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DUR, DURETÉ

Ces termes ne sont guère pris dans la Bible au sens propre (ex. : la pierre dure, Sag 11:4). Au sens fig., ils peuvent représenter la qualité morale soit de la fermeté contre le danger ou le mal (Eze 3:9), soit de la discipline sur soi-même (1Co 9:27). Lorsqu'il s'agit des événements, des circonstances, ce qui est dur peut représenter ce qui est difficile (Ac 26:14), désagréable (De 15:18), ou pénible : travaux (Sag 19:16), épreuves (Ps 60:5), épée symbolique du châtiment de Dieu (Esa 27:1), maître chargé par lui de punir (Esa 19:4) ; la servitude (De 26:6) est quelquefois décrite sous l'image du joug dur, c-à-d. pesant (1Ro 12:4), auquel Jésus oppose son joug (voir ce mot), qui est doux et léger (Mt 11:30).

Le plus souvent la dureté, antithèse de la douceur (voir ce mot), est un défaut de la sensibilité, manque de coeur ou traitements impitoyables, dont les nuances sont rendues dans nos traductions par divers qualificatifs : rude (Ge 42:7-30), rigoureux (1Ro 14:6), sévère (1Sa 20:10), violent (2Sa 19:43), cruel ; voir (Ge 49:7) Cruauté. La morale israélite réprouve les paroles dures (Pr 15:1), la dureté du riche pour le pauvre (Pr 18:23), et la loi interdit au maître d'être dur pour l'esclave (Le 25:46). L'antiquité considérait l'autruche (voir ce mot) comme dure pour ses petits (Job 39:19). Des exemples de dureté sont ceux de Nabal (1Sa 25:3), de Roboam (1Ro 12:13), des mauvais bergers d'Israël (Eze 34:4) ; saint Paul en prévoit parmi les désordres des temps difficiles de l'avenir (2Ti 3:3). Les condamnations les plus nombreuses portent sur la dureté consciente et volontaire du visage (Jer 5:3), du coeur (Ps 81:13, Mr 10:5 16:14 etc.), de l'intelligence (2Co 3:14), plus généralement appelée endurcissement (voir ce mot).

En deux occasions l'accusation de dureté est un prétexte du pécheur dans sa résistance aux appels de Dieu. Le discours de Jésus sur le pain de vie, qui annonce son sacrifice et la communion en son sang, provoque la protestation de plusieurs disciples contre « cette parole dure, qu'on ne peut écouter » (Jn 6:60). Le Seigneur lui-même, dans la parabole des talents (Mt 25:24) et dans celle des mines (Lu 19:21 et suivant), attribue au mauvais serviteur le mauvais prétexte que son maître est un « homme dur ».

L'adjectif grec employé ici n'est pas le même dans les deux évangiles :

Le sklèros de Matthieu évoque, comme l'hébreu qâckèh des textes de l'A.T., une image empruntée au toucher : l'idée de sécheresse et d'aspérité au contact désagréable ; d'où un caractère aux frottements difficiles, et même, le terme étant ordinairement associé dans les écrits anciens à des défauts ou des vices grossiers, un être dénaturé, intraitable, intolérable. Une épigramme du I er siècle parle d'un enfant qui rapporte des durs pugilats un esprit échauffé ; la lettre d'Aristée (même siècle) qualifie les rois « sauvages et durs »

L 'austèros de Luc évoque une image empruntée au goût : celle de l'aigreur astringente, de l'acidité qui fait contracter la langue et le palais ; au point de vue moral, il s'applique à ce qui est trop strict, exigences exagérées, exactions, comme cela ressort de l'emploi de cette épithète dans les documents du temps. Dans un diplôme militaire, l'empereur Adrien, parlant de règlements relatifs à ses troupes, se réjouit de pouvoir interpréter d'une manière plus humaine (grec philanthrope) ces règles trop dures (grec austères) établies par les autocrates ses prédécesseurs ; une lettre de ce même II e siècle, annonçant à un ami, employé aux finances d'un temple, la visite d'un inspecteur du gouvernement, le presse de voir à ce que ses livres soient bien en ordre, « car l'homme est par trop dur ! » (grec austère). Tous ces exemples illustrent bien l'une et l'autre paraboles ; si les deux adjectifs grecs précités diffèrent par l'étymologie, l'un répondant à âpre, l'autre à acre, ils sont équivalents entre eux dans l'injuste reproche du mauvais serviteur contre le maître qu'il prétend inhumain. On voit par là que la traduction « sévère » (Ost., Sg., etc.) est un peu faible pour Vaustèros de Luc qui est mieux rendu par « rigide » (Oltr., Cramp.), et même par « homme de rigueur, homme terrible » (Lasserre) ; le français « austère », qui désigne aujourd'hui la qualité morale de la stricte intégrité aussi bien que le défaut correspondant, le moralisme sans indulgence, affaiblirait encore davantage le terme original ; la meilleure traduction semble donc être tout simplement « homme dur » (Vers. Syn.). --Voir Trench, Syn. N.T., parag. XIV ; VGT, pp. 93, 578. Jn L.

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      Genèse 42

      7 Joseph saw his brothers, and he recognized them, but acted like a stranger to them, and spoke roughly with them. He said to them, "Where did you come from?" They said, "From the land of Canaan to buy food."
      8 Joseph recognized his brothers, but they didn't recognize him.
      9 Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed about them, and said to them, "You are spies! You have come to see the nakedness of the land."
      10 They said to him, "No, my lord, but your servants have come to buy food.
      11 We are all one man's sons; we are honest men. Your servants are not spies."
      12 He said to them, "No, but you have come to see the nakedness of the land!"
      13 They said, "We, your servants, are twelve brothers, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is no more."
      14 Joseph said to them, "It is like I told you, saying, 'You are spies!'
      15 By this you shall be tested. By the life of Pharaoh, you shall not go out from here, unless your youngest brother comes here.
      16 Send one of you, and let him get your brother, and you shall be bound, that your words may be tested, whether there is truth in you, or else by the life of Pharaoh surely you are spies."
      17 He put them all together into custody for three days.
      18 Joseph said to them the third day, "Do this, and live, for I fear God.
      19 If you are honest men, then let one of your brothers be bound in your prison; but you go, carry grain for the famine of your houses.
      20 Bring your youngest brother to me; so will your words be verified, and you won't die." They did so.
      21 They said one to another, "We are certainly guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the distress of his soul, when he begged us, and we wouldn't listen. Therefore this distress has come upon us."
      22 Reuben answered them, saying, "Didn't I tell you, saying, 'Don't sin against the child,' and you wouldn't listen? Therefore also, behold, his blood is required."
      23 They didn't know that Joseph understood them; for there was an interpreter between them.
      24 He turned himself away from them, and wept. Then he returned to them, and spoke to them, and took Simeon from among them, and bound him before their eyes.
      25 Then Joseph gave a command to fill their bags with grain, and to restore each man's money into his sack, and to give them food for the way. So it was done to them.
      26 They loaded their donkeys with their grain, and departed from there.
      27 As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey food in the lodging place, he saw his money. Behold, it was in the mouth of his sack.
      28 He said to his brothers, "My money is restored! Behold, it is in my sack!" Their hearts failed them, and they turned trembling one to another, saying, "What is this that God has done to us?"
      29 They came to Jacob their father, to the land of Canaan, and told him all that had happened to them, saying,
      30 "The man, the lord of the land, spoke roughly with us, and took us for spies of the country.

      Genèse 49

      7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.

      Lévitique 25

      46 You may make them an inheritance for your children after you, to hold for a possession; of them may you take your slaves forever: but over your brothers the children of Israel you shall not rule, one over another, with harshness.

      1 Samuel 20

      10 Then David said to Jonathan, "Who shall tell me if perchance your father answers you roughly?"

      1 Samuel 25

      3 Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail; and the woman was of good understanding, and of a beautiful face: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb.

      2 Samuel 19

      43 The men of Israel answered the men of Judah, and said, "We have ten parts in the king, and we have also more claim to David than you. Why then did you despise us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king?" The words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the men of Israel.

      Job 39

      19 "Have you given the horse might? Have you clothed his neck with a quivering mane?

      Psaumes 60

      5 So that your beloved may be delivered, save with your right hand, and answer us.

      Psaumes 81

      13 Oh that my people would listen to me, that Israel would walk in my ways!

      Proverbes 15

      1 A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.

      Proverbes 18

      23 The poor plead for mercy, but the rich answer harshly.

      Esaïe 19

      4 I will give over the Egyptians into the hand of a cruel lord. A fierce king will rule over them," says the Lord, Yahweh of Armies.

      Esaïe 27

      1 In that day, Yahweh with his hard and great and strong sword will punish leviathan, the fleeing serpent, and leviathan the twisted serpent; and he will kill the dragon that is in the sea.

      Jérémie 5

      3 O Yahweh, don't your eyes look on truth? You have stricken them, but they were not grieved. You have consumed them, but they have refused to receive correction. They have made their faces harder than a rock. They have refused to return.

      Ezéchiel 3

      9 As an adamant harder than flint have I made your forehead: don't be afraid of them, neither be dismayed at their looks, though they are a rebellious house.

      Ezéchiel 34

      4 You haven't strengthened the diseased, neither have you healed that which was sick, neither have you bound up that which was broken, neither have you brought back that which was driven away, neither have you sought that which was lost; but with force and with rigor you have ruled over them.

      Matthieu 11

      30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light."

      Matthieu 25

      24 "He also who had received the one talent came and said, 'Lord, I knew you that you are a hard man, reaping where you did not sow, and gathering where you did not scatter.

      Marc 10

      5 But Jesus said to them, "For your hardness of heart, he wrote you this commandment.

      Marc 16

      14 Afterward he was revealed to the eleven themselves as they sat at the table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they didn't believe those who had seen him after he had risen.

      Luc 19

      21 for I feared you, because you are an exacting man. You take up that which you didn't lay down, and reap that which you didn't sow.'

      Jean 6

      60 Therefore many of his disciples, when they heard this, said, "This is a hard saying! Who can listen to it?"

      Actes 26

      14 When we had all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice saying to me in the Hebrew language, 'Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? It is hard for you to kick against the goads.'

      1 Corinthiens 9

      27 but I beat my body and bring it into submission, lest by any means, after I have preached to others, I myself should be rejected.

      2 Corinthiens 3

      14 But their minds were hardened, for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remains, because in Christ it passes away.

      2 Timothée 3

      3 without natural affection, unforgiving, slanderers, without self-control, fierce, no lovers of good,
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