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CHÉRUBINS

1.

Les chérubins, assez souvent mentionnés dans l'A.T., constituent en général une paire et sont présentés sous forme d'images plutôt qu'en qualité de créatures proprement dites. Ainsi, le couvercle de l'arche de l'alliance aurait porté deux chérubins d'or à ses extrémités (Ex 25:18 Ex 37:7 et suivants, No 7:89), et Salomon fait faire, pour le temple de Jérusalem, deux chérubins de bois d'olivier sauvage, hauts de 10 coudées, et revêtus d'or, destinés à protéger l'arche (1Ro 6:23 8:7, cf. Heb 9:5).

Dans tout le sanctuaire le motif des chérubins sert de décoration ; alternant avec des palmes et des fleurs, il figure sur les parois intérieures et les murs extérieurs du temple (1Ro 6:29), sur certaines portes (1Ro 6:32,35) et sur le voile du sanctuaire (2Ch 3:14). Avec des lions, des boeufs et des palmes, les chérubins ornementent les panneaux des bassins roulants qu'utilisaient les prêtres pour le service du temple (1Ro 7:29 et suivants). En harmonie avec cette décoration, les tapis du tabernacle sont eux aussi rehaussés de chérubins (Ex 26:1,31 36:8,35) et tout le temple rêvé par Ézéchiel est orné, lui encore, de chérubins et de palmes (Eze 41:18 et suivants). C'est du reste dans le livre d'Ézéchiel que les chérubins sont l'objet des mentions les plus développées. Le prophète aime à les évoquer dans ses visions, il se plaît à les décrire (Eze 1:1 et suivants Eze 10:1 ss Eze 11:22 et il dira (Eze 9:3) que « la gloire du Dieu d'Israël s'éleva du chérubin sur lequel elle était ». Le Ps 18:11 (cf. 2Sa 22:11) parle curieusement de Jéhovah qui vole monté sur un chérubin, tandis qu'ailleurs il est plus vaguement question de Jéhovah assis sur ou siégeant entre les chérubins (Ps 99:1 80:2,1Sa 4:4,2Sa 6:2, cf. 1Ch 13:6). Enfin, pour ne rien dire du texte probablement altéré Eze 28:14-16, qui compare le roi de Tyr à un chérubin protecteur, rappelons que des chérubins, placés à l'orient du jardin d'Éden, gardent le chemin de l'arbre de vie (Ge 3:24).

Les quatre animaux sans nom de Ap 4:8 sont plutôt des séraphins. Dans le livre d'Hénoch (61:10), les chérubins figurent en tête des esprits célestes.

2.

Il est difficile de se faire une idée précise de la forme de ces êtres fabuleux. La plupart de nos textes n'en disent rien ; quelques-uns leur attribuent simplement des ailes, sans qu'on sache s'il s'agit d'êtres à forme humaine ou à forme animale ou semi-animale. Par contre, Eze 41 déclare que les chérubins ornant son temple ont, tout au moins, deux visages : une face d'homme tournée d'un côté et une face de lion tournée de l'autre. Ceux qu'il évoque dans les visions des ch. 1 et 10, et qu'il appelle, du reste, des animaux, sont plus complexes encore, avec leur visage à quatre faces d'homme, de lion, de boeuf et d'aigle.

S'il est possible que les chérubins de l'arche aient subi l'influence de l'Egypte, elle-même ouverte à celle de la Syrie, on peut dire que le chérubin est vraisemblablement d'origine babylonienne. Ce nom est un pluriel ; au singulier l'hébreu dit keroub, de la même racine que le mot akkadien kâribou (kouribou, karoûbou). Dieu ou génie intercesseur, le kâribou appartient à la catégorie des taureaux ailés, bien connus, dressés aux portes des temples ou des palais de Mésopotamie (fig. 58), mais il s'en distingue nettement en ce sens que ses fonctions ne sont pas tant celles d'un gardien que d'un orant (personnage dans l'attitude de la prière), servant d'intermédiaire entre l'homme et la divinité, et dont le nom est « le symbole de la prière perpétuelle et de l'adoration ininterrompue » (cf. P. Dhorme et L. -H. Vincent, Rev. Bibl. 1926). Ce kâribou revêt, semble-t-il, à l'origine, une forme humaine ; plus tard il est pourvu d'ailes en nombre variable ; avec le temps il deviendra un être hybride allant même jusqu'à combiner un buste d'homme avec un corps de quadrupède ailé.

Ces idées et ces figurations ont sans doute exercé leur influence, directement ou indirectement, sur le keroub biblique, qui paraît avoir été au début un être humain rehaussé d'ailes, mais qui évoluera au point de prendre l'aspect fabuleux décrit par Ézéchiel. Les fouilles de Palestine ont livré jusqu'ici trois représentations probables de chérubins : les deux génies anthropomorphes de garde à la porte d'une maquette de sanctuaire à Guézer (XX e -XVIII e siècle), un quadrupède ailé à face humaine gravé sur le roc à l'entrée des cavernes royales de Jérusalem (XI e -X e siècle) et les lions anthropomorphes d'un autel trouvé à Thaanac (un ou deux siècles avant l'époque d'Ézéchiel).

Le problème des chérubins pose bien des questions singulièrement difficiles à résoudre. Ces créatures, le plus souvent majestueuses, étranges et en somme étrangères à la religion d'Israël, démontrent, une fois de plus, les rapports qui existent entre cette religion et les religions d'alentour. Il résulte en tout `cas des textes bibliques que les fonctions des chérubins sont diverses, puisqu'ils sont tantôt envisagés comme les porteurs de Jéhovah et de son trône (le chérubin de Ps 18:11 pourrait être une personnification du nuage d'orage), tantôt comme gardiens de lieux ou d'objets sacrés, tantôt comme les symboles de la prière continuelle. Cwt.

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      Genèse 3

      24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

      Exode 25

      18 You shall make two cherubim of hammered gold. You shall make them at the two ends of the mercy seat.

      Exode 26

      1 "Moreover you shall make the tabernacle with ten curtains; of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman you shall make them.
      31 "You shall make a veil of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman shall it be made.

      Exode 36

      8 All the wise-hearted men among those who did the work made the tabernacle with ten curtains; of fine twined linen, blue, purple, and scarlet, with cherubim, the work of the skillful workman, they made them.
      35 He made the veil of blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen: with cherubim. He made it the work of a skillful workman.

      Exode 37

      7 He made two cherubim of gold. He made them of beaten work, at the two ends of the mercy seat;

      Nombres 7

      89 When Moses went into the Tent of Meeting to speak with Yahweh, he heard his voice speaking to him from above the mercy seat that was on the ark of the Testimony, from between the two cherubim: and he spoke to him.

      1 Samuel 4

      4 So the people sent to Shiloh; and they brought from there the ark of the covenant of Yahweh of Armies, who sits above the cherubim: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.

      2 Samuel 6

      2 David arose, and went with all the people who were with him, from Baale Judah, to bring up from there the ark of God, which is called by the Name, even the name of Yahweh of Armies who sits above the cherubim.

      2 Samuel 22

      11 He rode on a cherub, and flew. Yes, he was seen on the wings of the wind.

      1 Chroniques 13

      6 David went up, and all Israel, to Baalah, that is, to Kiriath Jearim, which belonged to Judah, to bring up from there the ark of God Yahweh that sits above the cherubim, that is called by the Name.

      2 Chroniques 3

      14 He made the veil of blue, and purple, and crimson, and fine linen, and ornamented it with cherubim.

      Psaumes 18

      11 He made darkness his hiding place, his pavilion around him, darkness of waters, thick clouds of the skies.

      Psaumes 80

      2 Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh, stir up your might! Come to save us!

      Psaumes 99

      1 Yahweh reigns! Let the peoples tremble. He sits enthroned among the cherubim. Let the earth be moved.

      Ezéchiel 1

      1 Now it happened in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God .

      Ezéchiel 9

      3 The glory of the God of Israel was gone up from the cherub, whereupon it was, to the threshold of the house: and he called to the man clothed in linen, who had the writer's inkhorn by his side.

      Ezéchiel 10

      1 Then I looked, and see, in the expanse that was over the head of the cherubim there appeared above them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.

      Ezéchiel 11

      22 Then the cherubim lifted up their wings, and the wheels were beside them; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.

      Ezéchiel 28

      14 You were the anointed cherub who covers: and I set you, [so that] you were on the holy mountain of God; you have walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.
      15 You were perfect in your ways from the day that you were created, until unrighteousness was found in you.
      16 By the abundance of your traffic they filled the midst of you with violence, and you have sinned: therefore I have cast you as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed you, covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

      Ezéchiel 41

      1 He brought me to the temple, and measured the posts, six cubits broad on the one side, and six cubits broad on the other side, which was the breadth of the tent.
      2 The breadth of the entrance was ten cubits; and the sides of the entrance were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other side: and he measured its length, forty cubits, and the breadth, twenty cubits.
      3 Then went he inward, and measured each post of the entrance, two cubits; and the entrance, six cubits; and the breadth of the entrance, seven cubits.
      4 He measured its length, twenty cubits, and the breadth, twenty cubits, before the temple: and he said to me, This is the most holy place.
      5 Then he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the breadth of every side room, four cubits, all around the house on every side.
      6 The side rooms were in three stories, one over another, and thirty in order; and they entered into the wall which belonged to the house for the side rooms all around, that they might have hold [therein], and not have hold in the wall of the house.
      7 The side rooms were broader as they encompassed [the house] higher and higher; for the encompassing of the house went higher and higher around the house: therefore the breadth of the house [continued] upward; and so one went up [from] the lowest [room] to the highest by the middle [room].
      8 I saw also that the house had a raised base all around: the foundations of the side rooms were a full reed of six great cubits.
      9 The thickness of the wall, which was for the side rooms, on the outside, was five cubits: and that which was left was the place of the side rooms that belonged to the house.
      10 Between the rooms was a breadth of twenty cubits around the house on every side.
      11 The doors of the side rooms were toward [the place] that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits all around.
      12 The building that was before the separate place at the side toward the west was seventy cubits broad; and the wall of the building was five cubits thick all around, and its length ninety cubits.
      13 So he measured the house, one hundred cubits long; and the separate place, and the building, with its walls, one hundred cubits long;
      14 also the breadth of the face of the house, and of the separate place toward the east, one hundred cubits.
      15 He measured the length of the building before the separate place which was at its back, and its galleries on the one side and on the other side, one hundred cubits; and the inner temple, and the porches of the court;
      16 the thresholds, and the closed windows, and the galleries around on their three stories, over against the threshold, with wood ceilings all around, and [from] the ground up to the windows, (now the windows were covered),
      17 to [the space] above the door, even to the inner house, and outside, and by all the wall all around inside and outside, by measure.
      18 It was made with cherubim and palm trees; and a palm tree was between cherub and cherub, and every cherub had two faces;
      19 so that there was the face of a man toward the palm tree on the one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the other side. [thus was it] made through all the house all around:
      20 from the ground to above the door were cherubim and palm trees made: thus was the wall of the temple.
      21 As for the temple, the door posts were squared; and as for the face of the sanctuary, the appearance [of it] was as the appearance [of the temple].
      22 The altar was of wood, three cubits high, and its length two cubits; and its corners, and its length, and its walls, were of wood: and he said to me, This is the table that is before Yahweh.
      23 The temple and the sanctuary had two doors.
      24 The doors had two leaves [apiece], two turning leaves: two [leaves] for the one door, and two leaves for the other.
      25 There were made on them, on the doors of the temple, cherubim and palm trees, like as were made on the walls; and there was a threshold of wood on the face of the porch outside.
      26 There were closed windows and palm trees on the one side and on the other side, on the sides of the porch: thus were the side rooms of the house, and the thresholds.

      Hébreux 9

      5 and above it cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat, of which things we can't speak now in detail.

      Apocalypse 4

      8 The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!"
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