EDOM, ÉDOMITES

Définition biblique de Edom, Edomites :

Groupement de Sémites habitant dès le II e millénaire la région au Sud-E, de la Palestine. D'après la tradition, ils descendaient d'Ésaü ; la rivalité qui sépara Ésaü de Jacob paraît bien figurer celle qui exista entre Édomites et Israélites, et durant toute l'histoire d'Israël.

I. GÉOGRAPHIE.

Groupement de Sémites habitant dès le II e millénaire la région au Sud-E, de la Palestine, vaste plateau s'étendant du S. de la mer Morte au golfe Aelanitique de la mer Rouge. Leurs grandes villes étaient Séla (Pétra), Maon, Etsion-Guéber et Élath, ces deux dernières au fond du golfe. Les Édomites appartenaient au même groupe de peuples que les Ammonites, Moabites et Israélites, ce qui n'empêcha pas les guerres entre eux.

II. ORIGINES.

D'après la tradition (Ge 36:9,43), ils descendaient d'Ésaü (voir ce mot) ; la rivalité qui sépara Ésaü de Jacob (Ge 27) paraît bien figurer celle qui exista entre Édomites et Israélites, et durant toute l'histoire d'Israël. On rattachait le nom d'Édom (=roux) au plat de lentilles d'Ésaü (Ge 25:30) ; celui-ci, d'après une autre version, était né couvert d'un imposant duvet roux (Ge 25:25).

III. HISTOIRE.

Les Édomites, installés dans les montagnes de Séir, (Ge 32:8, No 24:18, De 2:22, Jug 5:4) refusèrent aux Israélites sortis d'Egypte le droit de passer sur leur territoire (No 20:18-21 21:4, Jug 11:17 7), ce qui n'était pas pour développer l'amitié des deux peuples (De 23:7).

Un petit-fils d'Ésaü, Kénaz (Ge 36:11), a un homonyme, dont le fils Othniel fut juge en Israël.

Le premier roi israélite, Saül, fit la guerre à Édom, (1Sa 14:47) David installa ses garnisons dans le pays (2Sa 8:13 et suivant), Salomon équipa une flotte dans ses ports (1Ro 9:26), mais eut à réprimer une première révolte (1Ro 11:14 et suivants). Les navires de Josaphat s'y brisèrent (1Ro 22:49), mais les Édomites marchèrent avec Israël (Joram) et Juda (Josaphat) contre Moab (2Ro 3:9). Avaient-ils gardé un roi à eux (2Ro 3:9), ou obéissaient-ils à un intendant ? (1Ro 22:48) Les versions diffèrent. Ils allaient, d'ailleurs, se libérer peu après du joug de Judas et cela, sous Joram (2Ro 8:20-22), vers 849 av. J. -C, (allusion certaine à cet événement dans Ge 27:40). Les rois de Juda s'efforcèrent de les y ramener : Amatsia prit Séla (2Ro 14:7), Azaria, son fils, poussa jusqu'au golfe Aelanitique et reprit Élath (14:22, 2Ch 26:2), mais, sous la menace assyrienne et philistine, Achaz ne put garder le territoire reconquis (2Ch 28:17).

Les Edomites devaient d'ailleurs compter aussi avec les Assyriens et ils durent payer tribut à Tiglath-Piléser III (734), Sennachérib (701), Assarhaddon, Assourbanipal (668-626). Les prophètes ne se lassaient pas de prédire à Édom une ruine certaine (Esa 11:14, Joe 3:19, Am 1:11). Les Édomites, qui s'étaient un moment rapprochés de Juda (Jer 27:3), s'en séparèrent à nouveau et applaudirent à la destruction de Jérusalem. Les prophètes crièrent une fois de plus vengeance (La 4:21, Eze 25:12,14 35:13 36:5, Abdias, Esa 63:1-6, Ps 137:7,9). Les Édomites restèrent pourtant dans leur pays, mais la poussée de la puissance nabatéenne qui occupa Séla-Pétra (première mention des Nabatéens à Pétra, vers 312 av. J. -C.) les fit se regrouper vers le S. de Juda, dont ils s'annexèrent une partie, avec Hébron. La région prit le nom d'Idumée. Persévérant dans leur haine, les Édomites furent constamment en guerre avec les Macchabées (1Ma 5:3,65,2Ma 10:15 12:32 et suivants).

Finalement, en 109 av. J. -C., Jean Hyrcan conquit l'Idumée et l'incorpora dans l'État juif (Josèphe, Ant., XIII, 9:1 ; XIV, 1:3 ; XV, 7). Le fils de l'Iduméen Antipater, Hérode, devint roi des Juifs et, à la dynastie nationale des Macchabées, succéda celle des étrangers iduméens. Dans le N.T., l'Idumée est mentionnée une fois (Mr 3:8). Elle fit partie des États d'Archélaüs jusqu'en 7 ap. J. -C, puis, avec la Judée, devint province romaine..

A. P.

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  Genèse 25
  
  25 The first came out red all over, like a hairy garment. They named him Esau.
  
  30 Esau said to Jacob, "Please feed me with that same red stew, for I am famished." Therefore his name was called Edom.
  
  Genèse 27
  
  1 It happened, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, "My son?" He said to him, "Here I am."
  
  2 He said, "See now, I am old. I don't know the day of my death.
  
  3 Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison.
  
  4 Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die."
  
  5 Rebekah heard when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.
  
  6 Rebekah spoke to Jacob her son, saying, "Behold, I heard your father speak to Esau your brother, saying,
  
  7 'Bring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before Yahweh before my death.'
  
  8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command you.
  
  9 Go now to the flock, and get me from there two good young goats. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.
  
  10 You shall bring it to your father, that he may eat, so that he may bless you before his death."
  
  11 Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, "Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.
  
  12 What if my father touches me? I will seem to him as a deceiver, and I would bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing."
  
  13 His mother said to him, "Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me."
  
  14 He went, and got them, and brought them to his mother. His mother made savory food, such as his father loved.
  
  15 Rebekah took the good clothes of Esau, her elder son, which were with her in the house, and put them on Jacob, her younger son.
  
  16 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.
  
  17 She gave the savory food and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.
  
  18 He came to his father, and said, "My father?" He said, "Here I am. Who are you, my son?"
  
  19 Jacob said to his father, "I am Esau your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me."
  
  20 Isaac said to his son, "How is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?" He said, "Because Yahweh your God gave me success."
  
  21 Isaac said to Jacob, "Please come near, that I may feel you, my son, whether you are really my son Esau or not."
  
  22 Jacob went near to Isaac his father. He felt him, and said, "The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau."
  
  23 He didn't recognize him, because his hands were hairy, like his brother, Esau's hands. So he blessed him.
  
  24 He said, "Are you really my son Esau?" He said, "I am."
  
  25 He said, "Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless you." He brought it near to him, and he ate. He brought him wine, and he drank.
  
  26 His father Isaac said to him, "Come near now, and kiss me, my son."
  
  27 He came near, and kissed him. He smelled the smell of his clothing, and blessed him, and said, "Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which Yahweh has blessed.
  
  28 God give you of the dew of the sky, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and new wine.
  
  29 Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother's sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you."
  
  30 It happened, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.
  
  31 He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, "Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that your soul may bless me."
  
  32 Isaac his father said to him, "Who are you?" He said, "I am your son, your firstborn, Esau."
  
  33 Isaac trembled violently, and said, "Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed."
  
  34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said to his father, "Bless me, even me also, my father."
  
  35 He said, "Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing."
  
  36 He said, "Isn't he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing." He said, "Haven't you reserved a blessing for me?"
  
  37 Isaac answered Esau, "Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers have I given to him for servants. With grain and new wine have I sustained him. What then will I do for you, my son?"
  
  38 Esau said to his father, "Have you but one blessing, my father? Bless me, even me also, my father." Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.
  
  39 Isaac his father answered him, "Behold, of the fatness of the earth will be your dwelling, and of the dew of the sky from above.
  
  40 By your sword will you live, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you shall shake his yoke from off your neck."
  
  41 Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing with which his father blessed him. Esau said in his heart, "The days of mourning for my father are at hand. Then I will kill my brother Jacob."
  
  42 The words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebekah. She sent and called Jacob, her younger son, and said to him, "Behold, your brother Esau comforts himself about you by planning to kill you.
  
  43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice. Arise, flee to Laban, my brother, in Haran.
  
  44 Stay with him a few days, until your brother's fury turns away;
  
  45 until your brother's anger turn away from you, and he forgets what you have done to him. Then I will send, and get you from there. Why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?"
  
  46 Rebekah said to Isaac, "I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth. If Jacob takes a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these, of the daughters of the land, what good will my life do me?"
  
  Genèse 32
  
  3 Jacob sent messengers in front of him to Esau, his brother, to the land of Seir, the field of Edom.
  
  8 and he said, "If Esau comes to the one company, and strikes it, then the company which is left will escape."
  
  Genèse 36
  
  9 This is the history of the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites in the hill country of Seir:
  
  11 The sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz.
  
  16 chief Korah, chief Gatam, chief Amalek: these are the chiefs who came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Adah.
  
  17 These are the sons of Reuel, Esau's son: chief Nahath, chief Zerah, chief Shammah, chief Mizzah: these are the chiefs who came of Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Basemath, Esau's wife.
  
  21 Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. These are the chiefs who came of the Horites, the children of Seir in the land of Edom.
  
  31 These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom, before any king reigned over the children of Israel.
  
  32 Bela, the son of Beor, reigned in Edom. The name of his city was Dinhabah.
  
  43 chief Magdiel, and chief Iram. These are the chiefs of Edom, according to their habitations in the land of their possession. This is Esau, the father of the Edomites.
  
  Exode 15
  
  15 Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed. Trembling takes hold of the mighty men of Moab. All the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.
  
  Nombres 20
  
  14 Moses sent messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom, saying: "Thus says your brother Israel: You know all the travail that has happened to us:
  
  18 Edom said to him, "You shall not pass through me, lest I come out with the sword against you."
  
  19 The children of Israel said to him, "We will go up by the highway; and if we drink of your water, I and my livestock, then will I give its price: let me only, without doing anything else, pass through on my feet."
  
  20 He said, "You shall not pass through." Edom came out against him with many people, and with a strong hand.
  
  21 Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border, so Israel turned away from him.
  
  23 Yahweh spoke to Moses and Aaron in Mount Hor, by the border of the land of Edom, saying,
  
  Nombres 21
  
  4 They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea , to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way.
  
  Nombres 24
  
  18 Edom shall be a possession. Seir, his enemies, also shall be a possession, while Israel does valiantly.
  
  Nombres 33
  
  37 They traveled from Kadesh, and encamped in Mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom.
  
  Nombres 34
  
  3 then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the side of Edom, and your south border shall be from the end of the Salt Sea eastward;
  
  Josué 15
  
  1 The lot for the tribe of the children of Judah according to their families was to the border of Edom, even to the wilderness of Zin southward, at the uttermost part of the south.
  
  21 The farthest cities of the tribe of the children of Judah toward the border of Edom in the South were Kabzeel, Eder, Jagur,
  
  Juges 5
  
  4 "Yahweh, when you went forth out of Seir, when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Yes, the clouds dropped water.
  
  Juges 11
  
  7 Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, "Didn't you hate me, and drive me out of my father's house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?"
  
  17 then Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, 'Please let me pass through your land;' but the king of Edom didn't listen. In the same way, he sent to the king of Moab; but he would not: and Israel stayed in Kadesh.
  
  18 Then they went through the wilderness, and went around the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side of the land of Moab, and they encamped on the other side of the Arnon; but they didn't come within the border of Moab, for the Arnon was the border of Moab.
  
  1 Samuel 14
  
  47 Now when Saul had taken the kingdom over Israel, he fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and wherever he turned himself, he defeated them.
  
  2 Samuel 8
  
  12 of Syria, and of Moab, and of the children of Ammon, and of the Philistines, and of Amalek, and of the spoil of Hadadezer, son of Rehob, king of Zobah.
  
  13 David earned a reputation when he returned from smiting the Syrians in the Valley of Salt, even eighteen thousand men.
  
  14 He put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons, and all the Edomites became servants to David. Yahweh gave victory to David wherever he went.
  
  1 Chroniques 1
  
  43 Now these are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel: Bela the son of Beor; and the name of his city was Dinhabah.
  
  51 Hadad died. The chiefs of Edom were: chief Timna, chief Aliah, chief Jetheth,
  
  54 chief Magdiel, chief Iram. These are the chiefs of Edom.
  
  1 Chroniques 18
  
  11 King David also dedicated these to Yahweh, with the silver and the gold that he carried away from all the nations; from Edom, and from Moab, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from Amalek.
  
  13 He put garrisons in Edom; and all the Edomites became servants to David. Yahweh gave victory to David wherever he went.
  
  2 Chroniques 8
  
  17 Then went Solomon to Ezion Geber, and to Eloth, on the seashore in the land of Edom.
  
  2 Chroniques 20
  
  2 Then some came who told Jehoshaphat, saying, "A great multitude is coming against you from beyond the sea from Syria. Behold, they are in Hazazon Tamar" (that is, En Gedi).
  
  2 Chroniques 21
  
  8 In his days Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah, and made a king over themselves.
  
  10 So Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah to this day: then Libnah revolted at the same time from under his hand, because he had forsaken Yahweh, the God of his fathers.
  
  2 Chroniques 25
  
  19 You say to yourself that you have struck Edom; and your heart lifts you up to boast. Now stay at home. Why should you meddle with trouble, that you should fall, even you, and Judah with you?'"
  
  20 But Amaziah would not listen; for it was of God, that he might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they had sought after the gods of Edom.
  
  2 Chroniques 26
  
  2 He built Eloth, and restored it to Judah, after that the king slept with his fathers.
  
  2 Chroniques 28
  
  17 For again the Edomites had come and struck Judah, and carried away captives.
  
  Psaumes 60
  
  1 <> God, you have rejected us. You have broken us down. You have been angry. Restore us, again.
  
  8 Moab is my wash basin. I will throw my shoe on Edom. I shout in triumph over Philistia."
  
  9 Who will bring me into the strong city? Who has led me to Edom?
  
  Psaumes 83
  
  6 The tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites; Moab, and the Hagrites;
  
  Psaumes 108
  
  9 Moab is my wash pot. I will toss my sandal on Edom. I will shout over Philistia."
  
  10 Who will bring me into the fortified city? Who has led me to Edom?
  
  Psaumes 137
  
  7 Remember, Yahweh, against the children of Edom, the day of Jerusalem; who said, "Raze it! Raze it even to its foundation!"
  
  9 Happy shall he be, who takes and dashes your little ones against the rock.

Paramètres de lecture

EDOM, ÉDOMITES

Sommaire

I. GÉOGRAPHIE.

II. ORIGINES.

III. HISTOIRE.

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Versets relatifs

Genèse 25

Genèse 27

Genèse 32

Genèse 36

Exode 15

Nombres 20

Nombres 21

Nombres 24

Nombres 33

Nombres 34

Josué 15

Juges 5

Juges 11

1 Samuel 14

2 Samuel 8

1 Chroniques 1

1 Chroniques 18

2 Chroniques 8

2 Chroniques 20

2 Chroniques 21

2 Chroniques 25

2 Chroniques 26

2 Chroniques 28

Psaumes 60

Psaumes 83

Psaumes 108

Psaumes 137

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Paramètres de lecture

EDOM, ÉDOMITES

Sommaire

I. GÉOGRAPHIE.

II. ORIGINES.

III. HISTOIRE.

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