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DOUCEUR

Dans les livres saints la douceur semble être d'abord simplement une vertu recommandable.

Moïse est présenté comme « très doux, plus qu'aucun homme sur la surface de la terre » (No 12:3, cf. Sir 45:4) ; pourtant il tue l'Égyptien (Ex 2:12), s'irrite (Ex 11:8 32:19), commande des tueries (Ex 32:27) ; il incarne bien l'idéal pour les Israélites de cette époque : sans faiblesse ni poltronnerie, mais aussi sans cruauté ni méchanceté préméditée ; c'était un homme fort et vaillant mais patient et capable de pitié.

Plus tard, les moralistes célèbrent la douceur de caractère, dans les paroles et les actions (Pr 16:21,24), y voient même un attribut de Dieu (Sag 16:21). Mais cette qualité a pris un sens de plus en plus religieux. Durant les périodes d'invasions et de guerres presque incessantes, les violents, les belliqueux, les ambitieux, les orgueilleux, se mettant en avant, devinrent généralement les puissants, les respectés, tandis que les gens pieux, désintéressés, pacifiques, furent ignorés, méprisés, opprimés. (cf. Ps 10:2,8,10) Ils constituèrent le milieu des « pauvres », des « humbles », souvent mentionnés par les Psaumes (cf. Ps 12 Ps 37 Ps 69 Ps 88 etc.) et diverses apocalypses, et pour qui richesse est trop souvent synonyme d'injustice.

A l'époque de Jésus, ils sont devenus les messianistes ; ils forment « le faible reste » fidèle à Jéhovah, ceux qui en marge de la religion établie vivent saintement dans l'ombre, attendant « la délivrance d'Israël » (Lu 2:25,29). Leur piété se nourrissait des Écritures, se fortifiait par les prophéties messianiques ; et ce sont les descendants spirituels des « doux » et des « pauvres » dont parlent Psaumes et Prophètes (Ps 9:13,19 10:12,18 37:11 72:2,4, Esa 11:4), qui reconnurent en Jésus le Messie promis, l'envoyé de Dieu, le Roi qui devait venir plein de douceur (Mt 21:5, Lu 1 et Lu 2). Jésus les déclare « heureux » (Mt 5:3-12) ; la troisième béatitude (Mt 5:6), celle des débonnaires (ou doux), est une citation de Ps 37:11.

Jésus se donne à eux en exemple, car il est « doux et humble de coeur » (Mt 11:29) ; il aime leur humilité, lui dont le « joug est doux » (Mt 11:30 ; voir Joug), « qui n'éteint point le lumignon fumant et ne brise pas le roseau froissé » (Mt 12:20, citation de Esa 42:3). Voir A. Causse, les Pauvres d'Israël, Strasb. 1922.

Les apôtres, en cela aussi, ont imité le Maître. Pierre, qui à Gethsémané tira impatiemment l'épée, invite plus tard ses lecteurs à répondre à leurs ennemis « toujours avec douceur » (1Pi 3:15). Jacques écrit : « Que tout homme soit lent à la colère », et encore : « Recevez avec douceur la parole » (1:19,21 3:13). Enfin Paul, l'ancien persécuteur emporté, qui s'efforce d'avoir en lui les sentiments qui étaient en Jésus-Christ (Php 2:6), supplie par « la douceur du Christ. » (2Co 10:1), parle de sa propre douceur (1Th 2:7,2Ti 3:10), invite ses lecteurs à rechercher cette qualité (Eph 4:2, Col 3:12, Php 4:5,1Ti 6:11, Tit 3:2), principalement quand il s'agit de blâmer le prochain (Ga 6:1,2Ti 2:25 4:2), et il la désigne comme un des fruits de la vie nouvelle en Christ (Ga 5:22).

La douceur de cette communion avec Jésus-Christ a été chantée par saint Bernard de Clairvaux dans la célèbre poésie Jésus dulcis memoria : « De Jésus la souvenance--Donne à l'âme un vrai bonheur : --Douce en est la jouissance, --Mais sa divine présence--Du miel passe la douceur... » (Trad. Théod. Monod, Psaumes et Cant., recueil synodal réformé, n° 142.)

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      Exode 2

      12 He looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there was no one, he killed the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand.

      Exode 11

      8 All these your servants shall come down to me, and bow down themselves to me, saying, "Get out, with all the people who follow you"; and after that I will go out.'" He went out from Pharaoh in hot anger.

      Exode 32

      19 It happened, as soon as he came near to the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and Moses' anger grew hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mountain.
      27 He said to them, "Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, 'Every man put his sword on his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate throughout the camp, and every man kill his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.'"

      Nombres 12

      3 Now the man Moses was very humble, above all the men who were on the surface of the earth.

      Psaumes 9

      13 Have mercy on me, Yahweh. See my affliction by those who hate me, and lift me up from the gates of death;
      19 Arise, Yahweh! Don't let man prevail. Let the nations be judged in your sight.

      Psaumes 10

      2 In arrogance, the wicked hunt down the weak. They are caught in the schemes that they devise.
      8 He lies in wait near the villages. From ambushes, he murders the innocent. His eyes are secretly set against the helpless.
      10 The helpless are crushed. They collapse. They fall under his strength.
      12 Arise, Yahweh! God, lift up your hand! Don't forget the helpless.
      18 to judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that man who is of the earth may terrify no more.

      Psaumes 12

      1 <> Help, Yahweh; for the godly man ceases. For the faithful fail from among the children of men.
      2 Everyone lies to his neighbor. They speak with flattering lips, and with a double heart.
      3 May Yahweh cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that boasts,
      4 who have said, "With our tongue we will prevail. Our lips are our own. Who is lord over us?"
      5 "Because of the oppression of the weak and because of the groaning of the needy, I will now arise," says Yahweh; "I will set him in safety from those who malign him."
      6 The words of Yahweh are flawless words, as silver refined in a clay furnace, purified seven times.
      7 You will keep them, Yahweh. You will preserve them from this generation forever.
      8 The wicked walk on every side, when what is vile is exalted among the sons of men.

      Psaumes 37

      1 <> Don't fret because of evildoers, neither be envious against those who work unrighteousness.
      2 For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither like the green herb.
      3 Trust in Yahweh, and do good. Dwell in the land, and enjoy safe pasture.
      4 Also delight yourself in Yahweh, and he will give you the desires of your heart.
      5 Commit your way to Yahweh. Trust also in him, and he will do this:
      6 he will make your righteousness go forth as the light, and your justice as the noon day sun.
      7 Rest in Yahweh, and wait patiently for him. Don't fret because of him who prospers in his way, because of the man who makes wicked plots happen.
      8 Cease from anger, and forsake wrath. Don't fret, it leads only to evildoing.
      9 For evildoers shall be cut off, but those who wait for Yahweh shall inherit the land.
      10 For yet a little while, and the wicked will be no more. Yes, though you look for his place, he isn't there.
      11 But the humble shall inherit the land, and shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace.
      12 The wicked plots against the just, and gnashes at him with his teeth.
      13 The Lord will laugh at him, for he sees that his day is coming.
      14 The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to cast down the poor and needy, to kill those who are upright in the way.
      15 Their sword shall enter into their own heart. Their bows shall be broken.
      16 Better is a little that the righteous has, than the abundance of many wicked.
      17 For the arms of the wicked shall be broken, but Yahweh upholds the righteous.
      18 Yahweh knows the days of the perfect. Their inheritance shall be forever.
      19 They shall not be disappointed in the time of evil. In the days of famine they shall be satisfied.
      20 But the wicked shall perish. The enemies of Yahweh shall be like the beauty of the fields. They will vanish-- vanish like smoke.
      21 The wicked borrow, and don't pay back, but the righteous give generously.
      22 For such as are blessed by him shall inherit the land. Those who are cursed by him shall be cut off.
      23 A man's goings are established by Yahweh. He delights in his way.
      24 Though he stumble, he shall not fall, for Yahweh holds him up with his hand.
      25 I have been young, and now am old, yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his children begging for bread.
      26 All day long he deals graciously, and lends. His seed is blessed.
      27 Depart from evil, and do good. Live securely forever.
      28 For Yahweh loves justice, and doesn't forsake his saints. They are preserved forever, but the children of the wicked shall be cut off.
      29 The righteous shall inherit the land, and live in it forever.
      30 The mouth of the righteous talks of wisdom. His tongue speaks justice.
      31 The law of his God is in his heart. None of his steps shall slide.
      32 The wicked watches the righteous, and seeks to kill him.
      33 Yahweh will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he is judged.
      34 Wait for Yahweh, and keep his way, and he will exalt you to inherit the land. When the wicked are cut off, you shall see it.
      35 I have seen the wicked in great power, spreading himself like a green tree in its native soil.
      36 But he passed away, and behold, he was not. Yes, I sought him, but he could not be found.
      37 Mark the perfect man, and see the upright, for there is a future for the man of peace.
      38 As for transgressors, they shall be destroyed together. The future of the wicked shall be cut off.
      39 But the salvation of the righteous is from Yahweh. He is their stronghold in the time of trouble.
      40 Yahweh helps them, and rescues them. He rescues them from the wicked, and saves them, Because they have taken refuge in him.

      Psaumes 69

      1 <> Save me, God, for the waters have come up to my neck!
      2 I sink in deep mire, where there is no foothold. I have come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me.
      3 I am weary with my crying. My throat is dry. My eyes fail, looking for my God.
      4 Those who hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head. Those who want to cut me off, being my enemies wrongfully, are mighty. I have to restore what I didn't take away.
      5 God, you know my foolishness. My sins aren't hidden from you.
      6 Don't let those who wait for you be shamed through me, Lord Yahweh of Armies. Don't let those who seek you be brought to dishonor through me, God of Israel.
      7 Because for your sake, I have borne reproach. Shame has covered my face.
      8 I have become a stranger to my brothers, an alien to my mother's children.
      9 For the zeal of your house consumes me. The reproaches of those who reproach you have fallen on me.
      10 When I wept and I fasted, that was to my reproach.
      11 When I made sackcloth my clothing, I became a byword to them.
      12 Those who sit in the gate talk about me. I am the song of the drunkards.
      13 But as for me, my prayer is to you, Yahweh, in an acceptable time. God, in the abundance of your loving kindness, answer me in the truth of your salvation.
      14 Deliver me out of the mire, and don't let me sink. Let me be delivered from those who hate me, and out of the deep waters.
      15 Don't let the flood waters overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up. Don't let the pit shut its mouth on me.
      16 Answer me, Yahweh, for your loving kindness is good. According to the multitude of your tender mercies, turn to me.
      17 Don't hide your face from your servant, for I am in distress. Answer me speedily!
      18 Draw near to my soul, and redeem it. Ransom me because of my enemies.
      19 You know my reproach, my shame, and my dishonor. My adversaries are all before you.
      20 Reproach has broken my heart, and I am full of heaviness. I looked for some to take pity, but there was none; for comforters, but I found none.
      21 They also gave me gall for my food. In my thirst, they gave me vinegar to drink.
      22 Let their table before them become a snare. May it become a retribution and a trap.
      23 Let their eyes be darkened, so that they can't see. Let their backs be continually bent.
      24 Pour out your indignation on them. Let the fierceness of your anger overtake them.
      25 Let their habitation be desolate. Let no one dwell in their tents.
      26 For they persecute him whom you have wounded. They tell of the sorrow of those whom you have hurt.
      27 Charge them with crime upon crime. Don't let them come into your righteousness.
      28 Let them be blotted out of the book of life, and not be written with the righteous.
      29 But I am in pain and distress. Let your salvation, God, protect me.
      30 I will praise the name of God with a song, and will magnify him with thanksgiving.
      31 It will please Yahweh better than an ox, or a bull that has horns and hoofs.
      32 The humble have seen it, and are glad. You who seek after God, let your heart live.
      33 For Yahweh hears the needy, and doesn't despise his captive people.
      34 Let heaven and earth praise him; the seas, and everything that moves therein!
      35 For God will save Zion, and build the cities of Judah. They shall settle there, and own it.
      36 The children also of his servants shall inherit it. Those who love his name shall dwell therein.

      Psaumes 72

      2 He will judge your people with righteousness, and your poor with justice.
      4 He will judge the poor of the people. He will save the children of the needy, and will break the oppressor in pieces.

      Psaumes 88

      2 Let my prayer enter into your presence. Turn your ear to my cry.
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