so that it fell, and turned it upside down, so that the tent lay flat."
  
  14 His fellow answered, "This is nothing other than the sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel. God has delivered Midian into his hand, with all the army."
  
  15 It was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and its interpretation, that he worshiped; and he returned into the camp of Israel, and said, "Arise; for Yahweh has delivered the army of Midian into your hand!"
  
  16 He divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put into the hands of all of them trumpets, and empty pitchers, with torches within the pitchers.
  
  17 He said to them, "Watch me, and do likewise. Behold, when I come to the outermost part of the camp, it shall be that, as I do, so you shall do.
  
  18 When I blow the trumpet, I and all who are with me, then blow the trumpets also on every side of all the camp, and shout, 'For Yahweh and for Gideon!'"
  
  19 So Gideon, and the hundred men who were with him, came to the outermost part of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch, when they had but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and broke in pieces the pitchers that were in their hands.
  
  20 The three companies blew the trumpets, and broke the pitchers, and held the torches in their left hands, and the trumpets in their right hands with which to blow; and they shouted, "The sword of Yahweh and of Gideon!"
  
  21 They each stood in his place around the camp; and all the army ran; and they shouted, and put them to flight.
  
  22 They blew the three hundred trumpets, and Yahweh set every man's sword against his fellow, and against all the army; and the army fled as far as Beth Shittah toward Zererah, as far as the border of Abel Meholah, by Tabbath.
  
  23 The men of Israel were gathered together out of Naphtali, and out of Asher, and out of all Manasseh, and pursued after Midian.
  
  24 Gideon sent messengers throughout all the hill country of Ephraim, saying, "Come down against Midian, and take before them the waters, as far as Beth Barah, even the Jordan!" So all the men of Ephraim were gathered together, and took the waters as far as Beth Barah, even the Jordan.
  
  25 They took the two princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb; and they killed Oreb at the rock of Oreb, and Zeeb they killed at the winepress of Zeeb, and pursued Midian: and they brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon beyond the Jordan.
  
  Juges 11
  
  11 Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and chief over them: and Jephthah spoke all his words before Yahweh in Mizpah.
  
  1 Samuel 9
  
  16 "Tomorrow about this time I will send you a man out of the land of Benjamin, and you shall anoint him to be prince over my people Israel; and he shall save my people out of the hand of the Philistines: for I have looked on my people, because their cry has come to me."
  
  1 Samuel 13
  
  14 But now your kingdom shall not continue. Yahweh has sought for himself a man after his own heart, and Yahweh has appointed him to be prince over his people, because you have not kept that which Yahweh commanded you."
  
  1 Samuel 18
  
  13 Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain over a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people.
  
  1 Samuel 22
  
  3 David went there to Mizpeh of Moab, and he said to the king of Moab, "Please let my father and my mother come out with you, until I know what God will do for me."
  
  2 Samuel 4
  
  2 Saul's son had two men who were captains of bands: the name of the one was Baanah, and the name of the other Rechab, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin (for Beeroth also is reckoned to Benjamin:
  
  2 Samuel 6
  
  21 David said to Michal, "It was before Yahweh, who chose me above your father, and above all his house, to appoint me prince over the people of Yahweh, over Israel. Therefore will I celebrate before Yahweh.
  
  2 Chroniques 11
  
  22 Rehoboam appointed Abijah the son of Maacah to be chief, the prince among his brothers; for he intended to make him king.
  
  2 Chroniques 12
  
  5 Now Shemaiah the prophet came to Rehoboam, and to the princes of Judah, who were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak, and said to them, "Thus says Yahweh, 'You have forsaken me, therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak.'"
  
  Néhémie 9
  
  17 and refused to obey, neither were they mindful of your wonders that you did among them, but hardened their neck, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage. But you are a God ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and abundant in loving kindness, and didn't forsake them.
  
  Job 12
  
  24 He takes away understanding from the chiefs of the people of the earth, and causes them to wander in a wilderness where there is no way.
  
  Proverbes 6
  
  7 which having no chief, overseer, or ruler,
  
  Proverbes 28
  
  2 In rebellion, a land has many rulers, but order is maintained by a man of understanding and knowledge.
  
  Esaïe 1
  
  10 Hear the word of Yahweh, you rulers of Sodom! Listen to the law of our God , you people of Gomorrah!
  
  Esaïe 3
  
  4 I will give boys to be their princes, and children shall rule over them.
  
  Jérémie 37
  
  15 The princes were angry with Jeremiah, and struck him, and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe; for they had made that the prison.
  
  Ezéchiel 22
  
  27 Her princes in its midst are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, [and] to destroy souls, that they may get dishonest gain.
  
  Ezéchiel 38
  
  2 Son of man, set your face toward Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal, and prophesy against him,
  
  Daniel 2
  
  48 Then the king made Daniel great, and gave him many great gifts, and made him to rule over the whole province of Babylon, and to be chief governor over all the wise men of Babylon.
  
  Daniel 10
  
  13 But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty-one days; but, behold, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me: and I remained there with the kings of Persia.
  
  Osée 3
  
  4 For the children of Israel shall live many days without king, and without prince, and without sacrifice, and without sacred stone, and without ephod or idols.
  
  Osée 8
  
  4 They have set up kings, but not by me. They have made princes, and I didn't approve. Of their silver and their gold they have made themselves idols, that they may be cut off.
  
  Zacharie 10
  
  4 From him will come forth the cornerstone, from him the nail, from him the battle bow, from him every ruler together.
  
  Zacharie 12
  
  5 The chieftains of Judah will say in their heart, 'The inhabitants of Jerusalem are my strength in Yahweh of Armies their God.'
  
  Matthieu 2
  
  6 'You Bethlehem, land of Judah, are in no way least among the princes of Judah: for out of you shall come forth a governor, who shall shepherd my people, Israel.'"
  
  Jean 7
  
  26 Behold, he speaks openly, and they say nothing to him. Can it be that the rulers indeed know that this is truly the Christ?
  
  48 Have any of the rulers believed in him, or of the Pharisees?
  
  Jean 12
  
  42 Nevertheless even of the rulers many believed in him, but because of the Pharisees they didn't confess it, so that they wouldn't be put out of the synagogue,
  
  Actes 3
  
  15 and killed the Prince of life, whom God raised from the dead, to which we are witnesses.
  
  17 "Now, brothers , I know that you did this in ignorance, as did also your rulers.
  
  Actes 4
  
  5 It happened in the morning, that their rulers, elders, and scribes were gathered together in Jerusalem.
  
  8 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, said to them, "You rulers of the people, and elders of Israel,
  
  Actes 5
  
  31 God exalted him with his right hand to be a Prince and a Savior, to give repentance to Israel, and remission of sins.
  
  Actes 23
  
  5 Paul said, "I didn't know, brothers, that he was high priest. For it is written, 'You shall not speak evil of a ruler of your people.'"
  
  Actes 24
  
  5 For we have found this man to be a plague, an instigator of insurrections among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes.
  
  1 Corinthiens 11
  
  3 But I would have you know that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is the man, and the head of Christ is God.
  
  Ephésiens 1
  
  22 He put all things in subjection under his feet, and gave him to be head over all things for the assembly,
  
  Ephésiens 4
  
  16 from whom all the body, being fitted and knit together through that which every joint supplies, according to the working in measure of each individual part, makes the body increase to the building up of itself in love.
  
  Ephésiens 5
  
  22 Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord.
  
  23 For the husband is the head of the wife, and Christ also is the head of the assembly, being himself the savior of the body.
  
  Colossiens 1
  
  18 He is the head of the body, the assembly, who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.
  
  Colossiens 2
  
  18 Let no one rob you of your prize by a voluntary humility and worshipping of the angels, dwelling in the things which he has not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind,
  
  Hébreux 2
  
  10 For it became him, for whom are all things, and through whom are all things, in bringing many children to glory, to make the author of their salvation perfect through sufferings.
  
  Hébreux 5
  
  9 Having been made perfect, he became to all of those who obey him the author of eternal salvation,
  
  Hébreux 12
  
  2 looking to Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising its shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God.

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