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CITERNE, PUITS

Un grand nombre de mots hébreux sont traduits par citernes, puits, réservoirs, étangs, fosses, etc.

1.

La citerne.

Réservoir pour emmagasiner soit les eaux pluviales, soit l'eau des sources amenée par des conduits. La longue saison sèche (mai à septembre) oblige les Orientaux et en particulier les Palestiniens à conserver ainsi les eaux abondantes de la saison pluvieuse. Le sol calcaire et rocailleux de Palestine facilitait le creusement de tels réservoirs : entre Jérico et Béthel on en voit encore de nombreuses ruines ; à Guézer, on a trouvé le roc tout perforé de citernes, une par maison ou par groupe de maisons (H. Vincent, Canaan, p. 72). « Le fond et les parois sont cimentés et étanches ; leurs dimensions égalent celles d'une chambre d'habitation et même d'une grande salle. Dans les étés les plus chauds, l'eau s'y conserve encore fraîche. Les citernes sont fermées par la roche naturelle ou par une voûte artificielle percée d'un trou pour le passage du seau à puiser. On trouve souvent auprès un bassin de pierre qu'un tuyau remplit pour abreuver le bétail. » (Schneller, Connais-tu..., p. 89.) Jérusalem, dont le voisinage est si sec, avait de grands besoins en eau (voy. plus loin, parag. 3) ; Ézéchias fit boucher toutes les sources aux environs pour priver d'eau les armées assaillantes de Sanchérib (2Ch 32:3 et suivant). Mésa, roi de Moab, se vante, dans l'inscription de sa stèle, (l. 7,23-25) d'avoir creusé divers réservoirs et citernes et d'en avoir prescrit le creusement aux habitants dans leurs maisons. La question de l'eau a toujours joué un rôle très important dans la vie palestinienne en général, et en particulier dans les différents sièges de la capitale (David, Achaz, Ézéchias, Titus, Croisades, etc.). Pendant le siège de Bétyloua, les citernes s'épuisèrent (Jug 7:21, cf. Jug 8:31). Les citernes vides ou désaffectées ont souvent servi de prison (Joseph : Ge 37:22 ; citerne de Jérémie, assez profonde pour qu'on y descende le prophète avec des cordes, et vaseuse au fond : Jer 38:6), de cachette (2Ma 1:19), de tombeau (1Ma 7:19).

2.

Le puits :

Ordinairement un trou creusé dans le sol pour y recueillir l'eau jaillissante ; ou encore : source (Ge 26:18,32, Pr 5:15, Jn 4:14). Pour l'Orient desséché, l'eau était une nécessité urgente (Jug 1:15) ; aussi l'accès et la possession des puits furent-ils la cause ou le théâtre de nombreuses querelles, guerres ou scènes bibliques (les Philistins et Isaac : Ge 26:15,33 ; cf. 2Ro 3:19,2Ch 26:10, etc.). Acquérir des puits en Canaan sans les avoir creusés est pour Israël un signe de faveur (De 6:11), en posséder est un signe d'indépendance (Pr 5:16), s'abstenir d'en utiliser peut être une condition de passage en pays étranger (No 20:17,19 21:22). Les puits marquent le voyage d'Israël au désert (No 21:17 et suivant, etc.), comme le pèlerinage des Maho-métans de Damas à la Mecque (la route du Hadj). On sait l'importance des puits de Béer-Séba (Ge 26:33 21:31 etc.) et de Jacob (creusé par Jacob ou situé sur une terre donnée par Jacob à Joseph : Ge 33:13,20, etc.). Des villes choisirent pour emplacement la proximité des puits - (ex. Béer-Séba, Bethléhem, 2Sa 23:15 et suivant).

En Palestine, ils étaient habituellement creusés dans le roc, avec quelques marches pour descendre (Ge 24:16), souvent couverts pour éviter des accidents (Ex 21:33) et parfois même surmontés d'une coupole sur piliers, entourés d'un mur ou rebord de pierre (margelle du puits de Jacob où Jésus s'est assis : Jn 4:6).

On y puisait de l'eau au moyen :

d'une corde et d'un seau (No 24:7, Esa 40:15) ou d'une cruche (Ge 24:14,20, Jn 4:11) ; quand le puits était profond, on avait recours à un âne, une roue ou une poulie facilitant le travail ; (cf. Ec 12:6)

d'une roue persane ou sakîyé, série de seaux attachés à une corde passant sur une roue et tournée par un animal (il doit y être fait allusion dans No 24:7) ;

d'une perche pivotant et faisant levier comme en ont encore aujourd'hui les Arabes (le chadouf ; voir Gens et Choses de Pal., pp. 50, 86, 88). Les Israélites avaient pour leurs bêtes des abreuvoirs et, des auges (Ge 24:20, Ex 2:16, Jug 5:11). Chaque maison pouvait avoir son puits (2Ro 18:31). Les vignerons en creusaient pour leurs pressoirs (Mr 12:1).

3.

Les étangs :

Nombreux aux environs de Jérusalem et déversant leur eau dans les citernes de la ville par de longs aqueducs, exploitant d'abondantes sources d'eau découvertes dans le roc et retenues par d'importants travaux de maçonnerie (Salomon : Ec 2:6, Esa 22:9 ; Ézéchias : 2Ro 20:20, etc.). Voir Étang.

4.

Nombreux sens figurés :

les citernes pouvant servir de tombes, le passage de l'une à l'autre idée est facile (Ps 28:1 Ps 143, Job 33:18,24,30, Eze 32:18,24, Esa 51:14) ;

le puits de l'abîme (enfer), Ap 9:13, où Satan sera enfermé comme les captifs dans les citernes (Ap 20:13) ;

la fosse (voir ce mot), image des pièges ; (Ps 9:16 35:7 40:3 119:85 etc.)

puits et sources jaillissantes ont fourni un grand nombre d'images relatives à la vie divine et contrastant avec les idées précédentes. Voir Eau, Source. P. A.

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      20 She hurried, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran again to the well to draw, and drew for all his camels.

      Genèse 26

      15 Now all the wells which his father's servants had dug in the days of Abraham his father, the Philistines had stopped, and filled with earth.
      18 Isaac dug again the wells of water, which they had dug in the days of Abraham his father. For the Philistines had stopped them after the death of Abraham. He called their names after the names by which his father had called them.
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      33 He called it Shibah. Therefore the name of the city is Beersheba to this day.

      Genèse 33

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      Exode 2

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      Exode 21

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      Nombres 20

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