Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

DÉBORA

(=abeille).

1.

Nourrice de Rébecca, qu'elle accompagna quand sa maîtresse quitta sa famille pour épouser Isaac (Ge 24:59). La Bible ne mentionne que le lieu de sa sépulture à Béthel, au pied du « Chêne des pleurs » (Ge 35:8).

2.

Prophétesse en Israël, de l'époque des Juges ; femme de Lappidoth. Elle fut l'âme d'un puissant mouvement national et religieux, en groupant au nom de Jéhovah plusieurs tribus israélites dans la lutte contre les Cananéens, leurs ennemis communs. Son histoire est donnée par deux documents distincts : un récit en prose (Jug 4) et un poème (Jug 5), communément appelé « Cantique de Débora ». D'après la majorité des critiques, ce dernier morceau est fort ancien, contemporain des événements qu'il relate, et se trouve être ainsi un des plus vieux écrits bibliques que nous possédions. C'est un chant de guerre triomphal évoquant l'appel aux armes lancé par la prophétesse et célébrant avec enthousiasme la victoire de Jéhovah sur les ennemis de son peuple. Le style en est très archaïque, les idées également : Jéhovah est présenté comme résidant au désert et accourant au secours de son peuple pour la bataille (Jug 5:4). Les hésitations, puis le refus de plusieurs tribus de répondre à l'appel de Débora (Jug 5:15-17) reflètent un manque d'unité nationale, ce qui correspond bien à la situation d'Israël à l'époque des Juges.

Ce morceau a une grande valeur poétique, et la conclusion décrivant l'attente fiévreuse et vaine de la mère de Sisera dénote chez l'auteur un sens très fin du drame (Jug 5:28,30).

Le récit en prose est plus récent et semble appartenir à E. Ce n'est pas un simple résumé ni même une adaptation du poème ; il apporte plusieurs renseignements nouveaux sur la personnalité de Débora, sur Barak, sur le lieu du combat, qui complètent ceux du ch. 5.

Sur certains points, les deux récits présentent de notables différences :

D'après Jug 5:15, Débora semble être de la tribu d'Issacar ; d'après Jug 4:5, elle réside près de Béthel en Éphraïm ; il est possible que le rédacteur ait identifié par erreur le palmier de Débora avec le Chêne des pleurs au pied duquel était enterrée la nourrice de Rébecca (Ge 35:8).

Le poème présente Sisera comme un roi, chef d'une coalition de princes cananéens, le récit en prose en fait un simple général au service de Jabin, roi de Hatsor. Or, sur ce point, le ch. 4 présente plusieurs invraisemblances : Jabin est appelé roi de Canaan, ce qui est un anachronisme ; il a été tué à la bataille des Eaux de Mérom, gagnée par Josué (Jos 11:10), et sa ville de Hatsor rasée : on pourrait admettre à la rigueur qu'il s'agit ici d'un autre roi du même nom, mais dans la suite du récit il n'est plus question de Jabin (sauf dans Jug 4:23, qui n'est pas primitif, venant de D) et l'auteur semble ne s'intéresser qu'au sort de Sisera. De plus, Hatsor est situé très loin au Nord du lieu où se trouvait Sisera et où se livra la bataille. Ces incohérences tendent à prouver que le récit en prose a inséré dans l'histoire du roi Sisera certaines données différentes de celles de Jos 11, mais relatives au même roi Jabin.

Voici comment l'on pourrait tenter de retracer les événements. A l'époque des Juges, les Israélites, nouveaux venus dans le pays, n'occupaient pas encore la plaine de Jizréel d'une façon définitive. Il restait des villes cananéennes non soumises (cf. Jug 1:27) et les rois ennemis étaient encore assez puissants pour espérer déloger les tribus hébraïques des régions montagneuses qu'elles occupaient au Nord et au Sud de la plaine. Débora, une prophétesse, rendait des oracles dans une de ces tribus. Inspirée par Jéhovah, elle devint l'animatrice de la lutte contre les rois cananéens ; elle gagna à sa cause un chef de Nephthali, Barak, et lui fit connaître le plan de campagne qu'elle avait reçu d'une révélation divine. Plusieurs tribus répondirent à leur appel, tandis que les plus éloignées restèrent neutres. Sous l'impulsion de Débora, elles prirent conscience de leur solidarité nationale et religieuse et saluèrent en l'Éternel leur roi, selon la véritable tradition d'Israël. Barak et ses hommes, dont l'enthousiasme était accru par la présence de la prophétesse, engagèrent le combat au mont Thabor contre un ennemi supérieur en nombre et en armement. Un violent orage ayant éclaté, le torrent de Kison, gonflé par les pluies, gêna la retraite de l'armée cananéenne qui fut anéantie. (cf. Jug 5:21) Sisera, son chef, s'enfuit et fut assassiné par Taël, femme d'un certain Héber, ami d'Israël. V A. Ch.

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    • Genèse 24

      59 They sent away Rebekah, their sister, with her nurse, Abraham's servant, and his men.

      Genèse 35

      8 Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, died, and she was buried below Bethel under the oak; and its name was called Allon Bacuth.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Josué 11

      1 It happened, when Jabin king of Hazor heard of it, that he sent to Jobab king of Madon, to the king of Shimron, to the king of Achshaph,
      2 and to the kings who were on the north, in the hill country, in the Arabah south of Chinneroth, in the lowland, and in the heights of Dor on the west,
      3 to the Canaanite on the east and on the west, and the Amorite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Jebusite in the hill country, and the Hivite under Hermon in the land of Mizpah.
      4 They went out, they and all their armies with them, many people, even as the sand that is on the seashore in multitude, with very many horses and chariots.
      5 All these kings met together; and they came and encamped together at the waters of Merom, to fight with Israel.
      6 Yahweh said to Joshua, "Don't be afraid because of them; for tomorrow at this time, I will deliver them up all slain before Israel. You shall hamstring their horses and burn their chariots with fire."
      7 So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against them by the waters of Merom suddenly, and fell on them.
      8 Yahweh delivered them into the hand of Israel, and they struck them, and chased them to great Sidon, and to Misrephoth Maim, and to the valley of Mizpeh eastward. They struck them until they left them none remaining.
      9 Joshua did to them as Yahweh told him. He hamstrung their horses and burnt their chariots with fire.
      10 Joshua turned back at that time, and took Hazor, and struck its king with the sword: for Hazor used to be the head of all those kingdoms.
      11 They struck all the souls who were in it with the edge of the sword, utterly destroying them. There was no one left who breathed. He burnt Hazor with fire.
      12 Joshua captured all the cities of those kings, with their kings, and he struck them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed them; as Moses the servant of Yahweh commanded.
      13 But as for the cities that stood on their mounds, Israel burned none of them, except Hazor only. Joshua burned that.
      14 The children of Israel took all the spoil of these cities, with the livestock, as spoils for themselves; but every man they struck with the edge of the sword, until they had destroyed them. They didn't leave any who breathed.
      15 As Yahweh commanded Moses his servant, so Moses commanded Joshua. Joshua did so. He left nothing undone of all that Yahweh commanded Moses.
      16 So Joshua captured all that land, the hill country, all the South, all the land of Goshen, the lowland, the Arabah, the hill country of Israel, and the lowland of the same;
      17 from Mount Halak, that goes up to Seir, even to Baal Gad in the valley of Lebanon under Mount Hermon. He took all their kings, struck them, and put them to death.
      18 Joshua made war a long time with all those kings.
      19 There was not a city that made peace with the children of Israel, except the Hivites, the inhabitants of Gibeon. They took all in battle.
      20 For it was of Yahweh to harden their hearts, to come against Israel in battle, that he might utterly destroy them, that they might have no favor, but that he might destroy them, as Yahweh commanded Moses.
      21 Joshua came at that time, and cut off the Anakim from the hill country, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the hill country of Judah, and from all the hill country of Israel: Joshua utterly destroyed them with their cities.
      22 There were none of the Anakim left in the land of the children of Israel. Only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, did some remain.
      23 So Joshua took the whole land, according to all that Yahweh spoke to Moses; and Joshua gave it for an inheritance to Israel according to their divisions by their tribes. The land had rest from war.

      Juges 1

      27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.

      Juges 4

      1 The children of Israel again did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, when Ehud was dead.
      2 Yahweh sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose army was Sisera, who lived in Harosheth of the Gentiles.
      3 The children of Israel cried to Yahweh: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.
      4 Now Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappidoth, she judged Israel at that time.
      5 She lived under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment.
      6 She sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedesh Naphtali, and said to him, "Hasn't Yahweh, the God of Israel, commanded, 'Go and draw to Mount Tabor, and take with you ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun?
      7 I will draw to you, to the river Kishon, Sisera, the captain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude; and I will deliver him into your hand.'"
      8 Barak said to her, "If you will go with me, then I will go; but if you will not go with me, I will not go."
      9 She said, "I will surely go with you: nevertheless, the journey that you take shall not be for your honor; for Yahweh will sell Sisera into the hand of a woman." Deborah arose, and went with Barak to Kedesh.
      10 Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali together to Kedesh; and there went up ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him.
      11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated himself from the Kenites, even from the children of Hobab the brother-in-law of Moses, and had pitched his tent as far as the oak in Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh.
      12 They told Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to Mount Tabor.
      13 Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people who were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles, to the river Kishon.
      14 Deborah said to Barak, "Go; for this is the day in which Yahweh has delivered Sisera into your hand. Hasn't Yahweh gone out before you?" So Barak went down from Mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him.
      15 Yahweh confused Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his army, with the edge of the sword before Barak; and Sisera alighted from his chariot, and fled away on his feet.
      16 But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the army, to Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the army of Sisera fell by the edge of the sword; there was not a man left.
      17 However Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite; for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.
      18 Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said to him, "Turn in, my lord, turn in to me; don't be afraid." He came in to her into the tent, and she covered him with a rug.
      19 He said to her, "Please give me a little water to drink; for I am thirsty." She opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink, and covered him.
      20 He said to her, "Stand in the door of the tent, and it shall be, when any man comes and inquires of you, and says, 'Is there any man here?' that you shall say, 'No.'"
      21 Then Jael Heber's wife took a tent peg, and took a hammer in her hand, and went softly to him, and struck the pin into his temples, and it pierced through into the ground; for he was in a deep sleep; so he swooned and died.
      22 Behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him, and said to him, "Come, and I will show you the man whom you seek." He came to her; and behold, Sisera lay dead, and the tent peg was in his temples.
      23 So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the children of Israel.
      24 The hand of the children of Israel prevailed more and more against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king of Canaan.

      Juges 5

      1 Then Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam sang on that day, saying,
      2 "Because the leaders took the lead in Israel, because the people offered themselves willingly, be blessed, Yahweh!
      3 "Hear, you kings! Give ear, you princes! I, even I, will sing to Yahweh. I will sing praise to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      4 "Yahweh, when you went forth out of Seir, when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Yes, the clouds dropped water.
      5 The mountains quaked at the presence of Yahweh, even Sinai, at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      6 "In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied. The travelers walked through byways.
      7 The rulers ceased in Israel. They ceased until I, Deborah, arose; Until I arose a mother in Israel.
      8 They chose new gods. Then war was in the gates. Was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
      9 My heart is toward the governors of Israel, who offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless Yahweh!
      10 "Speak, you who ride on white donkeys, you who sit on rich carpets, and you who walk by the way.
      11 Far from the noise of archers, in the places of drawing water, there they will rehearse the righteous acts of Yahweh, the righteous acts of his rule in Israel. "Then the people of Yahweh went down to the gates.
      12 'Awake, awake, Deborah! Awake, awake, utter a song! Arise, Barak, and lead away your captives, you son of Abinoam.'
      13 "Then a remnant of the nobles and the people came down. Yahweh came down for me against the mighty.
      14 Those whose root is in Amalek came out of Ephraim, after you, Benjamin, among your peoples. Governors come down out of Machir. Those who handle the marshal's staff came out of Zebulun.
      15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah. As was Issachar, so was Barak. They rushed into the valley at his feet. By the watercourses of Reuben, there were great resolves of heart.
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