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CRUCIFIEMENT

Les récits évangéliques au sujet de ce supplice enduré par Jésus sont en accord avec les renseignements de l'histoire profane relatifs au crucifiement. Aussitôt après la sentence, le condamné était battu de verges jusqu'au sang. Pilate fit infliger ce flagellum à Jésus avant la condamnation (Jn 19:1) pour tenter de donner, par un compromis, satisfaction à la haine des Juifs (Lu 23:22). Le supplicié était alors chargé de la poutre transversale (patibulum) de la croix (voir ce mot) et, sous ce fardeau, il marchait, encadré de soldats, généralement au nombre de quatre, jusqu'au lieu du supplice, qui était toujours hors de la cité (Heb 13:13). Le poids du patibulum n'était excessif que pour un homme épuisé par le supplice de la flagellation ou d'autres souffrances ; sans doute Jésus était-il trop affaibli, puisque Simon de Cyrène fut réquisitionné (Mt 27:32, Lu 23:26) ; toutefois Jean précise qu'en arrivant au Calvaire c'était Jésus qui portait sa croix (Jn 19:17).

Sur le lieu d'exécution, le condamné était dépouillé de ses vêtements, qui devenaient le butin des soldats (Mt 27:3 Jean 19:23 et suivants). Il était alors étendu à terre, sur le dos, les épaules et les bras allongés sur le patibulum ; on lui fixait les mains sur cette poutre avec des cordes ou plus souvent avec des clous et on hissait le supplicié au haut du poteau vertical qui restait fiché en permanence en cet endroit maudit. La partie centrale du patibulum était engagée dans l'encoche taillée à cet effet au haut de la poutre verticale. Celle-ci portait à mi-hauteur une cheville de bois (sedile) qu'on faisait enfourcher au supplicié pour le soutenir et pour empêcher que le poids du corps lui déchirât les mains et provoquât sa chute. Les pieds étaient fixés en bas, à une faible distance du sol, par des cordes ou des clous. Il semble bien que l'on cloua les pieds comme les mains de Jésus (Lu 24:39) ; Jean ne parle que des mains (Jn 20:25-27).

Les tableaux classiques de la crucifixion de Jésus trompent sur la hauteur de la croix qui, en réalité, n'élevait guère le condamné que de 50 cm. à peu près au-dessus des spectateurs. On fixait au-dessus de sa tête l'écriteau où étaient inscrits le nom du supplicié et le motif de sa condamnation (voir Inscription de la croix). Le malheureux était ainsi exposé et souvent insulté durant sa longue agonie qui durait des heures et parfois des jours. On offrait généralement à celui que torturaient des souffrances intolérables, lorsqu'il gardait toute sa sensibilité, un breuvage assoupissant ou enivrant. On sait que Jésus le refusa (Mt 27:34), voulant affronter la mort en pleine lucidité d'esprit. Sans ce refus nous n'aurions pas l'héritage sacré de ses paroles sur la croix.

On abrégeait souvent les souffrances du supplicié en lui donnant le coup de grâce, en l'espèce le crurifragium  : on lui brisait les jambes. Les deux brigands du Calvaire subirent ce traitement, peu d'heures après leur mise en croix, avant le coucher du soleil ; car il importait pour les Juifs qu'aucun supplice ne fût en cours au moment où commençait le grand sabbat pascal. On eût aussi brisé les jambes de Jésus, s'il n'eût été déjà mort. Un soldat--par brutalité ou pour consommer une mort incertaine--perça le flanc de Jésus (Jn 19:34). De l'eau et du sang sortirent de la blessure ; était-ce, comme on l'a dit, le symptôme d'une rupture de l'aorte ?

Entre tous les supplices, celui de la croix était, par excellence, le supplice infamant : « Maudit celui qui est pendu au bois », déclarait la Loi juive à propos de la pendaison (De 21:23) ; à plus forte raison cette malédiction s'appliquait-elle à la croix : (Ga 3:13)

Christ crucifié était un scandale pour les Juifs (1Co 1:23), Saul de Tarse l'avait bien éprouvé, et l'on sait quelle importance a prise cette malédiction du crucifiement dans la pensée de saint Paul et dans la doctrine chrétienne. Les Grecs légers y voyaient une folie, ne pouvant prendre au sérieux les derniers des misérables, le plus souvent esclaves criminels, auxquels Rome réservait ce supplice barbare. Un citoyen romain n'était jamais condamné au crucifiement, du moins légalement ; une des plus terribles accusations portées par Cicéron contre Verrès c'est d'avoir, sous sa magistrature, fait crucifier des citoyens romains : « Enchaîner un citoyen romain est un forfait ; le flageller est un crime ; le mettre à mort est presque un parricide ; que dirais-je de la mise en croix ? Il est impossible de désigner par un terme qui en soit digne, une telle abomination. » Voir Jésus-Christ. H. H.

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      Matthieu 27

      1 Now when morning had come, all the chief priests and the elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death:
      2 and they bound him, and led him away, and delivered him up to Pontius Pilate, the governor.
      3 Then Judas, who betrayed him, when he saw that Jesus was condemned, felt remorse, and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
      4 saying, "I have sinned in that I betrayed innocent blood." But they said, "What is that to us? You see to it."
      5 He threw down the pieces of silver in the sanctuary, and departed. He went away and hanged himself.
      6 The chief priests took the pieces of silver, and said, "It's not lawful to put them into the treasury, since it is the price of blood."
      7 They took counsel, and bought the potter's field with them, to bury strangers in.
      8 Therefore that field was called "The Field of Blood" to this day.
      9 Then that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying, "They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him upon whom a price had been set, whom some of the children of Israel priced,
      10 and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me."
      11 Now Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him, saying, "Are you the King of the Jews?" Jesus said to him, "So you say."
      12 When he was accused by the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing.
      13 Then Pilate said to him, "Don't you hear how many things they testify against you?"
      14 He gave him no answer, not even one word, so that the governor marveled greatly.
      15 Now at the feast the governor was accustomed to release to the multitude one prisoner, whom they desired.
      16 They had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas.
      17 When therefore they were gathered together, Pilate said to them, "Whom do you want me to release to you? Barabbas, or Jesus, who is called Christ?"
      18 For he knew that because of envy they had delivered him up.
      19 While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying, "Have nothing to do with that righteous man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him."
      20 Now the chief priests and the elders persuaded the multitudes to ask for Barabbas, and destroy Jesus.
      21 But the governor answered them, "Which of the two do you want me to release to you?" They said, "Barabbas!"
      22 Pilate said to them, "What then shall I do to Jesus, who is called Christ?" They all said to him, "Let him be crucified!"
      23 But the governor said, "Why? What evil has he done?" But they cried out exceedingly, saying, "Let him be crucified!"
      24 So when Pilate saw that nothing was being gained, but rather that a disturbance was starting, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this righteous person. You see to it."
      25 All the people answered, "May his blood be on us, and on our children!"
      26 Then he released to them Barabbas, but Jesus he flogged and delivered to be crucified.
      27 Then the governor's soldiers took Jesus into the Praetorium, and gathered the whole garrison together against him.
      28 They stripped him, and put a scarlet robe on him.
      29 They braided a crown of thorns and put it on his head, and a reed in his right hand; and they kneeled down before him, and mocked him, saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
      30 They spat on him, and took the reed and struck him on the head.
      31 When they had mocked him, they took the robe off of him, and put his clothes on him, and led him away to crucify him.
      32 As they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name, and they compelled him to go with them, that he might carry his cross.
      33 They came to a place called "Golgotha," that is to say, "The place of a skull."
      34 They gave him sour wine to drink mixed with gall. When he had tasted it, he would not drink.
      35 When they had crucified him, they divided his clothing among them, casting lots,
      36 and they sat and watched him there.
      37 They set up over his head the accusation against him written, "THIS IS JESUS, THE KING OF THE JEWS."
      38 Then there were two robbers crucified with him, one on his right hand and one on the left.
      39 Those who passed by blasphemed him, wagging their heads,
      40 and saying, "You who destroy the temple, and build it in three days, save yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross!"
      41 Likewise the chief priests also mocking, with the scribes, the Pharisees, and the elders, said,
      42 "He saved others, but he can't save himself. If he is the King of Israel, let him come down from the cross now, and we will believe in him.
      43 He trusts in God. Let God deliver him now, if he wants him; for he said, 'I am the Son of God.'"
      44 The robbers also who were crucified with him cast on him the same reproach.
      45 Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land until the ninth hour.
      46 About the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, "Eli, Eli, lima sabachthani?" That is, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
      47 Some of them who stood there, when they heard it, said, "This man is calling Elijah."
      48 Immediately one of them ran, and took a sponge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him a drink.
      49 The rest said, "Let him be. Let's see whether Elijah comes to save him."
      50 Jesus cried again with a loud voice, and yielded up his spirit.
      51 Behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two from the top to the bottom. The earth quaked and the rocks were split.
      52 The tombs were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised;
      53 and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection, they entered into the holy city and appeared to many.
      54 Now the centurion, and those who were with him watching Jesus, when they saw the earthquake, and the things that were done, feared exceedingly, saying, "Truly this was the Son of God."
      55 Many women were there watching from afar, who had followed Jesus from Galilee, serving him.
      56 Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of the sons of Zebedee.
      57 When evening had come, a rich man from Arimathaea, named Joseph, who himself was also Jesus' disciple came.
      58 This man went to Pilate, and asked for Jesus' body. Then Pilate commanded the body to be given up.
      59 Joseph took the body, and wrapped it in a clean linen cloth,
      60 and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut out in the rock, and he rolled a great stone to the door of the tomb, and departed.
      61 Mary Magdalene was there, and the other Mary, sitting opposite the tomb.
      62 Now on the next day, which was the day after the Preparation Day, the chief priests and the Pharisees were gathered together to Pilate,
      63 saying, "Sir, we remember what that deceiver said while he was still alive: 'After three days I will rise again.'
      64 Command therefore that the tomb be made secure until the third day, lest perhaps his disciples come at night and steal him away, and tell the people, 'He is risen from the dead;' and the last deception will be worse than the first."
      65 Pilate said to them, "You have a guard. Go, make it as secure as you can."
      66 So they went with the guard and made the tomb secure, sealing the stone.

      Luc 23

      22 He said to them the third time, "Why? What evil has this man done? I have found no capital crime in him. I will therefore chastise him and release him."
      26 When they led him away, they grabbed one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country, and laid on him the cross, to carry it after Jesus.

      Luc 24

      39 See my hands and my feet, that it is truly me. Touch me and see, for a spirit doesn't have flesh and bones, as you see that I have."

      Jean 19

      1 So Pilate then took Jesus, and flogged him.
      17 He went out, bearing his cross, to the place called "The Place of a Skull," which is called in Hebrew, "Golgotha,"
      34 However one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out.

      Jean 20

      25 The other disciples therefore said to him, "We have seen the Lord!" But he said to them, "Unless I see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe."
      26 After eight days again his disciples were inside, and Thomas was with them. Jesus came, the doors being locked, and stood in the midst, and said, "Peace be to you."
      27 Then he said to Thomas, "Reach here your finger, and see my hands. Reach here your hand, and put it into my side. Don't be unbelieving, but believing."

      1 Corinthiens 1

      23 but we preach Christ crucified; a stumbling block to Jews, and foolishness to Greeks,

      Galates 3

      13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree,"

      Hébreux 13

      13 Let us therefore go out to him outside of the camp, bearing his reproach.
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