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DEMEURE

Pour le sens ordinaire de ce mot voir Maison, Tente, Vie nomade et pastorale, etc.

Il est quelques fois employé au fig. : demeure de la gloire (Esa 11:10), de la justice (Jer 31:23), la « demeure éternelle » au sens de mort dans l'ancienne alliance (Ec 12:7) et au sens de vie éternelle dans la nouvelle alliance (2Co 5:1), etc.

Par anthropomorphisme, le ciel est considéré comme la demeure de Dieu (Ps 33:13 et suivant, Am 9:6, etc.), demeure haute (Esa 57:15), sainte (De 26:15, Ps 68:6 etc.), et glorieuse (Esa 63:15).

Dieu fait aussi sa demeure parmi les hommes : dans la Terre promise (Ex 15:13,17), très particulièrement dans son temple (1Ro 8:13, Ps 46:5 74:7), et dans son peuple parmi ses fidèles (Le 26:11, Eze 37:27), alors que la résistance des chefs juifs à Jésus leur vaudra l'abandon par Dieu de sa demeure, qui était aussi leur demeure, comme centre de la nation (Mt 23:38, allusion à Jer 12:7).

Mais l'oeuvre du Sauveur consiste précisément à établir la demeure de Dieu chez les croyants : désormais il ne s'agit plus de localisation en un point de l'espace, mais d'état d'âme et de communion spirituelle.

Tandis que les évangile synopt. emploient couramment le verbe demeurer (grec méno) au sens extérieur et physique, même dans la prière des disciples d'Emmaüs : « Reste (=demeure) avec nous », le 4 e évangile l'emploie au contraire presque toujours, ainsi que le nom correspondant (monê), au sens intérieur et mystique : non plus « demeurer avec » (Jn 14:25), mais « demeurer en ». Cette expression revient environ trente-cinq fois dans l'évangile et plus de vingt fois dans les ép. de Jn. Jusqu'au suprême entretien du Seigneur dans la chambre haute, nous n'avons que des aperçus passagers sur la nature de cette habitation permanente (Jn 6:56 8:31,35 12:24,34,46) ; ce sont les développements des ch. 14 et 15 qui déroulent d'avance les sublimes réalités de la vie de l'Esprit, prochaines pour le chrétien, à partir de la Pentecôte, et liées organiquement à l'ineffable communion du Christ avec son Père. « L'Esprit demeure avec vous, et il sera en vous » (Jn 14:17) ; de même que le Christ veut demeurer en chaque croyant (image du cep et des sarments, Jn 15:1 et suivants) --demeurez en moi, et moi je demeurerai en vous (verset 4-7) --, de même il veut demeurer dans la communion collective des croyants : demeurez dans mon amour (Jn 15:9).

Cette demeure recommandée à ses disciples, pour qu'ils y vivent en permanence, dans l'atmosphère de son amour rédempteur, il la compare à sa propre vie permanente dans l'atmosphère de l'amour de son Père : « comme moi-même j'ai gardé ses commandements, et je demeure dans son amour » (Jn 15:10). La communion de ses disciples avec lui, en réalité trop souvent instable, a pour contre-partie et pour modèle sa parfaite communion avec le Père : « Vous reconnaîtrez que je suis en mon Père, que vous êtes en moi et que je suis en vous » (Jn 14:20).

Le plan divin veut établir la corrélation entre l'habitation permanente de Dieu et de Christ chez le chrétien : « nous ferons notre demeure chez lui » (Jn 14:23) et l'habitation permanente du chrétien en Dieu : « il y a plusieurs demeures dans la maison de mon Père » (Jn 14:2), ce qui ne proclame pas seulement l'accueil généreux de son ciel, mais aussi la variété de l'expérience religieuse qui demeure avec le divin pendant cette vie elle-même. Une telle corrélation réalisera l'idéal surhumain de la prière qui termine ces entretiens : « Que tous soient un, comme toi, Père, tu es en moi et moi en toi, qu'eux aussi soient un en nous ! » (Jn 17:21).

En demeurant ainsi en Christ et par lui en Dieu, le chrétien ne tombe pas par là dans un immobilisme spirituel, quiétiste, passif : cette communion est la source de son instruction (1Jn 2:27), sa lumière (1Jn 2:10) et sa force de victoire sur le péché (1Jn 3:6), l'objet de son témoignage (1Jn 4:15), la condition de son activité (1Jn 2:6), la conséquence de son obéissance (Jn 15:8-10), la cause de sa joie parfaite (Jn 15:11) et de son assurance pour l'avenir éternel : (1Jn 2:28) « Celui qui fait la volonté de Dieu demeure éternellement » (1Jn 2:17). Lorsque enfin cette épître johannique résume la vie éternelle dans l'amour (1Jn 3:14), elle rejoint en d'autres termes la pensée de saint Paul : « Des trois vertus qui demeurent, la plus grande est l'amour » (1Co 13:13). Au verbe johannique « demeurer » correspond d'ailleurs la formule paulinienne « en Christ » (voir Communion). Jn L.

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      Exode 15

      13 "You, in your loving kindness, have led the people that you have redeemed. You have guided them in your strength to your holy habitation.
      17 You shall bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of your inheritance, the place, Yahweh, which you have made for yourself to dwell in; the sanctuary, Lord, which your hands have established.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Lévitique 26

      11 I will set my tent among you: and my soul won't abhor you.

      Psaumes 33

      13 Yahweh looks from heaven. He sees all the sons of men.

      Psaumes 46

      5 God is in her midst. She shall not be moved. God will help her at dawn.

      Psaumes 68

      6 God sets the lonely in families. He brings out the prisoners with singing, but the rebellious dwell in a sun-scorched land.

      Psaumes 74

      7 They have burned your sanctuary to the ground. They have profaned the dwelling place of your Name.

      Ecclésiaste 12

      7 and the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who gave it.

      Esaïe 11

      10 It will happen in that day that the nations will seek the root of Jesse, who stands as a banner of the peoples; and his resting place will be glorious.

      Esaïe 57

      15 For thus says the high and lofty One who inhabits eternity, whose name is Holy: "I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also who is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite.

      Esaïe 63

      15 Look down from heaven, and see from the habitation of your holiness and of your glory: where are your zeal and your mighty acts? the yearning of your heart and your compassion is restrained toward me.

      Jérémie 12

      7 I have forsaken my house, I have cast off my heritage; I have given the dearly beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies.

      Jérémie 31

      23 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, Yet again shall they use this speech in the land of Judah and in its cities, when I shall bring again their captivity: Yahweh bless you, habitation of righteousness, mountain of holiness.

      Ezéchiel 37

      27 My tent also shall be with them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.

      Amos 9

      6 It is he who builds his rooms in the heavens, and has founded his vault on the earth; he who calls for the waters of the sea, and pours them out on the surface of the earth; Yahweh is his name.

      Matthieu 23

      38 Behold, your house is left to you desolate.

      Jean 2

      6 Now there were six water pots of stone set there after the Jews' way of purifying, containing two or three metretes apiece.
      10 and said to him, "Everyone serves the good wine first, and when the guests have drunk freely, then that which is worse. You have kept the good wine until now!"
      17 His disciples remembered that it was written, "Zeal for your house will eat me up."

      Jean 3

      6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh. That which is born of the Spirit is spirit.
      14 As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up,

      Jean 4

      15 The woman said to him, "Sir, give me this water, so that I don't get thirsty, neither come all the way here to draw."

      Jean 6

      56 He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood lives in me, and I in him.

      Jean 8

      31 Jesus therefore said to those Jews who had believed him, "If you remain in my word, then you are truly my disciples.
      35 A bondservant doesn't live in the house forever. A son remains forever.

      Jean 12

      24 Most certainly I tell you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains by itself alone. But if it dies, it bears much fruit.
      34 The multitude answered him, "We have heard out of the law that the Christ remains forever. How do you say, 'The Son of Man must be lifted up?' Who is this Son of Man?"
      46 I have come as a light into the world, that whoever believes in me may not remain in the darkness.

      Jean 14

      2 In my Father's house are many homes. If it weren't so, I would have told you. I am going to prepare a place for you.
      17 the Spirit of truth, whom the world can't receive; for it doesn't see him, neither knows him. You know him, for he lives with you, and will be in you.
      20 In that day you will know that I am in my Father, and you in me, and I in you.
      23 Jesus answered him, "If a man loves me, he will keep my word. My Father will love him, and we will come to him, and make our home with him.
      25 I have said these things to you, while still living with you.

      Jean 15

      1 "I am the true vine, and my Father is the farmer.
      8 "In this is my Father glorified, that you bear much fruit; and so you will be my disciples.
      9 Even as the Father has loved me, I also have loved you. Remain in my love.
      10 If you keep my commandments, you will remain in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and remain in his love.
      11 I have spoken these things to you, that my joy may remain in you, and that your joy may be made full.

      Jean 17

      21 that they may all be one; even as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be one in us; that the world may believe that you sent me.

      1 Corinthiens 13

      13 But now faith, hope, and love remain--these three. The greatest of these is love.

      2 Corinthiens 5

      1 For we know that if the earthly house of our tent is dissolved, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal, in the heavens.

      1 Jean 2

      6 he who says he remains in him ought himself also to walk just like he walked.
      10 He who loves his brother remains in the light, and there is no occasion for stumbling in him.
      17 The world is passing away with its lusts, but he who does God's will remains forever.
      27 As for you, the anointing which you received from him remains in you, and you don't need for anyone to teach you. But as his anointing teaches you concerning all things, and is true, and is no lie, and even as it taught you, you will remain in him.
      28 Now, little children, remain in him, that when he appears, we may have boldness, and not be ashamed before him at his coming.

      1 Jean 3

      6 Whoever remains in him doesn't sin. Whoever sins hasn't seen him, neither knows him.
      14 We know that we have passed out of death into life, because we love the brothers. He who doesn't love his brother remains in death.

      1 Jean 4

      15 Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God, God remains in him, and he in God.
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