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EGYPTE (1)

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Pays.

Toute la partie Est de l'Afrique septentrionale n'est qu'un immense désert de sable, de rochers, voire de montagnes, et dans son ensemble une des régions les plus inhospitalières du monde, où seuls de très petits groupes de nomades peuvent trouver une maigre subsistance. Si ce pays a joué dans l'histoire un rôle aussi considérable, c'est qu'il est traversé sur toute sa largeur par le déversoir des eaux du centre africain, qui entraîne sur son parcours des matières fertilisantes en quantité telle que la vallée creusée par lui est devenue, grâce au climat, un pays d'une richesse peu commune, et par suite un des plus anciens centres de civilisation.

Parallèlement à cette trouée, vers l'Ouest, une autre dépression marque le lit creusé par le fleuve sortant des grands lacs, à l'époque tertiaire, avant d'avoir trouvé sa voie définitive. Aujourd'hui désertique, cette vallée est jalonnée par une série d'oasis, trop peu importantes pour devenir jamais autre chose que des centres de tribus nomades.

Le climat de l'Egypte, exceptionnellement doux et favorable à l'agriculture, contraste avec celui des pays voisins qui est pour les uns torride, pour les autres beaucoup plus âpre et surtout plus irrégulier. C'est une des raisons principales de l'attrait exercé de tous temps par la vallée du Nil sur les peuples des alentours, de l'afflux constant de colons étrangers, isolés ou par groupes, et aussi des invasions plus importantes, causes d'un renouvellement perpétuel de la race, d'un rajeunissement continu.

La faune et la flore, essentiellement africaines, se développèrent progressivement en Egypte à peu près de la même façon que dans la région tropicale, jusqu'au moment où l'homme mit en culture tous les terrains fertilisés par le Nil, restreignant ainsi de plus en plus la liberté de la nature et de ses produits, et laissant disparaître ce qui ne pouvait être domestiqué.

Grâce à l'agriculture et à l'élevage, l'Egypte a toujours largement suffi à ses besoins ; elle a même pu, en temps de disette, ravitailler ses voisins moins favorisés, et à l'époque de la domination romaine, elle devint le grenier de l'empire. Par contre, elle ne possède pas de forêts, et le manque de bois de charpente a été, dès les époques les plus anciennes, une des causes déterminantes des expéditions commerciales ou militaires vers les pays boisés, tels que la Syrie.

La présence, tout le long de la vallée, d'excellente pierre de construction a fourni à l'architecture des facilités incomparables et permis l'essor colossal de cet art et de ceux qui le complètent, la sculpture et la peinture ; d'où la création de ces monuments qui ont fait, de tous temps, l'admiration générale. Les autres produits du sol, tels que les métaux, ne se trouvent pas en Egypte même, mais à proximité, soit dans la montagne arabique, soit en Nubie, au Soudan ou au Sinaï, ou même plus loin encore ; autre cause d'expansion commerciale ou politique.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 12

      10 There was a famine in the land. Abram went down into Egypt to live as a foreigner there, for the famine was severe in the land.
      11 It happened, when he had come near to enter Egypt, that he said to Sarai his wife, "See now, I know that you are a beautiful woman to look at.
      14 It happened that when Abram had come into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful.

      Genèse 13

      1 Abram went up out of Egypt: he, his wife, all that he had, and Lot with him, into the South.
      10 Lot lifted up his eyes, and saw all the plain of the Jordan, that it was well-watered everywhere, before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt, as you go to Zoar.

      Genèse 15

      18 In that day Yahweh made a covenant with Abram, saying, "To your seed I have given this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates:

      Genèse 21

      21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt.

      Genèse 25

      18 They lived from Havilah to Shur that is before Egypt, as you go toward Assyria. He lived opposite all his relatives.

      Genèse 26

      2 Yahweh appeared to him, and said, "Don't go down into Egypt. Live in the land I will tell you about.

      Genèse 37

      25 They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.
      28 Midianites who were merchants passed by, and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver. They brought Joseph into Egypt.
      36 The Midianites sold him into Egypt to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard.

      Genèse 39

      1 Joseph was brought down to Egypt. Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him from the hand of the Ishmaelites that had brought him down there.

      Genèse 40

      1 It happened after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker offended their lord, the king of Egypt.
      5 They both dreamed a dream, each man his dream, in one night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the cupbearer and the baker of the king of Egypt, who were bound in the prison.

      Genèse 41

      8 It happened in the morning that his spirit was troubled, and he sent and called for all of Egypt's magicians and wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was no one who could interpret them to Pharaoh.
      19 and behold, seven other cattle came up after them, poor and very ugly and thin, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for ugliness.
      29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt.
      30 There will arise after them seven years of famine, and all the plenty will be forgotten in the land of Egypt. The famine will consume the land,
      33 "Now therefore let Pharaoh look for a discreet and wise man, and set him over the land of Egypt.
      34 Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint overseers over the land, and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt's produce in the seven plenteous years.
      36 The food will be for a store to the land against the seven years of famine, which will be in the land of Egypt; that the land not perish through the famine."
      41 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Behold, I have set you over all the land of Egypt."
      43 and he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had. They cried before him, "Bow the knee!" He set him over all the land of Egypt.
      44 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "I am Pharaoh, and without you shall no man lift up his hand or his foot in all the land of Egypt."
      45 Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphenath-Paneah; and he gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On as a wife. Joseph went out over the land of Egypt.
      46 Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh king of Egypt. Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and went throughout all the land of Egypt.
      48 He gathered up all the food of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of the field, which was around every city, he laid up in the same.
      53 The seven years of plenty, that were in the land of Egypt, came to an end.
      54 The seven years of famine began to come, just as Joseph had said. There was famine in all lands, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread.
      55 When all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread, and Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, "Go to Joseph. What he says to you, do."
      56 The famine was over all the surface of the earth. Joseph opened all the store houses, and sold to the Egyptians. The famine was severe in the land of Egypt.
      57 All countries came into Egypt, to Joseph, to buy grain, because the famine was severe in all the earth.

      Genèse 42

      1 Now Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt, and Jacob said to his sons, "Why do you look at one another?"
      2 He said, "Behold, I have heard that there is grain in Egypt. Go down there, and buy for us from there, so that we may live, and not die."
      3 Joseph's ten brothers went down to buy grain from Egypt.

      Genèse 43

      2 It happened, when they had eaten up the grain which they had brought out of Egypt, their father said to them, "Go again, buy us a little more food."
      15 The men took that present, and they took double money in their hand, and Benjamin; and got up, went down to Egypt, and stood before Joseph.

      Genèse 45

      4 Joseph said to his brothers, "Come near to me, please." They came near. "He said, I am Joseph, your brother, whom you sold into Egypt.
      8 So now it wasn't you who sent me here, but God, and he has made me a father to Pharaoh, lord of all his house, and ruler over all the land of Egypt.
      9 Hurry, and go up to my father, and tell him, 'This is what your son Joseph says, "God has made me lord of all Egypt. Come down to me. Don't wait.
      13 You shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt, and of all that you have seen. You shall hurry and bring my father down here."
      18 Take your father and your households, and come to me, and I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and you will eat the fat of the land.'
      19 Now you are commanded: do this. Take wagons out of the land of Egypt for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring your father, and come.
      20 Also, don't concern yourselves about your belongings, for the good of all of the land of Egypt is yours."
      23 He sent the following to his father: ten donkeys loaded with the good things of Egypt, and ten female donkeys loaded with grain and bread and provision for his father by the way.
      25 They went up out of Egypt, and came into the land of Canaan, to Jacob their father.
      26 They told him, saying, "Joseph is still alive, and he is ruler over all the land of Egypt." His heart fainted, for he didn't believe them.

      Genèse 46

      3 He said, "I am God, the God of your father. Don't be afraid to go down into Egypt, for there I will make of you a great nation.
      4 I will go down with you into Egypt. I will also surely bring you up again. Joseph will close your eyes."
      6 They took their livestock, and their goods, which they had gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt--Jacob, and all his seed with him,
      7 his sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters, and his sons' daughters, and he brought all his seed with him into Egypt.
      8 These are the names of the children of Israel, who came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.
      20 To Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, bore to him.
      26 All the souls who came with Jacob into Egypt, who were his direct descendants, besides Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were sixty-six.
      27 The sons of Joseph, who were born to him in Egypt, were two souls. All the souls of the house of Jacob, who came into Egypt, were seventy.

      Genèse 47

      6 The land of Egypt is before you. Make your father and your brothers dwell in the best of the land. Let them dwell in the land of Goshen. If you know any able men among them, then put them in charge of my livestock."
      11 Joseph placed his father and his brothers, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.
      13 There was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very severe, so that the land of Egypt and the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine.
      14 Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the grain which they bought: and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's house.
      15 When the money was all spent in the land of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians came to Joseph, and said, "Give us bread, for why should we die in your presence? For our money fails."
      20 So Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh, for every man of the Egyptians sold his field, because the famine was severe on them, and the land became Pharaoh's.
      21 As for the people, he moved them to the cities from one end of the border of Egypt even to the other end of it.
      26 Joseph made it a statute concerning the land of Egypt to this day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth. Only the land of the priests alone didn't become Pharaoh's.
      27 Israel lived in the land of Egypt, in the land of Goshen; and they got themselves possessions therein, and were fruitful, and multiplied exceedingly.
      28 Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years. So the days of Jacob, the years of his life, were one hundred forty-seven years.
      29 The time drew near that Israel must die, and he called his son Joseph, and said to him, "If now I have found favor in your sight, please put your hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly with me. Please don't bury me in Egypt,
      30 but when I sleep with my fathers, you shall carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in their burying place." He said, "I will do as you have said."

      Genèse 48

      5 Now your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you into Egypt, are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh, even as Reuben and Simeon, will be mine.

      Genèse 50

      7 Joseph went up to bury his father; and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, all the elders of the land of Egypt,
      14 Joseph returned into Egypt--he, and his brothers, and all that went up with him to bury his father, after he had buried his father.
      22 Joseph lived in Egypt, he, and his father's house. Joseph lived one hundred ten years.
      26 So Joseph died, being one hundred ten years old, and they embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt.

      Exode 1

      1 Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, who came into Egypt (every man and his household came with Jacob):
      5 All the souls who came out of Jacob's body were seventy souls, and Joseph was in Egypt already.
      8 Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who didn't know Joseph.
      15 The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah,
      17 But the midwives feared God, and didn't do what the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the baby boys alive.
      18 The king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said to them, "Why have you done this thing, and have saved the boys alive?"

      Exode 2

      23 It happened in the course of those many days, that the king of Egypt died, and the children of Israel sighed because of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up to God because of the bondage.

      Exode 3

      7 Yahweh said, "I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.
      10 Come now therefore, and I will send you to Pharaoh, that you may bring my people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt."
      11 Moses said to God, "Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring the children of Israel out of Egypt?"
      12 He said, "Certainly I will be with you. This will be the token to you, that I have sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall serve God on this mountain."
      16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and tell them, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying, "I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt;
      17 and I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, to a land flowing with milk and honey."'
      18 They will listen to your voice, and you shall come, you and the elders of Israel, to the king of Egypt, and you shall tell him, 'Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. Now please let us go three days' journey into the wilderness, that we may sacrifice to Yahweh, our God.'
      19 I know that the king of Egypt won't give you permission to go, no, not by a mighty hand.
      20 I will reach out my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in its midst, and after that he will let you go.

      Exode 4

      18 Moses went and returned to Jethro his father-in-law, and said to him, "Please let me go and return to my brothers who are in Egypt, and see whether they are still alive." Jethro said to Moses, "Go in peace."
      19 Yahweh said to Moses in Midian, "Go, return into Egypt; for all the men who sought your life are dead."
      20 Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them on a donkey, and he returned to the land of Egypt. Moses took God's rod in his hand.
      21 Yahweh said to Moses, "When you go back into Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in your hand, but I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.

      Exode 5

      4 The king of Egypt said to them, "Why do you, Moses and Aaron, take the people from their work? Get back to your burdens!"
      12 So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble for straw.

      Exode 6

      11 "Go in, speak to Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land."
      13 Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, and gave them a command to the children of Israel, and to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt.
      26 These are that Aaron and Moses, to whom Yahweh said, "Bring out the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their armies."
      27 These are those who spoke to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out the children of Israel from Egypt. These are that Moses and Aaron.
      28 It happened on the day when Yahweh spoke to Moses in the land of Egypt,
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